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  MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU KIDATO CHA NNE 2021
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 12:46 PM - Forum: Maswali na majibu - No Replies


.pdf   MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU K4 2021.pdf (Size: 143.17 KB / Downloads: 58)


.pdf   MUONGOZO WA USAHIHISHAJI.pdf (Size: 116.99 KB / Downloads: 41)

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  SHAIRI:NIENDA SALAMA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 12:14 PM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

Ijapo ni jambo tata, hili limejitokeza
Ila sitaficha hata, yote nitayaeleza,
Haya yaliyonikuta, kuhadithia naweza.

Haki alinikamata, hilo shaidi Muweza,
Nilipenda nikadata, pendo alilikoleza,
Nikadhani nimepata, kabisa nikawekeza.

Ila sasa kaniwata, mbali amejisogeza,
Mwingine kapewa ngata, mzigo kuendeleza,
Kasema hawezi juta, chochote hajapoteza.

Niliona pakunata, vibaya nimeteleza,
Hanitaki katakata, na maneno anibeza,
Ni bora angening'ata, kisha angenipuliza.

Kikomo hapa nasema, sioni cha kuniliza,
Ijapo wangu mtima, vibaya kauumiza,
Wacha nienda salama, katu sitayalipiza.

Mshairi Machinga,
mfaumehamisi@gmail.com,
+255716541703/752795964,
Dar es salaam, Kkoo.

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  MISEMO YA VYOMBO VYA USAFIRI (1)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 08:03 AM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

[Image: SAM_1559.JPG]

Misemo yenye Ujumbe kuhusu Imani za Dini
       1. “Mungu tu hana wivu”
Maana:
· Viumbe wote ulimwenguni wana uwezekano wa kuwa
na wivu, isipokuwa Mwenyezi Mungu.
· Binadamu huwa na kawaida ya kumwonea gere
mwenzake hasa anapopata mafanikio katika kazi au biashara.
· Mungu humjalia kila mja wake/kila mtu.
· Mungu hana upendeleo, choyo, wala aina nyingine
yoyote ya tabia mbaya.
        2.  “Mungu ni mmoja”
Maana
· Mungu ni yuleyule anayempa huyu na kumnyima
mwingine.
· Mungu ni wa watu wote.
· Sote twamuabudu Mungu huyohuyo ijapokuwa
tunatofautiana kiimani na kimadhehebu.
       3.  “Aliyekupa wewe ndiye aliyeninyima mimi”
Maana
· Riziki hugawiwa na Mwenyezi Mungu, sio binadamu.
· Usimcheke wala kumdharau mwenye hali duni ya
kimaisha, kwani ndivyo alivyojaaliwa na Mungu.
· Wenye hali nzuri ya kimaisha (kipato) wasijione
kuwa wapo hivyo kwa jitihada zao pekee, kwani Mungu ndiye aliyewajaalia.
        4.   “Mungu asamehe ndimi zetu”
Maana
· Mungu asamehe kauli zetu.
· Huwa tunajinenea mengi mabaya au kuwanenea
wengine mabaya kwa kujua au bila kujua, hivyo, Mungu asamehe yale mabaya
tunayoyanena.
· Mungu awe na huruma kwa waja wake.
        5.    “Mungu akiendesha, shetani haombi lifti”
Maana
· Nguvu ya Mungu ni ya kipekee, haina mshindani.
· Mungu akisimamia jambo, shetani hana nafasi.
· Mtu akimwamini Mungu, hawezi kughilibiwa na
shetani.
     
        6.  “Silaha yangu msalaba”
Maana
· Imani kuwa hakuna jambo lolote linaloweza kufanyika
bila nguvu ya msalaba.
· Alama ya kuwa na imani thabiti ya Kikristo.
      7.    “Nina furaha kuzaliwa Mwislam”
Maana
· Anaona fahari kuwa Muislamu
· Anaipenda dini ya Kiislamu.
      8.    “Shukuru kwa kila jambo”
Maelezo:
Msemo huu,
aghalabu, hutumiwa katika mazingira ya kitanzia; yaani, pale ambapo mtu hukutwa
na jambo lenye kuumiza, kutia majonzi au simanzi.
Maana
· Tunatakiwa kushukuru pale tupatapo mafanikio au
matatizo.
· Mtu anapaswa kushukuru hata kwa tatizo au janga linalomtokea. Hutakiwa kushukuru hata janga au tatizo hilo kwa sababu huenda
angepatwa na kubwa zaidi ya hilo, lakini Mungu akaamua alipitishe mbali kupitia
hilo dogo.
· Binadamu anapaswa kuwa na moyo wa kuridhika na
kila alichonacho, akipatacho au kimtokeacho.
      9. “Allah Akbar”
Tafsiri:
Huu ni msemo ulio katika lugha ya Kiarabu. Maana yake ni Mwenyezi Mungu (ni) mkubwa.
Maana
· Mungu ndiye Mkuu wa viumbe wote duniani.
· Mungu ndiye Muweza wa kila jambo.
       10. “Asante Mungu”
Maana
· Shukrani zote anastahili Mungu (kwa yote
ayatendayo kwa viumbe wake).
· Tunapaswa kushukuru kwa kila jambo (liwe zuri
lenye kufurahisha au baya lenye kuhuzunisha au kuumiza).
      11. “Allah Karim”
Maana
· Mwenyezi Mungu
ni mkarimu kwa kila kiumbe.
      12. “Acha pupa, Mungu atakupa; kama si nyama,
hata mfupa”
Maana
· Mja yeyote anapaswa kumtegemea Mungu katika
upatikanaji au ukosekanaji wa riziki yake.
· Kutafuta maisha kwahitaji uvumilivu na imani ya Mungu.
· Mtua anatakiwa awe tayari kupokea chochote
ambacho Mungu anampa.
· Kupata ni kupata, kiwe kidogo au kikubwa; muhimu
kuvumilia.
      13. “In God we trust”
Tafsiri:
Huu ni msemo
ulio katika lugha ya Kiingereza. Maana yake ya jumla ni ‘Tunamwamini Mwenyezi
mungu’.
Maana
· Mungu pekee ndiye wa kuaminiwa na kutegemewa.
· Mungu ndiye Muweza wa kila jambo.
      14. “Kwa Mungu hakuna rushwa”
Maana
· Mungu ndiye pekee anayetenda haki.
· Mungu hamwonei mja wake.
· Kwa Mungu kuna haki.
· Duniani hakuna haki.
· Mungu ndiye anayehukumu viumbe wake wote.
       15. “Kwa Mungu si kwa mzungu”
Maana
· Hata mtu awe bora kiasi gani hawezi kufanana na Mungu.
· Mungu hafananishwi na kiumbe yeyote.
· Mungu ndiye mfalme wa ulimwengu mzima.
       16. “Bwana awe nanyi”
Maana
· Mungu awe pamoja nanyi.
· Salamu kwenu.
       17. “Kwa rehema zake Mungu”
Maana
· (Mafanikio niliyonayo) ni matokeo ya upendo au Baraka
kutoka kwa Mungu.
· Mungu ndiye anayetoa riziki.
· Mungu hutenda mema kwa waja wake.
        18. “Yesu ni jibu”
Maana
· Yesu pekee anastahili kuabudiwa.
· Yesu ndiye mwokozi.
      19. “Heri wenye moyo safi”
Maana
· Ni vema mwanadamu akatenda matendo mema maana
huwa na malipo hapa duniani na akhera.
       20. “Kazi na sala
Maana
· Haya mambo mawili (kufanya kazi na kumwabudu Mungu)
ndio msingi wa mafanikio ya wanadamu.
· Kufanya kazi peke yake hakuwezi kumletea mtu
ustawi kamili.
Chanzo:
 
Ponera, A. S na Kikula, I.S,  (2017) Misemo
ya Vyombo vya Usafiri. UDOM. Afroplus Industries, Ltd.

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  MISEMO YA VYOMBO VYA USAFIRI (2)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 07:56 AM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Misemo yenye Ujumbe kuhusu Maisha kwa Ujumla

