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  MOFOLOJIA YA KISWAHILI: MUHADHARA WA SABA : UNYAMBULISHAJI KATIKA KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-01-2021, 07:53 AM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

MUHADHARA WA SABA
UNYAMBULISHAJI KATIKA KISWAHILI
Unyambulishaji ni dhanna inayohusu upachikaji wa mofimu katika mzizi wa neno.
Mfano ;
(a) a-na-lim-a
(b) ki-lim-o
© u-lim-a-ji
(d) wa-na-lim-ian-a
Ukichunguza mifano hiyo ya upachikaji wa mofimu utabaini kuwa mofimu zilizopachikwa zinaathiri maana ya mzizi pamoja na mfuatano wa maneno hayo katika sentensi.
Mfano:
(a) Juma analima mashamba mengi
(b) Kilimo kinafundishwa shuleni
© Ulimaji wa pamba ni mgumu
(d) Juma ni mkulima hodari
(e) Juma na ali wanalimiana shamba
Kutokana na mifano hiyo unyambulishaji unaweza kuwekwa katika makundi mawili ambayo ni uambishaji na mnyambuliko.
Mfano
[Image: SAM1.JPG]
 *   Uambishaji
Uambishaji ni upachikaji wa viambishi katika mzizi wa neno pasipo kubadili kategoria ya neno.
Katika kiswahili uambishaji hutokea zaidi kabla ya mzizi wa neno. Hii imefanya watu wengi kufikiri kuwa uambbishaji ni kupachika tu viambishi kabla ya mzizi.Mofimu za uambishaji huitwa pia viambishi ambatishi.  Viambishi ambatishi hufanya kazi mbalimbali za kisarufi kama kudokeza nafsi, ngeli, njeo, urejeshi, yambwa, yambiwa, n.k
Mfano:
[Image: SAM_2.JPG]
[Image: SAM_3.JPG]
[Image: SAM_4.JPG]
UAMBISHAJI KATIKA MANENO YA KATEGORIA NYINGINE
Uambishaji hutokea pia katika maneno ya kategoria nyingine zaidi ya vitenzi.
(i)     Uambishaji wa nomino.
Nomino zinazopokea mofimu ambatishi ni zile zenye umoja na wingi.
Mfano:
Umoja                  Wingi
M-toto                 Wa-toto
M- tume                Mi-tume
Ki-ongozi              Vi-ongoz
Mu-enzi                Wa-enzi
(ii)        Uambishaji wa vivumishi
mfano
      umoja                      wingi
m-dogo                     wa-dogo
ki-chafu                   vi-chafu
ki-baya                    vi-baya
m-refu                     wa-refu
NB:Uambishaji sio miongoni mwa njia za uundaji wa maneno mapya kwa   sababu maneno hayabadili kategoria.
*   Mnyambuliko ni upachikaji wa viambishi katika mzizi wa neno vinavyobadili kategoria ya neno.
Mfano
Cheza
Mchezaji
Mchezo
Tuliocheza
Wametuchezea
Viambishi vya mnyambuliko huitwa viambishi nyambulishi na neno jipya kutokana na unyambuaji huitwa  (kinyambuo) – ( vinyambuo).
NB: Unyambuaji ni mojawapo ya njia za uundaji wa maneno mapya
kwa sababu njia hii inahusu mabadiliko ya kategori ya neno.

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  MOFOLOJIA YA KISWAHILI: MUHADHARA WA TANO: DHANNA YA MZIZI NA SHINA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-01-2021, 07:46 AM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

MUHADHARA WA TANO: DHANNA YA MZIZI NA SHINA
MAANA YA MZIZI
Mzizi/kiini cha neno ni ile sehemu ya neno inayobakia baada ya kuondolewa viambishi awali na tamati.
Au
Mzizi ni sehemu ya neno isiyobadilika baada ya neno kufanyiwa mnyambuliko.
Mzizi huweza kujitokeza katika aina mbalimbali za maneno kama vile vitenzi, nomino, vivumishi, viwakilishi, n.k
(i) Mzizi katika vitenzi
Mfano:
– Juma anasoma kitabu
– Baba analima shamba
ii) Mzizi katika nomino
mfano:
– kusoma kwake tunakupenda
– mtoto anacheza
– watoto wanacheza
– kijana  analima
– vijana  wanalima
iii) Mzizi katika vivumishi
Mfano
– mwema-wema
– bovu-mabovu
– mdogo-wadogo
iv) Mzizi katika viwakilishi
mfano
– Ambaye anaumwa aje
– Ambalo umenunua halifai
– Ambacho umesema kinakera
– mimi-miye
– sisi-siye
– wewe-weye
– nyinyi-nyiye
DHIMA YA MZIZI
Mzizi hutumika kuunda maneno mapya kwa kutumia viambishi.
Mfano