 
      1. “Ajali sio kugongwa na gari tu, hata kukosea kuoa au kuolewa pia ni ajali”
 Maana:
·    Kuoa au
kuolewa ni jambo linalopaswa kufanywa kwa umakini sana.
·    Ndoa njema
ni kiini cha furaha na mafanikio; ndoa mbaya ni kiini cha faraka na maangamio
ya kimaisha.
·   Waoaji au
waolewa wanapaswa kuzingatia vigezo vya msingi katika kutafuta wenza wa kuishi
nao.
·   Mwenza akiwa
mkorofi ndani ya ndoa, maisha kwa ujumla huwa magumu na machungu.
       2.  “Asili haipotei”
 Maana:
·    Mambo ambayo mtu aliwahi kuyafanya katika maisha
yake ya awali hayawezi kubadilika yote hata kama atabadilisha mfumo au mtindo
wa maisha au utamaduni.
·   Mtu hawezi kusahau kwao.
·   Hata mtu awe katika maeneo ya mbali na kwao bado
vitu vya asili yake vitaendelea kubakia katika kumbukumbu zake; hivyo
atavitamani avipate.
        3.  “Bora uzima”
  Maana:
·   Vitu vyote ukose (kiuchumi, kielimu au kijamii)
lakini uzima (na uhai) uwepo.
·   Mtu hata akiwa na ulemavu wa namna yoyote, bado
sio tatizo ili mradi yuko hai.
·    Mengine yote ni ziada, kilicho muhimu ni uhai.
        4.  “Born to suffer”
  Maana:
·  Duniani ni sehemu ya kuchakarika, siyo kulegea.
·  Maisha ni kazi
·  Kiumbe yeyote anayeishi hapaswi kutetereka hata
kidogo.
·   (Mwandishi) Amezoea matatizo, shughuli ngumu,
shida na madhila mengine ya hali ngumu ya maisha.
·   (Mwandishi) hatishwi na lolote linaloambatana na
harakati za maisha.
       5.  “Chanda chema….?
  Maana:
·   Mtu anayetenda mema hutuzwa.
·   Ni vema tutende mema ili tuhifadhiwe au majina
yetu yatajwe vema hata baada ya kuondoka duniani.
·   Mambo mema huhifadhiwa vizuri na kwa fahari.
        6.  “Bora uzee kuliko uzembe”
  Maana:
·    Ni afadhali Mzee (ambaye mara nyingi nguvu huwa
zimemwishia) hufanya mambo yake taratibu na kwa umakini mkubwa, lakini
hufanikiwa au hufika mwisho; kuliko mtu mzembe ambaye huacha au husita kufanya
jambo kwa makusudi na mwisho haambulii chochote au hupata madhara.
·    Uvivu hauna faida katika maisha.
·    Vema kujitahidi katika jambo fulani lenye
mafanikio kuliko kuliacha kabisa.
       7.  “Hakuna tuzo ya ngono zaidi ya UKIMWI”
  Maana:
·    Uzinzi na Uasherati una hasara kubwa kwa mtu na
jamii; hasara kubwa ni kwa mhusika kupata maradhi kama vile UKIMWI.
       8. “Butua uwakomboe wenzako”
  Maana:
·   Tujenge tabia ya kuwasaidia wenzetu.
·   Fanya lolote uwezalo ili kuwasaidia walio chini yako.
·   Kumbuka kutumia kile ulichoruzukiwa na Mola kwa
kuwasaidia masikini.
       9. “Hata bibi alikuwa binti”
   Maana:
·   Maisha ni mapito yanayomtokea binadamu hatua kwa
hatua, hivyo, kuwa makini na kila hatua ya maisha.
·    Uhai, umri au utajiri huwa havidumu milele, bali
huisha au hubadilika baada ya muda.
·    Fanya ufanyalo lakini jua kuna kesho.
·    Kila jambo lina wakati wake.
      10.  “Bosi hanuniwi”
Maana:
·   Bosi (kiongozi) hata akikosea kwa waajiriwa wake
hawezi kuchukiwa, kwani yeye ndiye aliyeshinda maisha yao kiuchumi.
·     Mwenye mali au pesa anaweza kufanya chochote kwa
asiye nazo.
·    Katika kutafuta maisha tunaaswa kupambana na
changamoto mbalimbali zinazojitokeza.
      11.  “Bora lawama kuliko hasara”
Maana:
·    Ni bora mtu kumweleza ukweli wa jambo hata kama
hapendi, kuliko kukaa kimya na baadaye kitu kibaya kikatokea kutokana na huo
ukimya.
·    Hasara ni adui wa maendeleo.
·    Ni bora ulaumiwe kuliko kuingia matatizoni.
·    Kabla ya kukubali kufanya jambo au kitu
chochote, ni vema kuangalia na kupima matokeo yake.
.   Mtu anapaswa kuchukua uamuzi unaoleta madhara
madogo kuliko ule unaoleta madhara makubwa.
Chanzo:
Ponera, A. S na Kikula, I.S,  (2017) Misemo
ya Vyombo vya Usafiri. UDOM. Afroplus Industries, Ltd.

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  MISEMO YA VYOMBO VYA USAFIRI (3)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 07:44 AM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Misemo yenye Ujumbe kuhusu Maisha kwa Ujumla

      1.     “Dunia tupo stand”
Maana:
· Hapa duniani sote ni wasafiri ingawa kila mtu
ataondoka na gari lake na kwa wakati wake, maana magari yapo kwenye foleni.
·  Hapa duniani kila mtu anapita tu, kila mtu
anayeishi afahamu hilo.
·  Kila mtu atakufa.
·  Tutende mema hapa duniani ili kujiandalia maisha
ya huko tuendako.
·   Maisha ya mwanadamu ni mafupi, muda wowote mtu
anaweza kuaga dunia.
      2.     “Fanya kazi ulioomba”
Maana:
·    Usiingilie kazi ambazo hazikuhusu, hasa kama
hujaombwa kushiriki.
·    Weka bidii kwa kazi inayokupa riziki kwa
kujituma.
·   Acha uvivu na uzembe
·   Jail majukumu yako.
      3.  “Heshima ya mtu kazi”
Maana:
·   Kazi ndiyo msingi wa kupatikana kwa ustawi wa
kila eneo katika maisha ya mtu.
·   Mtu asiye na kazi halali, hukosa heshima katika
jamii.
·   Tuache uvivu na uzembe.
·   Siku zote mtu mwenye kazi ndiye anayeheshimiwa
katika jamii.
            4.  “Heshimu kazi”
          Maana:
·   Kazi yoyote ile unayoifanya hata kama
inakuingizia kipato kidogo iheshimu, kwani ndiyo inayoendesha maisha yako.
·   Jail sana kazi kuliko mshahara.
·  Kazi ndiyo mhimili wa maisha yako.
           5.  “Dunia haina huruma”
     Maana:
·  Maisha ni magumu
·  Ulimwengu ni kama mwalimu afundishaye mambo
mbalimbali ya maisha kutokana na matukio na mikasa inayompata mwanadamu.
         6.  “Askari hachagui msitu”
      Maana:
· Mtu aliye jasiri hana kisingizio katika kufanya analotakiwa kulifanya
         7. “Posho  oya oya”
   Maelezo:
    Dhana ya “oya oya” ni msimu.
    Maana:
·  Malipo hayatoshi
·  Malipo au mshahara unapatikana kwa taabu
· Mshahara unatolewa (na bosi  au mmiliki) kwa malalamiko au manung’uniko.
         8. “Baba hapendi mbio”
    Maana:
·  Wahenga wametufundisha tuwe wastaarabu.
·   Si vyema kuwa na papara tuwapo barabarani,
hususan kwa wanaoendesha vyombo vya moto.
       9. “Dagaa ndo’ mboga, kuku mbwembwe tu!”
      Maana:
· Maisha huendeshwa kwa vitu vya kawaida, visivyo
ghali
·  Maisha hayataki ujivuni
·  Tuepuke uziada katika maisha
·  Kila mtu anatakiwa afanye kitu kilicho ndani ya
uwezo wake
·  Vitu vya ziada huwa na gharama na athari katika
kuyaendesha maisha ya kila siku
·  Mtu hula akipatacho
           10.  “Kufunga siyo kazi, kazi kuilinda swaumu”
    Maana:
·  Kuna tofauti kati ya kushinda na njaa na
kushinda na swaumu
·  Swaumu ina misingi yake ambayo inatakiwa
ifuatwe.
·   Kila jambo linatakiwa lifanywe kwa uhakika
kufuatana na miongozo yake.
·  Kukithiri kwa vishawishi
         11.  “Dah, najuta kuchukua majibu”
    Maana:
·   Nimekutwa na maambukizi (ya UKIMWI) baada ya
kwenda kupima.
         12.  “Fainali uzeeni”
     Maana:
·  Vema tujiandae na maisha ya uzeeni.
·  Maisha ya uzeeni huandaliwa wakati wa ujana na
utu uzima, hivyo, makosa yoyote ayafanyayo mtu katika kipindi  chake cha ujana au utu uzima huweza kumtesa
wakati wa uzee.
         13.  “Iga ufe”
    Maana:
·    Siyo vema kuiga mambo kibubusa (bila
kutafakari).
·    Kuiga au kufuata mkumbo bila kufikiri huweza
kuleta madhara.
·   Fanya jambo kulingana na uwezo wako.
·   Usiige kitu anachofanya mtu mwingine, kwani
baadaye kitu hicho kitaweza kukuletea madhara.
          14.  “Maisha kutafuta, si kutafutana”
      Maana:
·   Kila mtu ajibidiishe kujitafutia ustawi wa
maisha yake
·   Siyo vizuri kuyachunguza maisha ya mtu mwingine
·  Kila mmoja afanye kinachomhusu, na si kutaka
kujua mambo ya mtu mwingine
          15.  “Kifo kiboko ya nyodo”
     Mana:
· Kifo ndicho kinachokomesha maringo ya viumbe hai
wote wanaoringa hapa duniani
Chanzo:
 
Ponera, A. S na Kikula, I.S,  (2017) Misemo
ya Vyombo vya Usafiri. UDOM. Afroplus Industries, Ltd.

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  DHANA YA MISEMO KWA UJUMLA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 07:36 AM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Misemo huweza kuelezwa kuwa ni vifungu vya maneno ambavyo hutumiwa ili kuleta maana fulani (Ponera, A.S na Kikula, I. S, 2017). Kwa kawaida, sura ya nje ya misemo siyo lazima iafikiane na maana halisi ya vifungu hivyo vya maneno. Hii hutokana na ukweli kuwa misemo hutumia lugha ambayo si ya moja kwa moja huku ikibeba mvuto na mnato maalumu kwa hadhira (Mng’aruthi, 2008; Kunemah, 2008; Wamitila, 2010; Kipacha, 2014; na Ponera, 2015. Ponera (2015) anabainisha sifa bainifu za misemo kuwa ni:

a)      Hushabihiana sana na vipengele vingine vya semi kama vile methali.
b)      Hutamalakiwa na lugha isiyo ya moja kwa moja
c)      Huchimbuka katika visa, mikasa, matukio na vitushi vitokeavyo katika maisha ya kila siku katika jamii
d)     Huwa na unyumbufu mkubwa wa kimatumizi kuliko vipengele vingine vyote vya semi. Yaani, misemo hutumika hata katika mazingira au mazungumzo yasiyo rasmi.
e)      Hubadilika (na hata kutoweka kulingana na wakati) kutokana na ukweli kwamba chimbuko lake kuu ni visa, mikasa, matukio na vitushi vya kila siku
f)       Muundo wake wa kimatumizi huanzia kwa watu wa daraja la chini (watu wa kawaida; wasiokuwa wasomi, watu maarufu wala viongozi)
g)      Hufanya kazi kama mwamvuli wa vipengele vingine vya semi. Yaani, misemo huruhusu kubeba sura mbalimbali za semi.
Mhamo wa Ruwaza katika Matumizi ya Misemo
Ruwaza zinazorejelewa hapa ni zile zinazohusisha misemo hiyo kuandikwa katika:
a)      Mavazi kama vile khanga, fulana au kofia
b)      Vifaa mbalimbali kama vile vikombe, makawa, na vipepeo
c)      Maeneo ya umma kama vile vyoo vya umma (vituo vya mabasi, sokoni, shuleni), madarasani (kwenye mbao za paa au ukutani).
d)     Vyombo vya usafiri kama vile mabasi, malori, na hivi sasa kwenye pikipiki (za kawaida na zile za magurudumu matatu – bajaji)
e)      Kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kupitia nyenzo mbalimbali za kielektroniki. Hapa tunakusudia misemo itumiwayo na watumiaji wa mitandao ya kijamii kama kauli-hadhi (status) zao. Haya ni matokeo ya majilio na maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia. Mathalani, mitandao ya kijamii kama vile facebook na WhatsApp imekuwa maarufu katika kuibua misemo mbalimbali inayowekwa kama kauli-hadhi ya mhusika.