  1. - Lima-limia-kilimo-mkulima- Mzizi husaidia kutambua mofolojia ya neno- Mzizi husaidia kupanua taarifa za neno kwa kupachika viambishi mbalimbali- Mzizi husaidia kuleta  upatanisho wa kisanifu baina ya neno na maneno mengine.
JINSI YA KUTAMBUA MZIZI
Utambuzi wa mzizi katika neno huweza kufanywa kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali kama vile:
1. Njia ya mnyambuliko
Ili kupata mzizi wa neno kwa njia hii sharti neno linyambuliwe kwanza. Neno likishanyambuliwa sehemu isiyobadilika huwa ndiyo mzizi.
Mfano
Soma
Somesha
Somewa
Tulimsomesha
Msomi
2. Mbinu ya  umoja na wingi
Njia hii hufaa zaidi kwa maneno yenye asili ya nomino, vivumishi na viwakilishi
Mfano
Umoja   wingi
Mtoto    watoto
θJembe   majembe
Kijana vijana
Mdogo wadogo

3. Njia ya umbo la ndani

Hapa neno hupaswa kurudishwa katika umbo lake la ndani.
Kama ni kitenzi kikiishia na irabu “a” basi hiyo irabu “a” ikiondolewa kinachobaki ndiyo mzizi.
Iwapo kitenzi kina asili ya kigeni kitaishia na irabu tofauti na “a” na hilo neno zima huweza kuwa ndio mzizi/shina.
Mfano
Neno                              Muundo ndani         Mzizi
Walisomeshwa                        soma             -som-
Walipikishwa                             pika             -pik-
Tutamsalia                               Sali             -Sali-
Mnastarehesha                           starehe           starehe
Shukuru 
                                shukuru           shukur-
MAANA YA SHINA
Shina la neno ni mzizi wowote wa neno uliofungiliwa kiambishi tamati maana.
Mfano
Mzizi   Shina
Pig+a  – piga
Som+a  – soma
imb+a  — imba
SHINA = MZIZI+a
MZIZI = SHINA-a
 
Uhusiano wa mzizi na mofimu nyingine katika maneno
Mzizi huwa na viambishi ambavyo hupachikwa mwanzoni na /au mwishoni mwa mzizi wa neno.
[Image: SAM_1505.JPG]
===> Viambishi awali    V.A) hufanya kazi kama vile kudokeza nafsi, njeo, urejeshi, yambwa, yambiwa n.k
===> Viambishi tamati (V.T) hufanya kazi ya kudokeza kauli mbalimbali za matendo.

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  ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO ' MUTRIBU'
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-01-2021, 07:36 AM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO ' MUTRIBU'.
Mutribu (wingi: watribu), katika Lugha ya Kiswahili) ni neno (nomino) lenye maana: 
1. mwanamuziki katika bendi ya taarab, anayeimba katika kikundi cha taarab.
2. mpiga vyombo au mwimbaji katika bendi ya muziki wa taarab.
Neno hili (mutrib) asili yake ni Kiarabu na huko ni 'mutw-ribun/mutw-riban/mutw-ribin مطرب'  neno litokanalo na kitenzi cha Kiarabu atw-raba اطرب (amemfanya asisimke, ayumbeyumbe na afurahi kutokana na sauti yake nzuri./amemfurahisha).
Katika Lugha ya Kiarabu neno (mutw-ribu) lina maana zifuatazo:
1. Mwimbaji mwenye sauti nzuri anayekonga nyoyo za wasikilizaji.
2. Njia/barabara nyembamba.
3. Anayewafanya watu wasisimke, wayumbeyumbe na wafurahi kutokana na sauti yake nzuri.
Neno hili 'mutribu' lilipoingia katika Lugha ya Kiswahili limejifunga na muziki wa taarabu na likajumuisha mwanamuziki mpiga vyombo wakati kiasili katika Lugha ya Kiarabu linamuenea mwimbaji yeyote mwenye sauti nzuri.

Shukran sana.


Na;

Khamis Mataka

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  MOFOLOJIA YA KISWAHILI: MUHADHARA WA NNE: KUTENGANISHA MOFIMU NA ALOMOFU
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-01-2021, 07:33 AM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