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  METHALI ZA WANYAMA (MMBWA)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 07:29 AM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Mbwa aliyekufa hapigwi teke.
Mbwa hafi maji akiona ufukwe.
Mbwa koko mkali kwao.
Mbwa kukalia mkia wake ndio starehe yake.
Mbwa mwenye kubweka haumi.
Mbwa mzee hafunzwi mbinu mpya.
Ukitaka kumuua Mbwa mpe jina baya.
Meno ya Mbwa hayaumani.
Mbwa wa Mfalme ni mfamle.
Mbwa hubwekea nyumbani sio njiani.
Mbwa mtupie fupa upate mradi wako.
Mbwa mwenye inda hubwekea ng’ombe.
Mbwa dume hanuswi matako.

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  METHALI ZA KISWAHILI NA MAANA ZAKE KWA KIINGEREZA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-02-2021, 07:23 AM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Ada ya mja hunena, mwungwana ni kitendo. It is customary for a slave to talk, but a free man acts. (Mja is only used in this way in this proverb, otherwise it would be – a foreigner)

Adhabu ya kaburi, aijua maiti. The torture of the grave is known only to the dead.Ahadi ni deni. A promise is a debt.

Aibu ya maiti, aijua mwosha. Only a Moritician knows the real shame of the dead. No man is a hero to his wife.
Akiba haiozi. A reserve(savings) does not decay.
Aisifuye mvua, imemnyea. He who praises rain has been rained on himself.
Ajidhaniye amesimama, aangalie asianguke. He who thinks he is standing should be careful he doesn’t fall.
Akiba haiozi. A reserve does not decay.
Akikaanga, tu chini ya gae. When he fries, we are under the frying pan. (Somebody always finds out a secret)
Akili ni mali. Cleverness is wealth.
Akili ni nywele; kila mtu ana zake. Reasoning is like hair, every person has his own.
Akili nyingi huondowa maarifa. Too much wit diminishes wisdom. Too much thought overlooks the wisdom.
Akipenda, chongo huita kengeza. If he loves, he will call a one-eyed person a squinter. (Love is blind)
Akumulikaye mchana; usiku akuchoma. He who shines a light on you during the day, sets fire to you during the night. (shows your inconsistencies and destroys your reputation at night)
Akupaye kisogo si mwenzio. He who turns his back on you is not your friend.
Akutendaye mtende; mche asiyekutenda. Harm him who harms you and fear him who harms you not.
Alalaye usimwamshe; ukimwamsha, utalala wewe. Don’t awake the asleep; if you awake him, remember you too will sleep.
Alisifuyejua, limemwangaza. He who praised the sun, now has the sun shining on him.
Aliyekando, haangukiwi na mti. He who stays to the side will not be hit by a falling tree.
Aliyekupa wewe kiti, ndiye alinipa mimi kumbi. He who gave you a chair(throne) is the one who gave me a coconut husk. (Do not despise me because of my station in life)
Aliyetota, hajui kutota. He who has drowned, does not know how to drown. (If you have nothing, you know not poverty)
Amani haipatikani ila kwa ncha ya upanga. Peace is not possible except by the point of a sword.
Amnyimae punda adesi, kampunguzia mashuzi. He who withholds lentils from a donkey, reduces the donkeys farts.
Ana hasira za mkizi. He is as angry as a cuttlefish(fish which jump out of the water and land on the boat or beach, killing itself). (Out of the frying pan and into the fire)
Anayekataa wengi ni mchawi. He who does not like crowds(company) is a sorcerer.
Anayekuja pasina hodi, huondoka pasina kuaga. He who comes without asking to enter, will leave without saying goodby.
Anayeonja asali, huchonga mzinga. He who tastes honey will build a hive.
Anayetaka hachoki; hata akichoka kishapata. He who wants does not tire; when he tires he has what he wants.