MUHADHARA  WA  NNE:  KUTENGANISHA  MOFIMU  NA  ALOMOFU
Lugha ya Kiswahili ni lugha ambishi hivyo ina maneno ambayo huundwa kwa mwandamo wa kisafu wa mofimu. Mofimu hizi hupachikwa kabla na baada ya mzizi kwa mfuatano ulio bayana.
Mfano;
A                                B
(a) anasoma                   a-na- som-a
(b) apikiwe                   a-pik-iw-e
© fungana                   fung-an  a
Utenganishaji wa mofimu katika maneno hayo unaonekana ni rahisi kwa kuwa miundo ya maneno hayo inafahamika.
Tunapotenganisha mofimu za lugha tusiyoijua ni lazima tuwe na miundo yenye ruwaza zinazolingana ili tuweze kufananisha maana na maumbo mapya yanayoandamana na maana mapya.
Mfano;
(a) alatambuka  –  atatembea
(b) mulatambuka –  mtatembea
© balatambuka –  watatembea
(d) mukatambuka –  mlitembea
(e) balayajula  –  watatambaa
Ingawa lugha hii yawezekana hatuitambui bado tunaweza kutenga mofimu zake kwa urahisi kwa kuwa kuna ruwaza zinazofanana na zile za lugha tunayoifahamu. Kutokana na data ya lugha ya hapo juu (kihaya)kuna mofimu zifuatazo.
Mofimu za za:
//nafsi//——— (a) -3-umoja
——– (mu) -2-wingi
—— (ba) -3-wingi
//njeo//———– (la) -ijayo
———– (ka) -iliyopita
//mzizi//———- tambuk –
———– yajul –
 
KANUNI  ZA  KUTENGANISHA  MOFIMU
(a)     kanuni ya kwanza; zingatia maumbo yenye maana sawa. Maumbo hayo huweza kufanana au kuhitilafiana kiumbo lakini hutokea katika mazingira yaleyale.
Mfano;
  1. a) atakupiga    ata-ku-pig-a
  2. b) atampiga     a-ta-m-pig-a
  3. c) alikupiga    a-li-ku-pig-a
  4. d) utanipiga    u-ta-ni-pig-a
  5. e) utatupiga    u-ta-tu-pig-a
  6. f) mlijipiga    m-li-ji-pig-a
    Mofimu
  1. mofimu nafsi——— (a)-3-umoja
——— (u)-2-umoja
———- (m)-2-wingi
———- (tu)-1-wingi
  1. mofimu njeo ————- (ta)-ijayo
————- (li)-iliyopita
————– (na)-iliyopo
  1. yambwa  —————- (ku)-wewe
——— (m)-yeye
———- (ni)-mimi
———– (ji)-binafsi
(b)     kanuni ya pili; Hapa kinachozingatiwa ni maumbo yenye maana moja lakini yasiyo na umbo sawa la kimofolojia.
Mfano;
  1. a) mtumwa       watumwa
b )mvulana      wavulana
  1. c) mjakazi      wajakazi
  2. d) mwenzi       wenzi
  3. e) mwanadamu    wanadamu
mofimu
mofimu za idadi
//umoja//———m/-k
——– mw/-i
//wingi//——— wa/-k
———- w/-I
©     Kanuni ya tatu; Kanuni hii inadai kuwa alomofu moja au zaidi zimo katika mtawanyo mkamilishano ambapo moja ikitokea basi ya pili haitokei. Yambwa na yambiwa haziwezi kutokea katika mazingira yale yale.
Mfano
Baba alinimpigia mimi simu
Sisi tuliwamuona nyinyi
Yeye alimwakuta wao
– (m)  na  (mu)
– (wa) na  (w)
Zimo katika mtawanyo mkamilishano au mgawanyo wa kiutowano
(d)     Kanuni ya nne; Umbo moja na zaidi huweza kuwa katika mpishano huru kama maumbo hayo yana maana moja na yametokea katika mazingira yaleyale.
Mfano
ngombe badala ya ng’ombe
khabari badala ya habari
lafiki badala ya Rafiki
ntoto badala ya mtoto
(e)     Kanuni ya tano; inadai kuwa maumbo yenye maana tofauti ni
mofimu na maumbo tofauti yenye maana sawa ni alomofu.
MATATIZO  YA  KUTENGANISHA  MOFIMU
  1. Tatizo la kwanza ni kukosekana kwa umbo dhahiri la mofimu
Mfano:
(i)     θ+chungwa : ma+chungwa
(j)     θ+bega    : ma+bega
(k)     θ+jiwe    : ma+we
(l)     θ+shati   : ma+shati
Katika mifano hiyo mofimu za umoja ni //θ// na za wingi ni //ma//
  1. Tatizo la pili ni kukosekana maneno asilia yanayozalisha maneno unde.
Mfano:
(i)     Fupi – fupika –fupisha
(ii)   Refu – refuka –refusha
(iii) Kau  – kauka – kausha
Mifano hiyo ina maneno asilia na maneno unde. Maneno (fupi na refu) ni maneno asilia ya maneno unde fupisha na refusha. Lakini (kau) sio neno asili la neno (kauka na kausha) kwa sababu neno hilo (kau) halikubaliki kwa maneno ya namna hiyo.
  1. Tatizo la tatu: ni ugumu wa kutenganisha mofimu katika maneno mwambatano.
Mfano:
Mwanajeshi
Mu-ana-jeshi
Mw-ana-jeshi
Mw-an-a-jeshi
Mw-anajeshi
Maneno mwambatano yanaundwa kwa mzizi zaidi ya mmoja hivyo huwa ni vigumu kubaini mofimu ni zipi na mizizi ni ipi.