Angeenda juu kipungu, hafikilii mbinguni. Even though the hawk flies high, it does not reach heaven.
Angurumapo simba, mcheza nani? Where the lion roars, who will play?
Aninyimae mbuzi kanipunguzia mashuzi. He who withholds goat meat from me, reduces my farting.
Apewaye ndiye aongezwaye. He who is given is the one who is given even more.
Asiyebahati habahatiki(shi). He who is unlucky is never lucky.
Asiyefunzwa na mamaye, hufunzwa na ulimwengu. He who is not taught by his mother, is taught by the world.
Asiyejua maana, haambiwi maana. He who does not know reason cannot be told reason.
Asiyekubali kushindwa, si mshindani. He who does not admit defeat or agree to lose, is not a competitor or debator.
Asiyekujua hakuthamini. He who does not know you, does not value you.
Asiyekuwapo machoni, na moyoni hayupo. He who is not in sight, is not in the heart.Out of sight; out of mind.
Asiyekuwapo na lake halipo. He who is absent loses his share.
Asiye na mengi, ana machache. He who does not have much, has few problems.
Asiyesikia la mkuu(wazee), huona makuu(huvunja guu) He who does not listen to the leader(elders), comes to grief(breaks a leg).
Asiyeuliza, hanalo ajifunzalo. He who does not ask, does not have what he needs to learn.
Atangaye sana na jua hujuwa. He who always wanders around in the sun(by day) learns much. The more you see, the more you learn. Keep your eyes open.
Atangazaye mirimo si mwana wa ruwari. The one who announces the tasks is not necessarily the son of the Liwali (headman).
Auguaye huangaliwa. He who is sick is cared for.
Avuaye nguo huchutama. He who removes his clothes, squats.
Baada ya dhiki faraja. After hardship comes relief. After a storm there is calm.
Bamba na waume ni bamba; hakuna bamba la mume. A council of many men is a council; there is no council of one man alone.
Baniani mbaya kiatu chake dawa. A bad Indian thinks his boot is the best medicine.
Bendera hufuata upepo. A flag follows the direction of the wind.
Bilisi wa mtu ni mtu. The evil spirit of a man is in him. (He is his own worst enemy).
Cha mlevi huliwa na mgema.The drunkard’s money is consumed by the palm-wine trapper.
Chanda chema huvikwa pete. A handsome finger gets the ring.
Chema chajiuza, kibaya chajitembeza. A good thing sells itself, a bad thing treads on itself (is hawked).
Chombo cha kuzama(kuvunja) hakina usukani(rubani). A sunk vessel(damaged) has no rudder(helmsman). What is predestined is inevitable.
Chovya – chovya yamaliza buyu la asali. Constant dripping will empty the gourd of honey.
Dalili ya mvua mawingu. The sign of rain – clouds .
Damu nzito kuliko maji. Blood is thicker than water.
Dau la mnyonge haliendi joshi; likienda joshi ni mungu kupenda. The inattentive man’s boat does not go straight ahead; if it does it is because god wills it.
Dawa ya moto ni moto. The remedy to fire is fire. Fire must be met with fire.
Dua la kuku halimpati mwewe. The curse of the fowl does not bother the kite.
Fadhila ya punda ni mateke. The gratitude of a donkey is a kick.
Fadhili ya nyuki ni moto. A bee’s thanks is fire.ie. Bees are smoked out for their honey.
Fimbo ya mbali hayiuwi nyoka. A distant weapon does not kill a snake.
Fuata nyuki ule asali. Follow bees and you will eat honey.
Fumbo mfumbe mjinga mwerevu huligangua. A riddle to a fool is unsolvable but a clever person will solve it.
Ganda la muwa la jana chungu kaona kivuno. The skin of yesterday’s sugarcane is a havest to an ant.
Haba na haba hujaza kibaba. Little by little fills up the measure.
Hapana marefu yasio na mwisho. There is no distance that has no end.
Hakuna msiba usio na mwenziwe. There is no unaccompanied misfortune.
Hakuna siri ya watu wawili.There is no secret between two people.
Hakuna zaidi mbovu. There is no increase in that which is rotten.
Hamadi ni iliyo bindoni; silaha ni iliyo mkononi. That which you have in your pocket is your safeguard; that which you have in your hand is your weapon.
Haraka haraka haina baraka. To be in a hurry has no blessing.
Hasira, hasara. Anger brings loss(damage).
Heri kufa macho kuliko kufa moyo. It is better to lose your eyesight than to lose heart.
Heri kukwaa kidole kuliko kukwaa ulimi. Better to stumble with the toe than the tongue.
Heri kujikwa kidole kuliko ulimi. It is better to stub your toe than your toungue.
Hiari ya shinda utumwa. To volunteer is better than to be forced. To have a choice is better than not.
Hucheka kovu asiye kuwa na jeraha. He who laughs at a scar has not been wounded.
Ihsani (hisani)haiozi. Kindness does does not rot.
Ikiwa hujui kufa,tazama kaburi. If you don’t know death, look at the grave.
Jina jema hung�ara gizani. A good name shines in the dark.
Jino la pembe si dawa ya pengo. An ivory tooth is not a cure for a gap(lost tooth).
Jitihadi haiondoi kudura. Great effort does is not a substitute for faith.
Jogoo la shamba haliwiki mjini. The village cock does not crow in town.
Kafiri akufaye si Isilamu asiyekufa. When an infidel dies it is not like a Muslim who has not died. (The death of a non-believer is not of concern to a believer or is not as important as the believer who is alive)
Kamba hukatika pabovu. A rope breaks where it is rotten.
Kanga hazai ugenini. A guinea fowl does not lay eggs in strange places.
Kawaida ni kama sheria. Routine(status quo)is like(becomes)the law.
Kawia ufike. It is better to delay in order to ensure arrival.
Kazi mbaya siyo mchezo mwema. To do a poor job is not a good game(idea).
Kelele za mlango haziniwasi usingizi. The creakings of the door deprives me of no sleep.
Kenda karibu na kumi. Nine is near ten.
Kiburi si maungwana. Arrogance is not gentlemanly.
Kichango kuchangizana. A fund raising is for everyone to contribute.
Kidole kimoja hakivunji chawa. One finger canot kill a louse.
Kilimia kikizama kwa jua huzuka kwa mvua, kikizama kwa mvua huzuka kwa jua. When the Pleiades set in sunlight(clear)they rise in rain; when they set in rain they rise in sunlight.
Kingiacho mjini si haramu. That which is fashionable in town is never prohibited.
Kikulacho ki nguoni mwako. That which eats you is in your clothing.
Kila chombo kwa wimblile. Every vessel has its own waves.
Kila mlango na ufunguo wake. Every door has it’s own key.
Kila mtoto na koja lake. To every child his own neck ornament.
Kila mwamba ngoma ,ngozi huivuta kwake. Anyone who streches a skin on a drum, pulls the skin down on his own side.
Kila ndege huruka na mbawa zake. Every bird flies with its own wings.
Kilio huanza mfiwa ndipo wa mbali wakaingia. The wailing begins for the deceased in order for those afar to join.
Kimya kingi kina mshindo mkubwa. A long silence has a loud noise (mighty impact).
Kinga na kinga ndipo moto uwakapo. One fire brand after another keeps fire burning.
Kinyozi hajinyoi. A barber does not shave himself.
Kinywa ni jumba la maneno. The mouth is a large room of words.
Kipendacho moyo ni dawa. What the heart desires is medicine to it.
Kipya kinyemi ingawa kidonda. A new thing is a source of joy even if it�s a sore.
Kisebusebu na roho kipapo. Refusing and wanting at the same time.
Kisokula mlimwengu, sera nale. What is not eaten by man, let the devil eat it.
Kitanda usichokilala hujui kunguni wake.You canot know what is in the bed on which you have not slept.
Kivuli cha fimbo hakimfichi mtu jua. The shadow of a walking-stick cannot protect one from the sun.
Kiwi cha yule ni chema chake hata ulimwengu uwishe. His blindness is his good fortune even to the end of the world.
Kizuri chajiuza kibaya chajitembeza. A good thing sells itself a bad one treads on itself.
Konzo ya maji haifumbatiki. A handful of water can not be grasped.
Kosa moja haliachi mke. One woman’s mistake never leaves her.(One fault does not warrant divorce of a wife).
Kozi mwandada, kulala na njaa kupenda. If a Goshawk sleeps hungry it�s his own choice.
Kuambizana kuko kusikilizana hapana. Those discussions lead to no agreements.
Kucha M’ngu si kilemba cheupe. The fear of God is not wearing a white turban.
Kuchamba kwingi, kuondoka na mavi. A lot of farting results in crap.
Kufa kufaana. Death has its advantages too. It benefits those who inherit.
Kufa kwa jamaa, harusi. The result of the death of a relative is a wedding. (Compared to a death of a relative).
Kufa kwa mdomo, mate hutawanyika. When the mouth dies, it produces spittle.(When the head of the family dies, that family breaks up).
Kuishi kwingi ni kuona mengi. To live long is to see much.
Kujikwa si kuanguka, bali ni kwenda mbele. To stumble is not to fall but it is to go forward.
Kukopa harusi kulipa matanga. Borrowing is like a wedding, repaying is like mourning.
Kuku havunji yai lake. A hen does not break her own eggs.
Kuku mgeni hakosi kamba mguuni. A new fowl always has string around it�s legs.
Kula kutamu, kulima mavune. Eating is sweet , digging is weary.
Kulea mimba si kazi, kazi kulea mwana. It is not hard to nurse a pregnency, but it is hard to rear child.
Kunako matanga kume kufa mtu. Where there is mourning someone has died.
Kunguru mwoga hukimbiza mbawa zake. The timid crow withdraws his wings from harm.
Kupanda mchongoma, kushuka ndio ngoma. You may climb a thorny hedge shrub, but when you come down it is a celebration.(To say something you may find hard to take back later or the journey may be difficult but arrival is celebration)
Kupoteya njia ndiyo kujua njia. To get lost is to learn the way.
Kutoa ni moyo usambe ni utajiri. Charity is the matter of the heart resulting in wealth.
Kutu kuu ni la mgeni. Old rust is for the stranger.
Kuzima koleo si mwisho wa uhunzi. Cooling the tongs is not end of forging(job).
Kwa mwoga huenda kicheko na kwa shujaa huenda kilio. To the timid or coward – laughter, to the brave – praise.
Kweli iliyo uchungu si uwongo ulio mtamu. The unpleasant or painful truth is better than a pleasing lie.
Kwenda mbio siyo kufika.To go quickly is not neccessarily to arrive.
Kwenye miti hakuna wajenzi. Where there are trees, there are no builders.
La kuvunda(kuvunja) halina rubani. A vessel running aground has no captain.
La kuvunda (kuvunja)halina ubani. There is no incence for something rotting.
Lake mtu halimtapishi bali humchefusha. One’s foul smell does not sicken him but makes him dirty (disgusts others).
Leo ni leo asemayo kesho ni mwongo. Today is it and anyone who says it’s tomorrow is lying.(Deal with what is happening now and anyone who is trying to delay it till tomorrow is a liar).
Liandikwalo ndiyo liwalo. That which is written is the way it was(is).
Lila na fila hazitangamani. Perhaps(good) and actuality(evil) are not compatable.
Lipitalo, hupishwa .That which we have is cooked.
Lisemwalo lipo, ikiwa halipo laja. That which is under discussion is real, and if it hasn’t happened it’s on it�s way.
Lisilokuwapo moyoni, halipo machoni. That which is not in the heart was not seen. (Out of sight out of mind)
Lisilo na mkoma, hujikoma lilo. What has no end, will end itself.
Maafuu hapatilizwi. You dont take vengeance on silliness.
Macho hayana pazia. Eyes have no screens or shades. (They see all that is within view)
Mafahali wawili hawakai zizi moja. Two bulls do not live in the same pasture.
Maiti haulizwi sanda. The dead are not asked for their shrouds.
Maji hufuata mkondo. Water follows the current. (Swim with the current)
Maji huteremka bondeni hayapandi mlima. Water flows down the valleyit does not climb the hill.
Maji ukiyavuliya nguo huna budi kuyaogelea. You do not have to bathe in the water in which you wash your clothes.
Maji usiyoyafika hujui wingi wake. You do not know the size of the waters until you have seen them.
Maji ya kifufu ni bahari ya chungu. A coconut’s water is like an ocean to an ant.
Maji yakija hupwa. When the tide rises, it will fall.
Maji yaliyomwagika hayazoleki. The water which has spilt on him, cannot be gathered.
Majumba makubwa husitiri mambo. Big houses conceal a lot.
Majuto ni mjukuu. Regrets are like grandchildren. (They are few and far between)
Mali ya bahili huliwa na wadudu. A miser’s possessions are eaten by insects.
Manahodha wengi chombo huenda mrama. With many captains, the ship does not sail astray.(Too many cooks spoil the broth)
Maneno makali hayavunji mfupa. Harsh words do not break a bone.
Maneno mema hutowa nyoka pangoni. Pleasent words will draw the snake from its hole.
Masikini akipata matako hulia mbwata. When a poor man gets the ass of a carcase he boasts of his new good fortune.
Masikini haokoti, akiokota huambiwa kaiba. A poor man does gather things, if he does he is told he stole them.
Masikini na mwanawe tajiri na mali yake.To a poor man his child and to a rich man his wealth.
Mavi usioyala, wayawingiani kuku? Dung which isn’t eaten, will be eaten by the hens. (Why drive away fowls from the dung you do not eat yourself?)
Mavi ya kale hayanuki. Old droppings do not stink.
Mbinu hufuata mwendo. A double jointed arm moves in one motion. (Like father like son)
Mbio za sakafuni huishia ukingoni. Running on the roof finishes at the edge.
Mbiu ya mgambo ikilia ina jambo. When an buffalo-horn sounds, there is something of importance.
Mchagua jembe si mkulima. One who selects a hoe is not necessarily a real farmer.
Mchagua nazi, hupata koroma. He who selects coconuts with great care, still (ends up with) finds (unripe) ones just becoming ripe.
Mchakacho ujao, halulengwi na jiwe. When there is a sudden noise you do not immediately throw a stone at it.
Mchama ago hanyeli, huenda akauya papo. A traveller does not make a mess where he had made a camp as he might one day come back.
Mchelea mwana kulia hulia yeye. He who fears the crying of a child, will cry himself.
Mchele moja mapishi mengi. Rice is rice but they are many ways of cooking it.
Mcheka kilema hafi bila kumpata. He who laughs at a cripple will not die without becoming one himself.
Mcheza hawi kiwete, ngoma yataka matao. A dancer will not become crippled as long as the dance needs him.
Mcheza kwao hutuzwa. He who dances at home will be rewarded.
Mcheza na tope humrukia. He who plays with mud will get splashed.
Mchezea zuri, baya humfika. He who ridicules the good will be overtaken by evil.
Mchimba kisima hungia mwenyewe. He who digs a well will also enter it himself.
Mchonga mwiko hukimbiza mkono wake. The maker of wooden spoons makes quick work of it.
Mchovya asali hachovi mara moja. He who dips his finger into honey does not dip it once.
Mchuma janga hula na wakwao. He who earns calamity, eats it with his family.
Mchumia juani hula kivulini. He who earns his living in the sun, eats in the shade.
Mdharau biu hubiuka yeye. He who hates (ridicules) a deformed person will become deformed himself.
Meno ya mbwa hayaumani. The teeth of a dog do not hurt each other.i.e brothers do not harm one another when they fight.
Mfa maji hukamata majii. A drowning man claws at the water.
Mficha uchi hazai. One who hides private parts does not bear children.
Mfinyazi hulia gaeni. A potter eats from a potsherd.
Mfuata nyuki hakosi asali. One who follows bees will never fail to get honey.
Mfukuzwa kwao hana pakwenda. He who is expelled from home has no where to go.
Mgaagaa na upwa hali wali mkavu.A lazy person living near the shore does not eat only rice.
Mganga hajigangui. A doctor does not cure himself.
Mgema akisifiwa tembo hulitia maji. If the palm-wine tapper is praised for his wine, he dilutes it with water.
Mgeni ni kuku mweupe. A stranger is like a white fowl (noticeble)
Mgeni njoo mwenyeji apone. Let the guest come so that the host may benifit.
Mgonjwa haulizwi uji. A sick person is not asked for porridge.
Miye nyumba ya udongo, sihimili vishindo. I am a mud hut, I cannot stand shocks.
Mjinga akierevuka mwerevu yupo mashakani. If a fool becomes enlightened, the wise man is in the sticks(trouble).
Mjumbe hauawi. The messenger is not killed.
Mkamatwa na ngozi ndiye mwizi. The one who is caught with the skin is the thief.
Mkamia maji hayanywi. He who squeezes out all the water will have nothing to drink.
Mkata (masikini) hana kinyongo. A poor man has no contempt.
Mke ni nguo, mgomba kupalilia. A wife needs (new) clothes evidenced by digging around the banana plant. (otherwise she becomes quarrelsome).
Mkono moja hauchinji ngombe. One hand can not slaughter a cow.
Mkono moja haulei mwana. A single hand cannot bring up a child.
Mkono mtupu haulambwi. An empty hand is not licked.
Mkono usioweza kuukata, ubusu. Kiss the hand which cannot cut you.
Mkosa kitoweo humangiria. One who has no gravy eats sparingly.
Mkuki kwa nguruwe mtamu, kwa mwanadamu uchungu. To spear a pig is tasty, but to spear a person is painful.
Mkulima ni mmoja walaji ni wengi. The farmer is one but those who eat the fruits of his labour are many.
Mla cha mwenziwe na chake huliwa. He who eats another’s food will have his own food eaten by others.
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Mla cha uchungu na tamu hakosi. He who eats bitter and sweet things does not go without.
Mlaji ni mla leo; mla jana ni kalani? The diner is the one who eats today(eat what you have today); yesterday’s diner, (what was eaten yesterday)is of the past.
Mla kuku wa mwenziwe miguu humwelekeya. He who eats his neighbour’s chicken will be discovered by his footprints.
Mla mbuzi hulipa ngombe.The goat eater repays with a cow.
Mla mla leo mla jana kala nini? Eat up today, after all what did yesterday’s diner eat?
Mla nawe hafi nawe ila mzaliwa nawe. He who eats with you will not die with you only he who was born with you.
Mlenga jiwe kundini hajui limpataye. He who who throws a stone in a crowd does not know whom it hits.
Mlimbua nchi ni mwananchi.He who enjoys the first fruits of a country is a son of that country.
Mnyamaa kadumbu. One who keeps silent, endures.
Mnywa maji kwa mkono moja, Kiu yake i pale pale. He who drinks water with one hand remains thirsty.
Moja shika si kumi nenda urudi. Take one and use it well, it is not like getting ten that you spend and then you return for more.
Moto hauzai moto. Fire does not beget fire. (In the end it produces ashes)
Mpanda farasi wawili hupasuka msamba. One who rides two horses at once will split apart.
Mpanda ngazi hushuka. He who climbs a ladder will descend it. (What goes up must come down)
Mpanda ovyo hula ovyo. He who sows haphazardly, will eat likewise.
Mpemba akipata gogo hanyii chini. If a native of Pemba can find a log he does not relieve himself on the ground. (Nothing but the best)
Mpemba hakimbii mvua ndogo. A native of Pemba does not run away from a small shower.
Mpenzi hana kinyongo. A lover has no scruples(faults).
Mpiga ngumi ukuta huumiza mkonowe. He who fights with a wall will only hurt his hand.
Mpofuka ukongweni,hapotewi na njia. He who becomes blind in his old age does not lose his way.
Msafiri masikini ajapokuwa sultani. A traveller is poor, though he be a sultan (ruler).
Msasi haogopi mwiba. A hunter is not afraid of a thorn.
Msema pweke hakosi. One who talks to himself cannot be wrong. (no one to correct him)
Mshale kwenda msituni haukupotea. If an arrow goes into a forest it is not lost.
Mshoni hachagui nguo. A tailor does not select the clothing.
Msitukane wagema na ulevi ungalipo. Do not abuse palm-wine tappers before you are drunk.
Msitukane wakunga na uzazi ungalipo. Do not abuse midwives while child-bearing continues.
Mstahimilivu hula mbivu. A patient man will eat ripe fruits.
Mtaka cha mvunguni sharti ainame. He who requires what is under the bed must bend for it.
Mtaka nyingi nasaba hupata mwingi msiba. He who asks much of his relatives brings plenty of trouble upon himself.
Mtaka unda haneni. He who wants to make something does not talk. (His intentions are not announced, just turns them into actions)
Mtaka yote hukosa yote. He who desires all, will get nothing.
Mtaka yote kwa pupa, hukosa yote. He who wants everything in a hurry, loses everything.
Mtegemea nundu haachi kunona. He who relies on a cows hump will not fail to grow fat.
Mtembezi hula miguu yake. An aimless wanderer wears away his legs.
Mteuzi hashi tamaa. A connoisseur never stops desiring.
Mti hauwendi ila kwa nyenzo. A log cannot move save by the help of rollers.
Mtondoo haufi maji. A musket does not die in water.
Mtoto akililia wembe mpe. If a child cries for a razor give it him. (Let him learn by experience)
Mtoto umleyavyo ndivyo akuavyo.As a child is reared, so he will become.
Mtoto wa nyoka ni nyoka.The child of a snake is a snake.
Mtu aliyeumwa na nyoka akiona ung’ongo hushtuka. One who was bitten by a snake is startled even if he sees a strip of a palm leaf. Ie. Once bitten twice shy.
Mtu hakatai mwito hukataa aitwalo. A person does not object to being called, he objects to what he is called for.
Mtu hujikuna ajipatiapo. A person scratches himself where his hand can reach.
Mtu huulizwa amevaani haulizwi amekulani. A person is asked about his clothing not what he has eaten.
Mtumai cha ndugu hufa masikini. One who always depends on his brother will die poor.
Mtumi wa kunga haambiwi maana. The carrier of a secret message is not told its meaning.
Mtumikie kafiri upate mradi wako. Serve even an unbeliever to attain your own ends.
Mtupa jongoo hutupa na mti wake. If you throw away a millipede you should throw away the stick you picked it up with
Mume wa mama ni baba. A husband of a mother is a father
Mungu hamfichi mnafiki. God does not conceal a liar(hypocrite).
Mvumbika changa hula mbovu. One who stores half grown(ripe) fruit eats it rotten.
Mvungu mkeka. The space under the bed is like a mat. (You can see right through him)
Mvunja nchi ni mwananchi. The destroyer of a country is a citizen of that country.
Mvuvi ajuwa pweza alipo. A fisheman knows where to look for an octopus.
Mwacha asili ni mtumwa. He who renounces his ancestry is a slave.
Mwamba na wako hukutuma umwambiye. He who speaks ill of another in your presence sends you to tell that other person.
Mwamini Mungu si mtovu. He who trusts in God lacks nothing.
Mwana maji wa Kwale kufa maji mazowea. To a sailor from Kwale, death by water is a common experience.Mwana mkaidi hafaidi mpaka siku ya idi. An obstinate child does not suffer save on the day Idd.

Mwana mkuwa nawe ni mwenzio kama wewe. The child who grows up with you is your friend.
Mwana simba ni simba.The child of lion is a lion.
Mwana wa kuku hafunzwi kuchakura. A chick is not taught how to scratch up the ground.
Mwana wa mtu ni kizushi; akizuka, zuka naye. A child is a revolutionist; where he wanders watch him.
Mwanga mpe mtoto kulea. Give a child to an educated person to rear.
Mwangaza mbili moja humponyoka. Given 2 clear choices, one will surely escape him
Mwanzo kokochi mwisho nazi. The begining is a bud and the end is a coconut.
Mwanzo wa chanzo ni chane mbili. The beginning of a mat-making is two slips of raffia leaf.
Mwanzo wa ngoma ni lele. The sign of the start of a dance is “lele”. (One voice will be joined by others)
Mwapiza la nje hupata la ndani. One who curses someone in public, brings it on himself in private.
Mwekaji kisasi haambiwi mwerevu. He who nurses vegeance is not called wise.
Mwenda bure si mkaa bure huenda akaokota. One who walks with no reason is not like one who sits without reason,the one who walks might pick up something.
Mwenda mbio hujikwa kidole. A person who is in too much of a hurry stubs his toe.
Mwenda omo na tezi marejeo ngamani. He who goes from bow to stern must return to the hold(bilge).
Mwenye kelele hana neno. A noisy person has nothing to say
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Mwenye kovu usidhani kapowa. Do not think one with a scar is healed.
Mwenye kubebwa hujikaza. He who is carried must cling on.
Mwenye kuchinja hachelei kuchuna. He who slaughters does not hesitate skinning it.
Mwenye kuumwa na nyoka akiona jani hushtuka. If one has been bitten by a snake, when he sees a long piece of grass he is frightened. (Once bitten twice shy)
macho haambiwi tazama. One who has eyes does not need to be told to look.
Mwenye nguvu mpishe. Let a strong man pass
Mwenye njaa hana miiko. A hungry man does not have any foods he chooses not to eat(observes no taboos).
Mwenye pupa hadiriki kula tamu. A hasty person misses the sweet things. (He cannot wait for the fruit to ripen)
Mwenye shibe hamjui mwenye njaa. A satisfied person does not know how a hungry man feels. (He that is warm thinks all are warm)
Mwenye shoka hakosi kuni. An axeman does not lack firewood.
Mwenye tumbo ni tumbole, angafunga mkaja. She who is pregnant is pregnant, even though she wraps herself in an ‘mkaja’. [Mkaja is the cloth a woman wears round her stomach after giving birth].(You don’t achieve something by pretending you have achieved it.)
Mwenzako akinyolewa wewe tia maji. If your friend is shaving put water on your face. (When you see a neighbouring country being invaded, prepare to face the same situation yourself. When your neighbour’s house is on fire, take care of your own house)
Mwibaji na watwana, mlifi ni mwungwana. A thief is a rogue, but the one who repays is a gentleman.
Mwili wa mwenzio ni kando ya mwilio. Your companion’s body is beside(not a part of) your body.
Mwizi hushikwa na mwizi mwenziwe. A thief is caught by his fellow thief. (Set a thief to catch a thief)
Mwomba chumvi huombea chunguche. He who asks for salt does so for his own cooking pot.
Mwosha hadhuru maiti. The washer of corpses does no harm to the dead.
.Mwosha huoshwa.The corpse-washer is washed (in his turn).(Tit for tat)
Mwosha husitiri maiti.The washer conceals the corpse (gives nothing away).
Mzaha,mzaha, hutumbuka usaha. Joke, joke, discharges pus (i.e. do not dismiss even a small scratch as if it were only a joke-it may go bad) A stitch in time saves nine.
Mzazi haachi ujusi. A mother who has just given birth cannot avoid her predicament(ritual defilement).
Mzigo Wa mwenzio ni kanda Ia usufi. Your companion’s burden is (no more than) a light load (to you). (The burden is light on the shoulder of another)
Mzika pembe ndiye mzua pembe. The one who buries(hides) ivory is the one to dig it up.
Mzowea kutwaa, kutoa ni vita. He who is accustomed to taking, giving is a battle.
Mzowea kunyonga, kuchinja hawezi. He who strangles cannot slaughter.
Mzungu wa kula hafundishwi mwana. The process of eating is not taught to a child.
Nahodha wengi, chombo huenda mrama. Too many captains and the ship rolls. (Too many cooks spoil the broth)
Natuone ndipo twambie, kusikia si kuona. Let us see then tell; hearing is not seeing. (Seeing is believing)
Nazi mbovu harabu ya nzima. A rotten coconut spoils the good ones(A rotten apple spoils the whole bushel. A sickly sheep infects the whole flock).
Ndege mjanja hunaswa na tundu bovu. A mischievious bird can be trapped in a rotten cage.
.Ndege mwigo hana mazowea. A bird that imitates others has no individual personality.
Ndugu chungu, jirani mkungu. A brother is (as useful as) a cooking pot and a neighbour is (as useful as) a cooking pot lid.
Ndugu mwui afadhali kuwa naye. A bad brother is far better than no brother. cf. Blood is thicker than water.
Ndugu wakigombana, chukua jembe ukalime, wakipatana chukua kikapu ukavune. When brothers quarrel, take a hoe and go and dig and when they make up take a basket and harvest the crop. (never interfere with a dispute between brothers)
Ngoja, ngoja huumiza matumbo. Waiting hurts the stomach.
Ngoma ikilia sana, haikawii kupasuka. If a drum sounds loud, it will soon burst..
Ngoma ivumayo haidumu. A noisy drumming does not last long.
Ngoma ivumayo haikawii kupasuka. A drum that is sounded loudly will soon split. (A pitcher that often goes to the well, is broken at last)
Ngozi ivute ili maji. Stretch the hide while it still has water(is green). (Strike while the iron is hot)
Nguruwe aendealo, ndilo atendalo. Where a pig goes, that is where it does it�s thing.
Nia njema ni tabibu, nia mbaya huharibu. A good purpose is healthy (it heals or keeps you well) and an evil purpose corrupts or destroys.
Nifae na mvua nikufae na jua. Do me a favour during a rainy season and I shall do the same to you during the dry season.
Nimekula asali udogoni, utamu ungali gegoni. I ate honey in my childhood, and its sweetness is still in my tooth.
Nimekupaka wanja, wewe wanipaka pilipili. I anointed you with perfume now you, in return, anoint me with pepper
Njema haziozi. Good does not go bad.
Njia mbili zilimshinda mzee fisi, alipasuka msamba. The two paths(ways) overcame the old hyena, and split him in two.
Njia ya mwongo fupi.The way of a liar is short. (He soon comes to grief).
Njia ya siku zote haina alama. A long path has no signpost. (A used key is always bright.
Ng’ombe avunjikapo guu hurejea zizini. When a bull breaks his leg, he is sure to go back to his pasture.
Ng’ombe haelemewi na nunduye. A cow is not oppressed by it’s own hump.
Nta si asali nalikuwa nazo si uchunga. Wax is not honey; though I had them I did not keep them.
Nyani haoni kundule, huliona la mwenziwe. The ape does not see his own backside, he only sees his companion’s.
Nyimbo ya kufunzwa haikeshi ngoma. (Foreign) Songs which need to be taught do not last at a traditional dance
Nyuki huenda na maua yake. A bee are found in flowers.
Nyumba usiyolala ndani huijui ila yake. You cannot know the defects of a house you have not slept in. (It is the wearer who knows where the shoe pinches)
Nyumba ya udongo haihimili vishindo. A mud hut cannot withstand great shocks.
Nzi kufa juu ya kidonda si haramu. For a fly to die on an ulcer is not bad (after all, he got what he wanted).
Pabaya pako si pema pa mwenzako. Your bad situation is no better (so far as you are concerned) than your colleagues (which will do you no good).
 Padogo pako si pakubwa pa mwenzako. Though a small thing to you, it is no big deal to your colleague.
Painamapo ndipo painukapo. Where it bends down is where it raises up.
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Paka akiondoka, panya hutawala. When the cat goes away, the mice reign. (When the cat’s away, the mice do play)
Paka hakubali kulala chali. A cat can never he made to lie on its back.
Paka wa nyumba haingwa. A cat belonging to the house is not chased away.
Panapo wengi hapaharibiki neno. Where there are many, nothing goes wrong. (A council of many people ensures that things are kept in line.)
Papo kwa papo kamba hukata jiwe. Constant rubbing of a rope will cut a stone. Constant dripping wears away a stone.
Pele hupewa msi kucha. Scabies are given to him who has no fingernails. (who cannot scratch himself).
Pema usijapo pema; ukipema si pema tena. It is a good place if you don’t go too often otherwise it is no longer good. (Familiarity brings contempt. Do not outstay one’s welcome)
Penye kuku wengi, hapamwagwi mtama. Where there are many fowls, millet is not spilled. ( It is not advisable to disclose a secret in the presence
of a number of people).
Penye mafundi, hapakosi wanafunzi. Where there are experts there will be no lack of learners.
Penye mbaya wako, hapakosi mwema wako/na mwema wako hakosi. Where there is ill fortune, there is also good fortune.
Penye miti hakuna wajenzi. Where there are plenty of trees there are no builders.
Penye nia ipo njia. Where there’s a will there’s a way.
Penye urembo ndipo penye urimbo. Where there is finery/beauty, there also lies the snare (Lit: birdlime).
Penye wazee haliharibiki neno. Where there are old(wise) people, nothing can go wrong.
Penye wengi pana mengi. Where there are many (present) there is much (said).
Penye wengi pana Mungu. Where there are many people, there is God.
Penye wimbi na mlango ni papo. The breakers(danger) and the channel(safety) are close together.
Pilipili usozila zakuwashiani? How can you be burnt by chilies which you have not eaten?
Pofu hasahau mkongoja wake. A blind person does not forget his walking stick.
Pwagu hupata pwaguzi. A thief finds another one (who is a bigger and better thief than he is).
Radhi ni bora kuliko mali. Blessings are better than wealth.
Sahani iliyofunikwa, kilichomo kimesitirika. When a plate is covered, its contents are hidden.
Samaki mmoja akioza, huoza wote. If one fish rots, they all rot. cf. A rotten apple spoils its neighbours.
Shika! Shika! na mwenyewe nyuma. Hold him! Hold him! and you yourself after him (i.e. you shouldn’t expect others to do all the work).
Shimo Ia ulimi mkono haufutiki. A pit of (dug by) the tongue cannot be covered up by the hand (words are more dangerous). (What has been done cannot be reversed)
Shoka lisilo mpini halichanji kuni. An axe with no handle does not split firewood.
Si kila mwenye makucha huwa simba. Not all that have claws are lions.
Sikio halilali na njaa. An ear does not go to bed hungry (there’s always plenty of gossip).
Sikio halipwani kichwa/Sikio halipiti kichwa. The ear is not greater than the head.
Sikio Ia kufa halisikii dawa. A dying ear does not feel the medicine.
Siku njema huonekana asubuhi. A good day becomes evident in the morning.
Siku utakayokwenda uchi, ndiyo siku utakayokutana na mkweo. The day you go naked, is the day you will meet your father/mother-in-law.
Simba mwenda kimya ndiye mla nyama. The lion which moves silently is the one that eats meat.
Simbiko haisimbuki ila kwa msukosuko. A thing that is firmly fixed cannot be dislodged except with much trouble.
Sitafuga ndwele na waganga tele. I shall not suffer illness while doctors abound.
Subira ni ufunguo wa faraja. Patience is the key to tranquility.
Subira yavuta heri huleta kilicho mbali. Patience attracts happiness; it brings near that which is far.
Sumu ya neno ni neno. The poison for a word is a word. Tit for tat.
Tamaa mbele, mauti nyuma. Place desire first, death will follow.
Taratibu ndiyo mwendo. Carefully is the way to go. Go carefully, go surely.
Teke Ia kuku halimwumizi mwanawe. A hen’s kick does not hurt her chick.
Tonga si tuwi. The juice of an immature coconut Is not like the real coconut juice.
Ucheshi wa mtoto ni anga Ia nyumba. The laughter of a child brightens the house.
Uchungu wa mwana, aujua mzazi. The pain of a child is felt by the parent. The Iabour of childbirth is known only to the mother.
Uchungu wa mtoto u katika nyonga ya mama yake. The pain(trouble with) of a child is on it�s mother�s hip.
Udongo uwahi ungali maji. Work the clay while it is still wet. Strike while the iron is hot.
Undugu wa nazi hukutania chunguni. The brotherhood of coconuts meet in the cooking pot (said of people who do not cooperate until it is too late).
Ukienda kwa wenye chongo, vunja lako jicho. When you go among one-eyed people, put out your own eye. Cf. Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be
wise. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Ukiona kwako kunaungua kwa mwenzako kunateketea. If you find your own house is on fire, you may be sure that your neighbour’s house is burning
much more fiercely. Consider yourself lucky.
Ukiona neno, usiposema neno, hutapatikana na neno. If you see something and say nothing, you will have nothing to suffer for. Cf. Mind your own business.
Ukiona vinaelea, vimeundwa. If you see vessels afloat,(remember) that they have had to be built.Ukiona zinduna, ambari iko nyuma. If you see amber, ambergis is (not far) behind, (i.e. Where there is a jealous husband, there will be jealous wife). (Sauce for the goose . . .?)