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  MOFOLOJIA YA KISWAHILI: MUHADHARA WA TATU: DHANNA YA ALOMOFU
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-30-2021, 04:51 PM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

MUHADHARA WA TATU: DHANNA YA ALOMOFU
Alomofu  hufafanuliwa kama maumbo zaidi ya moja (mbalimbali) ya mofimu moja.
Neno alomofu linatokana na maneno mawili ambayo ni “alo” lenye maana ya zaidi ya moja au mbalimbali na “mofu” lenye maana ya umbo (ma)
Mfano
  • M(u)+tu : wa+tu
  • M(u)+ke : wa+ke
  • Mw+alimu : w+alimu
  • mw+anajeshi : w+anajeshi
Katika mifano hiyo //mu// ya umoja ina maumbo mawili ambayo ni //m// na  //mw// halikadhalika //wa// ya wingi nayo ina maumbo mawili ambayo ni  //wa// na  //w//  hivyo maumbo haya yanaweza kuelezwa kwa kanuni ifuatayo:
//mu//——->[m]/-k
——->[mw]/-I
//wa//——–>[wa]/-k
— ——->[w]/-I
MAZINGIRA YA UTOKEAJI wa ALOMOFU
Alomofu hutokea katika mazingira maalumu. Mazingira mengine yanatabirika na mengine hayatabiriki. Hata hivyo, alomofu huweza kutokea katika mazingira ya aina tatu ambayo ni:,
v    mazingira ya kifonolojia
v    mazingira ya kileksika (kikamusi)
v    mazingira ya kisarufi
  1.  Mazingira ya kifonolojia
    Mazingira ya kifonolojia ya utokeaji wa alomofu hujitokeza pale ambapo maumbo fulani hutokea kama alomofu kutokana na athari za kifonolojia.
      Mfano
[Image: SAM_1502.JPG]
Mifano hiyo inaonesha jinsi umbo moja linavyoweza kubadilika na kuwa katika muonekano tofauti huku maumbo yote hayo yakiendelea kubeba taarifa ileile. Mabadiliko haya huwa yamesababishwa na athari za kifonolojia za sauti fulani.
Umbo  “mu” linatokea kama //mu// au //m// linapofuatwa na konsonanti na linakuwa  umbo //mw// linapofuatwa  na irabu.
Vilevile umbo //wa// linalojitokeza kama //wa// linapofuatwa na konsonanti  na linakuwa //w// linapofuatwa na irabu.
Vilevile mazingira ya kifonolojia hujidhihirisha katika utendaji. Utokeaji wa alomofu za kauli huwa katika mazingira yanayotabirika na yasiyotabirika.
  • Mazingira yanayotabirika ya utendea
[Image: SAM_1503.JPG]
[Image: SAM_1504.JPG]
Mofimu ya utendea “le” inatokea iwapo mzizi una irabu e au o.
Mazingira ya utokeaji wa alomofu ya utendeshi.
  • Mazingira yasiyotabirika
Mfano
  1. a) lala-laza
  2. b) shuka-shusha
  3. c) lewa-levya
  4. d) ogopa-ogofya
  5. e) gawana-gawanya
Alomofu za utendeshi ni z, sh, vy, fy, ny.
2  Mazingira ya kileksika
Utokeaji wa alomofu katika mazingira ya kileksika huwa tunazingatia ngeli za nomino kupitia mofu za umoja na wingi za nomino husika.
Mfano
  1. a) kijana   vijana
  2. b)  mtume     mitume
  3. c)  θRaisi    maraisi
  4. d)  θMungu    θMungu
Katika mifano hiyo;
  • Alomofu za umoja ni ki,m,θ
  • Alomofu za wingi ni,vi,mi,ma,θ
//umoja//—-> ki /-konsonanti
//wingi//—-> vi/-k
//umoja//—–>m/-k
//wingi// —->mi/-k
//umoja//—->  /-raisi
//wingi//—–> ma/-raisi
//umoja//—–> θ/-Mungu
//wingi//——> θ/-Mungu
  1. Mazingira ya kisarufi
Mfano
  1. a) anapika – hapiki
  2. b) alipika – hakupika
  3. c) atapika – hakupika
  4. d) amepika – hajapika
(i) Alomofu za njeo ni:-na, li, ta, me, i, ku, ja
(ii) Alomofu za njeo uyakinishi ni; na, li, ni, ta, me
(iii) Alomofu za njeo ukanushi ni; i, ku, ta, ja
VIGHAIRI
Vighairi ni dhanna inayohusu alomofu ambazo utokeaji wake   haufungamani na kanuni wala masharti yoyote.
Mifano
(a) ki+tabu  –  vi+tabu
(b) ki+jiko  –  vi+jiko
© ki+nu    –  vi+nu
(d) ch+umba  –  vy+umba
(e) ch+eti   –  vy+eti
(f) ki+oo    –  vi+oo
(g) ch+oo    – vy+oo
(h) ch+umba  – vy+umba
Mifano hiyo //ki// ya ngeli ya KI-VI umoja ina alomufu //ki// na //ch// na mofu //vi// ya wingi ina alomofu //vi// na //vy//.
NB: Maneno choo,vyoo, chumba, vyumba, chetu, vyetu, ni vighairi kwa sababu yanashiriki ngeli ya KI-VI lakini hayakubali mofu //ki// na //vi// kukaa mwanzoni. Kimsingi //ch// na //vy// zipo kwenye ngeli ya  KI-VI  lakini mwanzoni zipo zilivyo yaani, ki-vi itatokea tu kwenye kitenzi cha upatanisho wa kisarufi.
Mfano;   choo kimejengwa
Vyoo vimejengwa