Ukipewa shibiri usichukue pima. If you are offered a span, do not take a couple of yards. Cf. Give him an inch and he will take an ell.
Ukupigao ndio ukufunzao. What beats you is what teaches you. Cf. Spare the rod and spoil the child.
Ukistaajabu ya Mussa utaona ya Firauni. If you are astonished at Moses� deeds, you will be even more astonished at Pharaoh’s. Moses declared himself to be a prophet, but Pharaoh declared himself to be God.
Ukitaja nyoka, shika fimbo mkononi. When you mention a snake, have a stick ready in your hand. Talk of the devil, and you’ll hear the rustle of his wings.
kitaka kula nguruwe, chagua aliyenona. If you want to eat pig, choose one which is fat. Cf. You might as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb. (Muslims are forbidden pork).
Ukitaka uzuri sharti udhurike. If you want beauty, you must (first) be injured.
Ukuukuu wa kamba Si upya wa ukambaa. A well-worn coir-rope is better than a new rope made from raffia.
Ulacho ndicho chako, kilichobaki nicha mchimba lindi. What you eat is yours, that which remains is the grave-diggers(heir).
Ulimi hauna mfupa. A tongue has no bone(not stable or reliable).
Ulimi unauma kuliko meno. The tongue hurts more than the teeth.Ulipendalo hupati hupata ujaliwalo. That which you desire you do not get, you get what is ordained to you (by God). Cf. Man proposes, God disposes.??

Ulivyoligema utalinywa. As you tapped (palm-wine), so you will drink. As you sow, so shall you reap. You have made your bed now you must lie on it.
Umejigeuza pweza, unajipalia makaa? Have you changed into a cuttle-fish in that you heap live embers on yourself?
Umekuwa bata akili kwa watoto? Are you a duck in that your mind is with your children?
Umekuwa jeta hubanduki? Are you a Jeta in that you do not move?
Umekuwa nguva, huhimili kishindo? Are you a dugong in that you cannot bear a loud sound?
Unamlaumu mwewe, kipanga yuwesha kuku. You are blaming the hawk, (while) the falcon is killing the chickens.
Ungalijua alacho nyuki, usingalionja asali. Had you known what bees eat, you would not have tasted the honey.
Ushikwapo shikamana. When you are seized, hold on.
Usiache kunanua kwa kutega. Do not neglect the undoing (of a full trap) for the setting (of others). A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Usiache mbachao kwa msala upitao. Never give up your own old mat for a better prayer mat which you see passing.ie. Don�t desert your old friend for a new acquaintance who may not be permanent.
Usicheze na simba, ukamtia mkono kinywani. Do not play with a lion, you might put your hand in it�s mouth.
Usidharau kiselema chalima kikapita jembe zima. Don’t despise a worn hoe, it is able to cultivate and even surpass a sound one.
Usigombe na mkwezi, nazi imeliwa na mwezi. Don’t quarrel with the coconut-palm climber, the coconut has been eaten by the moon. (Don’t bite the hand that feeds you)Usijifanye kuku mweupe. Do not pretend to be a white fowl (important person).

Usikaange mbuyu ukawaachia wenye meno watafune. Do not roast baobab kernels and leave those who have teeth chewing (them). Don’t start quarrels among other people with your rumours.
Usile na kipofu ukamgusa mkono. Don’t eat with the blind, you might touch his hand. (to do so will lead him to suspect that either the food is finished or you are trying to play a trick on him). You must be very careful with a simple person lest you do something to make him suspicious of you.
Usimwamshe aliyelala utalala wewe. Do not wake one who is sleeping, you too will sleep.
Usinivishe kilemba cha ukoka. Do not put a grass turban on my head. Do not flatter me.
Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta. If you do not fill a crack, you will have to build a wall. cf. A stitch in time saves nine.
Usisafiriye na nyota ya mwenzio. Don’t travel under another’s lucky star. Do not rely on someone else’s good fortune.
Usisahau ubaharia kwa sababu ya unahodha. Do not forget what it
is like to be a sailor when you are a captain yourself.
Usishindane na Kari; Kari ni mja wa Mungu. Do not compete with Kari, Kari comes from God.
Usitukane wagema na ulevi ungalipo. Speak no ill of palm-wine tappers as long as drinking persists.
Usitukane wakunga na uzazi ‘ungalipo. Speak no ill of midwives while childbirth still continues.
Usiyavuke maji usiyoweza kuyaoga. Do not cross water that is too deep for wading.

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  USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI KATIKA NJIA PANDA: KUTUMIA AU KUTOTUMIA METHALI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 08:52 PM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