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  MOFOLOJIA YA KISWAHILI MUHADHARA WA KWANZA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-30-2021, 04:41 PM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

MUHADHARA WA KWANZA
Mofolojia: ni taaluma inayoshughulikia vipashio vya lugha na mpangilio wake katika uundaji  wa maneno.
Mofolojia : ni utanzu mmojawapo katika tanzu za isimu
Tanzu hizo za isimu ni:
  1. Mofolojia
  2. Fonolojia
  3. Sintaksia
  4. Semantiki na
  5. Pragmatiki
Lugha ya Kiswahili ina vipashio anuai ambapo kipashio kidogo kabisa huitwa mofimu (mofu) na kikubwa kabisa ni sentensi.
Mofimu: Ni kipashio kidogo chenye maana ya kisarufi au ya kileksika. Kipashio hicho kinaweza kuwa neno zima au sehemu ya neno. Mofimu hugawanyika katika aina zake kwa vigezo vikuu viwili ambavyo ni
*   Kigezo cha kimaana
Kwa kigezo hiki tunapata aina mbili za mofimu ambazo ni:
  1. a)Mofimu zenye maana ya kileksika
  2. b)Mofimu zenye maana ya kisarufi
  3. i) Mofimu zenye maana ya kileksika.
Huwa ni maneno kamili yasiyogawanyika na yanayojitosheleza kimuundo na kitaarifa. Hizi ni mofimu ambazo maana yake inatabirika.
Mfano:
baba, maji, hewa, jua n.k
  1. ii) Mofimu zenye maana ya kisarufi
Huwa ni viambishi ambavyo hujiegemeza kwenye mzizi fulani wa neno ili kutoa taarifa. Maana ya mofimu hizi huwa haitabiriki bali hutegemeana na muktadha wa utokeaji wa mofimu husika.
Mfano:
– A-na-chez-a
– Tu-me-imb-a
– Wa-li-som-a
Mifano hiyo inadokeza mofimu zenye maana kisarufi na kila maana hiyo imetokea wapi na vipi ni kama inavyoonekana hapa chini.
  1. A-inadokeza nafsi ya 3-umoja
-uyakinishi
-ngeli ya kwanza (A-wa)
  1. i)Na-ni njeo iliyopo,hali ya kuendelea
  2. ii)me – hali timilifu
*   Kigezo cha kimofolojia
Kigezo hiki huchunguza mofimu kama umbo na uhuru wa umbo lenyewe. Hapa tunapata mofimu huru na mofimu tegemezi au funge
v  Mofimu huru.
Ni maneno kamili yanayojitosheleza kiumbo na kitaarifa
Mfano: baba, maji, hewa, Mungu, jua, mvua, n.k
  1. Mofimu za kileksika huwa ndizo mofimu huru.
(ii) Mofimu tegemezi / funge.
Huwa ni viambishi ambavyo hupachikwa kwenye mzizi wa neno ili kutoa taarifa fulani. Mofimu tegemezi huwa ndio mofimu zenye maana kisarufi.
Mfano
Tu-li-o-imb-a
a-li-ye-ni-on-a
m-na-vyo- wa-pig-a
Mofolojia hushughulikia mambo yafuatayo
v  Vipashio vya lugha ambavyo vimeitwa mofimu
v  Mpangilio unaokubalika wa mofimu ili kuunda maneno, mpangilio huo huitwa kanuni
MOFOLOJIA NA FONOLOJIA
Mofolojia ni nini?
Ni taaluma yenye uhusiano na taaluma ya fonolojia katika kuishughulikia lugha
Fonoloji ni Taaluma inayoshughulikia sauti za lugha ambazo hutumiwa  kuunda maneno. Vipashio vya  kifonolojia  vitumiwavyo  kuunda maneno huitwa fonimu
Uhusiano uliopo  kati ya mofolojia na fonolojia huweza kuelezwa  kwa namna mbili
v  uhusiano wa kisemantiki
Ambapo badiliko la umbo la neno kifonolojia huweza kuathiri maana ya neno zima au kuathiri mofolojia pekee.
Mfano
(a) mu+ana = mwana
(b) mu+anafunzi = mwanafunzi
© mu+alimu = mwalimu
(2) Uhusiano wa pili ni ule wa kileksika ambapo mofolojia huwa na
maneno yasiyogawanyika na yenye maaana ya wazi.
FONOLOJIA KWA UJUMLA
Uwanja wa fonolojia unahusu uhusiano uliopo baina ya lugha na sauti zinazoijenga lugha.Lugha inayozungumziwa  hapa ni lugha  ASILIA
Lugha hutumiwa na wanadamu katika mawasiliano yao kwa njia ya sauti zinazounda maneno. Lugha asilia hutofautishwa na mifumo mingine ya mawasiliano kama vile Ishara ambazo pamoja na kutumiwa katika mawasiliano ya binadamu  ishara hizo hazijaweza kutumia sauti.
Lugha ya kompyuta ambayo kimsingi  ni lugha unde (iliyoundwa kwa makusudi maalumu) imebaki kuwezesha mawasiliano baina ya mashine hizo pasipokutumia sauti kama ilivyo kwa binadamu.
SAUTI ZA LUGHA ASILIA
Wanaisimu wengi wanakubaliana kuwa lugha ya binadamu ni mfumo wa sauti nasibu ambazo hutumiwa na jamii fulani ya watu kwa madhumuni ya mawasiliano kati yao.
Sauti nasibu: Ni zile ambazo uteuzi wake  haukufanywa kwa kufuata mantiki au vigezo fulani maalumu bali umetokana na makubaliano  ya kimazoea ya watumiaji wa lugha husika na hii ndiyo maana sauti za lugha mbalimbali zinaweza kufanana sana au kwa kiasi fulani tu na pia zinaweza kusigana sana au  kiasi fulani tu.
Utaratibu wa kuunganisha sauti ili kuunda maneno ni wa nasibu kama ambavyo sauti zenyewe ni za nasibu. Utaratibu huo huweza kutofautiana toka lugha moja hadi nyingine.
ALA SAUTI ZA LUGHA ASILI
Utoaji wa sauti zitumikazo katika kuunda maneno ya lugha za binadamu hufanyika kwa kutumia sehemu au viungo mbalimbali maalumu vya mwili wa mwanadamu. Katika taaluma ya isimu sehemu ya viungo vya mwili vitumikavyo katika utoaji wa sauti za lugha hujulikana kama ALASAUTI
Ala sauti hizo ni pamoja na mapafu, umio, koromeo, kaakaa laini na gumu, ufizi, meno, midomo, pua, n.k
Kwa kutumia ala hizo za sauti mwanadamu anao uwezo wa kutoa sauti nyingi sana ambazo hutumika katika lugha.
NB: Zipo sauti ambazo hazitumii alasauti maalumu na huwa hazina maana mahususi, sauti hizi hujulikana kama vidoko vya midomo na alama yake ni kidoti ndani ya duara mf. ʘ, sauti hizo ni kama mluzi, kubusu, kusonya, n.k
MOFOLOJIA NA SINTAKSIA
Mofolojia ina uhusiano mkubwa na sintaksia kama ilivyo kwa vitengo vingine. Ingawa sintaksia hujishughulisha na tungo, muundo, dhima na maana za sentensi, hutegemea sana vipashio vya kimofolojia ambavyo ni maneno ili kuyapangilia katika darajia za kisintaksia.
Mfano
(a) Vitabu vya watoto wa Juma vimeibwa
(b) Madirisha ya shule za miembeni yamevunjwa
© Wizi wa bunduki za jeshi  umeongezeka
(d) Nyumba za Mapadri wa kilakala zimeuzwa
Mifano hiyo inaonesha jinsi nomino zinavyotawala vipashio vingine kisintaksia yaani:
[Image: SAM_1500.JPG]
Kwa ujumla sintaskia hutawala mpangilio na mfuatano wa vipashio vya kimofolojia. Hii  ni kusema kuwa ili sintaksia ifanye kazi yake ni lazima mofolojia ishiriki kutoa vipashio  hivyo.
UPWEO WA MOFOLOJIA YA KISWAHILI
Mofolojia ya Kiswahili kama zilivyo mofolojia za lugha nyingine inahusu taaluma ya maumbo ya maneno ya lugha ya Kiswahili.  Kama mtaalamu wa mofolojia ya Kiswahili unapaswa kuzingatia mambo yafuatayo.
  1.  a) muundo wa maneno
  2. b) makundi na mahusiano ya maneno
  3. c) kanuni za uundaji wa maneno (njia au mbinu)
Kwa mfano:
Kila mtaalamu wa Kiswahili anaelewa kuwa neno –Anasoma-limeundwa kwa vipashio  A-na-som-a
Neno hilo-anasoma-linalingana na neno, Anasomesha.
Kwa msingi kwamba maneno yote yanaundwa kwa mzizi – som – sawa na maneno usomi, msomaji, kisomo, usomaji n.k
Katika taaluma ya Kiswahili inabidi kujua uhusiano na athari za maneno hayo.

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  TOFAUTI KATI YA MOFIMU NA NENO
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-30-2021, 04:01 PM - Forum: Sarufi na Utumizi wa lugha - No Replies

Kwa mujibu wa JOHN LION (1968) “An introduction to theoretical linguistics” Anaona kuwa neno linafafanuliwa au haliwezi kufafanuliwa kwa,
  1. i) Kiotografia-namna neno linavyoandikwa.ii) Kisarufi-kinachowakilishwa na umbo husika.
        iii) Sauti-maana inayohusika katika neno husika.
-Kuna wakati maana na sauti hufanana na pia maandishi na sauti hutofautiana.
Mfano; enough-inafu
Liuntenant
-Tafauti za maandishi na maana hufanya lugha kuwa ngumu kujifunza.
-Pia katika kiswahili kuna maneno ambayo huwa tofauti na yanavyoandikwa katika utamkaji wake.
Mfano; nje, mba, nge, mbu, ng’ungwe nk
-Pia kuna uwezekano wa maandishi na matamshi kufanana.
Mfano; kaa(hutamkwa kwa mpumuo)
Ikiwa na maana mdudu, kuna dhana nyingi hutokea katika neno hili.
Hivyo basi neno huweza kufanana na kutofautiana kimatamshi, kimaandishi na pia kisarufi. Hivyo si kila neno ni mofimu.

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  MIFANYIKO YA KIMOFOLOJIA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-30-2021, 03:50 PM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

MOFOfONOLOJIA (MIFANYIKO YA KIMOFOLOJIA)
Mofofonolojia ni taaluma inayoshughulikia uchanganuzi na uainishaji wa vipengele vya kifonolojia vinavyoathiri maumbo ya mofimu katika mfuatano wake.
Mfano
v  Utendea Panga>  pangia
Funga>  fungia       a,i,u
Piga>   pigia
Cheza>  chezea
Soma>   Somea         e,o
Zoa>    zolea
Mofofonolojia huzalisha kanuni ambazo zinaelezea mazingira ya utokeaji wa mofu na alomofu zake.
KANUNI ZA KIMOFOFONOLOJIA
Kanuni hizi huelezea maathiriano ya kifonolojia yanayoathiri mofolojia ya maneno na jinsi badiliko la kimofofonolojia la neno linavyoelezeka kikanuni.
Kanuni hizi husaidia kujua jinsi maneno yanavyobadilika toka muundo ndani wa neno hadi muundo nje wa neno.
Kanuni za kimofofonolojia hutawaliwa na sifa zifuatazo
  1. Kanuni za kifonolojia hazina vighairi mfano; hakuna vighairi katika kanuni ya kifonolojia isemayo mkazo katika Kiswahili huwekwa silabi ya pili kutoka mwishoni mwa neno.
  2. Kanuni za kimofofonolojia huwa na vighairi vingi; Kanuni hii huhusu lugha mahususi na hutumika  katika baadhi ya mofimu tu kwa mfano katika mofu ya utendea.
mfano
piga>  pigia
panga> pangia
funga> fungia
tenga> tengea
choma> chomea
//utendea//—–>i/-mz+[a,i,u]
——->e/-mz+[e,o]
AINA ZA KANUNI ZA KIMOFOFONOLOJIA.
  1. Kanuni ya usilimisho
Kanuni hii inahusu maathiriano ya mofimu zinazofuatana. Maathiriano hayo huzifanya mofimu zifanane zaidi kuliko zikiwa pekee.
Mfano(1)
  1. a) n+goma—–>{ngoma}
  2. b) n+dizi——>{ndizi}
  3. c) n+buzi—–>{mbuzi}
  4. d) n+bingu—–>{mbingu}
n——>m/-k
Huo ni usilimisho wa nazali.
Mfano(2)
  1. a) n+refu—–>{ndefu}
  2. b) n+limi—->{ndimi}
r——>d/n-
l——->d/n-
Huo ni usilimisho wa konsonanti inayotanguliwa na nazali(N)
  1. Ukaakaishaji
Haya ni maathiriano ambayo sauti isiyo ya kaakaa gumu hulazimishwa  kuwa sauti ya kaakaa gumu.
Mfano
  1. a) ki+ama——->chama
  2. b) ki+ombo——->chombo
  3. c) ki+uma——–>chuma
  4. d) ki+eo——>cheo
ki——->ch/-i
  1. Udondoshaji
Mofimu hudondoshwa kutokana na mfuatano wa mofimu unaoleta maathiriano
Mfano
  1. a) wanasoma –hawasomi
  2. b) anasoma-hasomi
  3. c) nilikunywa-sikunywa
//njeo// ——-> θ/-ukanushi
 
  1. Uingizaji/uchopekaji
Mofimu huchopekwa kwenye mzizi ili kusaidia kuimarisha mzizi wa neno. Uchopekaji aghalabu hutokea kwenye mizizi ya silabi moja.
Mfano
  1. a) -j-       anakuja
  2. b) -nywa-    anakunywa     θ———>ku/-mz   -j,-nyw -,-f-
  3. c) -f-       atakufa
 
  1. Tangamano la irabu
Hapa irabu zinaathiriana na kuamua kutumia irabu moja (i, au
  1.   e) kuwakilisha baadhi ya mofimu.
Mfano
Panga – pangia
Piga  – pigia
funga – fungia
Cheza – chezea
Soma –  somea
//utendea//———>i/-mz-  a, i, u
———>e/-mz-   e, o
  1. Msinyao/mvutano wa irabu
Hutokea ambapo irabu ndefu hulazimishwa kutokea kama irabu fupi
na hivyo kuwa moja badala ya mbili.
Mfano
  1. a) wa+alimu – walimu
  2. b) wa+ema  – wema
  3. c) wa+izi  – wezi
a+a – a
a+e – e
a+i  – e
  1. Uyeyushaji
Ni uundaji wa sauti viyeyusho vitokanavyo na sauti irabu
   Mfano
Mu+ana – mwana
Ku+etu – kwetu
Vi+angu-vyangu
Mu+izi-mwizi
Vi+umba-vyumba
u——->w/-I,I # u
i——->y/-I,I # i

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  ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO "SHAGHALABAGHALA"
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-30-2021, 09:44 AM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO ' SHAGHALABAGHALA'.
Shaghalabaghala katika Lugha ya Kiswahili) ni neno (kielezi), lenye maana ya: hovyohovyo/ovyoovyo, bila utaratibu unaoeleweka, hobelahobela.
Neno hili (shaghalabaghala) asili yake ni Kiarabu na huko ni Sentensi yenye maneno mawili: la kwanza, kitenzi cha Kiarabu shaghala شغل ameshughulika/amefanya kazi na la pili jina/nomino baghlu بغل (mnyama aliyezaliwa na mama farasi na baba punda).
Sifa ya mnyama huyu ni kuwa mvumilivu kama punda na anamiliki mwendo kasi kama farasi.
Waalimu wetu madrasa wakati wakitafsiri Kisa cha Miraji (Safari ,ya kimiujiza ya Mtume Muhammad - Allaah Amrehemu na Ampe Amani - kutoka Makkah hadi Baitul Maqdis, Jerusalem, kwa kutumia sehemu tu ya usiku mmoja) walitafsiri baghlu بغل kuwa ni nyumbu.
Lakini kwa mujibu wa sifa za baghlu aliye mnyama chotara wa farasi na punda ni kuwa mnyama huyu ni tasa, hazai.
Hivyo neno la Kiswahili shaghalabaghala kiasili lina maana ya 'kazi ya mnyama baghlu (chotara wa punda na farasi) kazi ambayo ni hobelahobela.
Shukran sana.


Na;
Khamis Mataka

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  ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO 'SAFIHI'
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-29-2021, 05:32 AM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO 'SAFIHI'.
Safihi (wingi: masafihi), katika Lugha ya Kiswahili) ni neno (nomino) lenye maana: 1. mtu mwenye tabia ya kutoa matusi, mtu anayevunjia watu heshima, mtu mfyosi. 2. mtu mnyamavu, mtu asiyeongea akisemeshwa.
Katika Sarufi ya Kiswahili neno hili (safihi) hutumika likiwa kitenzi na pia kivumishi.
Neno hili (safihi) asili yake ni Kiarabu na huko ni 'safiihun/safiihan/safiihin سفيه'  neno litokanalo na kitenzi cha Kiarabu safuha سفه (amekuwa mjinga).
Katika Lugha ya Kiarabu neno (safihi) lina maana zifuatazo:
1. Mtu aliye mbadhirifu wa mali kutokana na ujinga wake.
2. (Kwa nguo) ~ iliyoshonwa vibaya (thawbun safiihun.)
3. (Kwa mnyama) ~ asiye mwendo (naaqatun safiihatun = ngamia asiyekwenda mbio.)
4. Mtu asiye na tabia njema katika jamii.
Neno hili 'safihi' lilipoingia katika Lugha ya Kiswahili limejifunga na ile maana ya mtu aliye mtovu wa adabu na ile ya mtu mnyamavu.
Shukran sana.


Na;
Khamis Mataka

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