MAKALA:  USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI KATIKA NJIA PANDA: KUTUMIA AU KUTOTUMIA METHALI

Na
Joseph Nyehita Maitaria
Mwanafunzi wa Ph.D
Idara ya Kiswahili na Lugha za Kiafrika
Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta
Ikisiri
Makala hii inahakiki
mabadiliko ya kimtindo katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili.
Kwa mfano, hapo awali utungo huu ulitungwa kwa kuzingatia utamaduni wa Waswahili
kama jamii. Kwa wakati wa sasa unatungwa na wasanii kutoka jamii pana ya Afrika
Mashariki. Kipengele cha methali ni miongoni mwa zile maarufu katika tungo zilizozingatia
mno arudhi za kimapokeo. Aidha, baadhi ya wasanii wanawasilisha tungo zao kwa
kuzingatia zaidi kauli mahususi wanazobuni wanatumia kwa kadri au zile teule zinazopatikana
katika mapokeo ya jamii. Katika muktadha huu, ushairi wa Kiswahili una sifa
anuwai ambazo huweza kutumiwa kuubainisha. Kwa kuzingatia au kutozingatia matumizi
ya methali katika uwasilishaji, tungo hizi zinaweza kuainishwa kimakundi.
Kwa hivyo, ushairi wa
kisasa wa Kiswahili unaweza kuwa ni ule unaozingatia methali zaidi, chache au
ule unaoasi kabisa matumizi hayo. Swali ni kwamba, kati ya tungo zinazotumia au
zile zisizotumia methali katika uwasilishaji wake ni zipi zilizo bora?
USHAIRI
WA KISWAHILI KATIKA NJIA PANDA: KUTUMIA AU
KUTOTUMIA
METHALI
Na
Joseph
Nyehita Maitaria
Utangulizi
Makala hii inatathmini
mabadiliko katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili, hususan
ushairi huru. Tungo zinazozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo zimekuwa zikishirikisha
mno kipengele cha methali katika uwasilishaji wake kinyume na ushairi huru
ambao umekuwa hautumia sana matumizi hayo. Kadhalika, ushairi wa Kiswahili umepitia
mabadiliko mbalimbali ya kihistoria, kitamaduni na kijamii hadi kufikia hali yake
kwa wakati huu wa sasa. Kwa mfano, hapo awali ulikuwa ni utanzu maarufu miongoni
mwa waswahili kama jamii. Kwa wakati wa sasa ni utungo wa jamii pana ya Afrika
Mashariki na kwengineko kunakutumiwa lugha ya Kiswahili kama chombo cha mawasiliano.
Kutokana na maenezi ya
lugha ya Kiswahili kutoka Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki hadi bara, ushairi wa
Kiswahili umeweza kuenea na kupata umaarufu miongoni mwa jamii za Afrika
Mashariki. Kwa hivyo, watunzi wa ushairi wameweza kutunga tungo zao zinazoshirikisha
utamaduni mpana wa Afrika Mashariki kutokana na umaarufu wa maenezi ya lugha ya
Kiswahili. Kabla ya miaka ya sabini, ushairi wa Kiswahili ulitungwa kwa
kuzingatia zaidi arudhi za kimapokeo kama vile uzingativu wa idadi maalumu ya mizani,
mishororo, urari wa vina na ukariri wa vibwagizo. Baada ya miaka ya sabini, baadhi
ya washairi waliweza kujitupa ugani na kutunga tungo zao bila ya kuzingatia
zaidi arudhi za kimapokeo (Babusa 2005 na Chacha 1987). Kwa wakati huu wa sasa,
ushairi wa Kiswahili unawakilisha tungo unaozingatia zaidi arudhi za kimapokeo,
ule zilizozingatia sana arudhi hizo na zile zisizongatia kabisa arudhi hizo
katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa utanzu huu. Hata hivyo, hizi ni tanzu za
ushairi wa Kiswhaili. Kwa hivyo, sura hii inafafanua jinsi matumizi ya methali
yanavyoweza kutumika kama kipengele muhimu cha kuainishia mabadiliko hayo
katika ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili.
Uainishaji wa awali wa
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
Mpaka sasa utanzu wa
ushairi wa Kiswahili umeweza kuainishwa na baadhi ya wahakiki na waandishi wa
kifasihi kwa kuzingatia mitazamo tofauti tofauti. Maainisho hayo yanatokana na
baadhi ya tafiti zilizofanywa, kauli zinazotolewa na waandishi au watunzi wa
tungo wa Kiswahili. Miongoni mwa wainishaji hao ni kama: Babusa (2005), Masinde
(2003), Njogu na Chimerah (1999), Sanka (1995), Mazrui (1994), Noor (1988), Senkoro
(1988), Kandoro (1983), Kahigi na Mulokozi (1979), Kezilahabi (1974) na Abedi
(1954).
Kwa mfano, Masinde
(ibid), ameuainisha ushairi kwa kuzingatia kipengele cha mabadiliko ya maudhui
katika muktadha wa mpito wa kihistoria. Kwa kufanya hivyo, ameweza kuyaweka
mashairi hayo katika vipindi mahususi vya kihistoria. Kimsingi, ushairi wa
Kiswahili una tungo anuwai zenye kuwasilisha mada mbalimbali zinazotokana na
utamaduni na uhalisi wa maisha ya watu. Katika uwasilishaji wa sanaa hii, kuna matumizi
ya kauli mahususi za kauli za kimapokeo au zile zinazobuniwa kimakusudi na washairi
ili kuuathiri moyo na yanayochochea tafakuri ya msomaji.
Kwa kuzingatia kauli
teule za lugha, mshairi anaweza kuibusha masuala ambayo yanachoma au
yanayozindua moyo kupitia kwa taswira na istiari zinazoibushwa. Kwa hivyo,
uainishaji wa ushairi haupo tu katika kiwango cha maudhui, bali pia kwa kuzingatia
vipengele vya fani kama vile miundo, na maumbo, lugha mahsusi inayotumika na
usanii kwa jumla. Kulingana na nadharia ya semiotiki, mada au maudhui yale yale
yanaweza kusawiriwa upya kwa kuzingatia miundo badalia ya lugha (Jacobson 1960)
Zaidi ya maudhui katika
mkabala huu, Masinde amependekeza kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili unaweza kuainishwa
kimakundi kama ifuatavyo:
  Ø Ushairi
wa Kiswahili kabla ya kuja kwa wakoloni.
  Ø Ushairi
wa Kiswahili wakati wa utawala wa kiarabu.
  Ø Ushairi
wa Kiswahili wakati wa utawala wa kizungu.
  Ø Ushairi
wa Kiswahili baada ya uhuru.
  Ø Kuzingatia
kipengele cha muundo.
  Ø Kuzingatia
kipengele cha mtindo.
  Ø Kuzingatia
utendakazi wake.
Uhakiki wa Masinde
umebainisha kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili unaweza kuainishwa kimakundi kwa
kuzingatia maudhui yanayoibushwa katika miktadha mbalimbali ya kiwakati au
kihistoria. Mwelekeo huu unajitokeza wazi katika makundi manne ya kihistoria
(Taz. Vipengele i, ii, iii na iv) ambapo amevitolea ufafanuzi wa kina kurejelea
vipindi hivyo mahususi. Hata hivyo, uainishaji huo umegusia pia vipengele
muhimu kama vile umuundo, mtindo na utendakazi wa ushairi (Taz. Vipengele v, vi
na vii).
Vipengele hivi vitatu
pia vya msingi na vinavyohitaji kutolewa maelezo na ithibati Kwa ambavyo ni
mapendekezo yanayohusu vigezo vya kijumla vinavyoweza kuzingatiwa, Masinde
hakuvitolea ufafanuzi wala kueleza jinsi vinavyoweza kutumiwa katika uainishaji
wa ushairi wa Kiswahili Kwa kurejelea mwelekeo na mapendekezo ya Masinde,
Babusa (2005) ameyaainisha mashairi ya Kiswahili kimaudhui na pia kudhihirisha
kwa kiwango fulani kuwa, kipengele cha muundo kinaweza kutumiwa katika uainishaji
wa mashairi hayo. Kwa kuzingatia kipengele cha muundo, Babusa amebainisha sura
mbalimbali zinazoibuka na ameyaweka mashairi hayo katika maumbo au bahari mbalimbali
za ushairi. Kulingana na bahari hizo ni kwamba, ushairi wa Kiswahili unawakilishwa
kwa miundo maalumu ya lugha kama vile uzingativu wa msamiati teule, sajili za
lugha na lahaja. Hata hivyo, kinachobainika katika maelezo ya Babusa ni kwamba,
umbo au muundo katika ushairi wa Kiswahili unajibainisha zaidi kupitia kwa wa
uwasilishaji.
Naye Kezilahabi (1973),
ameonyesha jinsi ushairi wa Kiswahili unavyoweza kuainishwa kwa kuzingatia
nyakati tatu maalumu za urasmi kama ifuatavo:
  Ø Wakati
wa urasmi-mkongwe (1728-1885)
  Ø Wakati
wa urasmi-mpya (1945-1960)
  Ø Wakati
wa usasa (1967 hadi sasa)
Kulingana na
Kezilahabi, urasimi ni wakati ambapo misingi maalumu ya kazi za sanaa huwekwa
na kukubalika kuwa vipimo bora vya kazi nyinginezo za kisanaa. Katika muktadha
wa Waswahili, ushairi ulipasa kutungwa na kuwasilishwa kwa uelekezi wa baadhi
ya vipengele vifuatavyo:
  Ø Idadi
maalumu ya mizani
  Ø Urari
wa vina
  Ø Umbo
  Ø Maudhui
yanayojikita katika maadili
  Ø Lugha
isiyo na utusani
  Ø Mtiririko
au ushikamano wa mawazo kutoka ubeti hadi ubeti
  Ø Kuimbika
kutokana na matumizi ya vina na mizani
  Ø Utaratibu
wa uwasilishaji: mwanzo, kati na mwisho.
Basadhiya vipengele
hivyo viliidhinishwa na vilichukuliwa kuwa „roho‟ ya ushairi wa Kiswahili
katika kipindi cha urasmi. Mashairi ambayo yalikiuka utaratibu huo yalikemewa
na kupuuzwa (Kandoro 1983, Abedi 1954). Katika miaka ya sabini hapa Afrika ya
Mashariki, baadhi ya watunzi kutoka bara pia walianza kuwasilisha tungo zao kwa
kuziasi baadhi ya kaida hizo (Senkoro 1988 na Kahigi na Mulokozi 1979). Huu ulichukuliwa
na baadhi ya washairi wa kimapokeo kuwa ni dosari na uchafuzi wa ushairi wa
Kiswahili uliokuwepo. Mwelekeo huu unaweza kupata uelekezo kupitia kwa mihimili
ya nadharia ya Fomula ya kisimulizi ambapo kinachopendekezwa ni uzingativu wa
kauli teule za kimapokeo na maudhui yanayojikita katika uhalisi na utamaduni wa
jamii (Fowler 1966). Kuhusu ukiushi wa kaida, nadharia ya semiotiki inatoa
mwelekeo kwamba, kazi ya fasihi inaweza kuwasilishwa kwa mitindo tofauti
tofauti ilimradi ujumbe umefasiriwa kwa uzingativu wa utamaduni wa jamii
(Barthes 1981 na Eco 1976).
Hapo awali, Kiswahili
kilikuwa ni lugha ya wakaziwa pwani ya Afrika Mashariki na baadaye kuenea bara
kadhalika ushairi wa Kiswahili umeweza kuwekwa katika makundi mawili mahususi:
ushairi unaowasilishwa katika mazingira ya pwani na ule unaozingatia mazingira
ya bara. Mwelekeo huu usipozingatiwa hauwezi kuuchukulia ushairi wa Kiswahili
kwa upana wake. Kwa sababu hivi sasa utanzu huu unashirikisha tungo zinazotungwa
na jamii pana ya Afrika Mashariki na popote pale ambapo Kiswahili kinatumika
kama chombo cha mawasiliano. Vile vile, kutokana na kiumbiumbi cha mgogoro wa
ushairi kuhusu kutumia au kutokutumia baadhi ya arudhi za kimapokeo kama vile
vina na urari wa mizani ushairi wa Kiswahili umeweza kuwekwa katika matapo
mawili: ushairi unaozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo na ule usiozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo
katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wake (Sanka 1995 na Gibbe 1990)
Pia, ushairi kama
utungo wa fasihi umeainishwa kwa kuzingatia idadi maalumu ya mishororo katika
beti (Noor 1988, Kandoro 1983 na Abedi 1954). Zaidi ya kuzingatia idadi
mahususi ya mishororo, mizani na urari wa vina katika ubeti, ushairi wa
Kiswahili uliainishwa katika tanzu mbalimbali kutokana na:
  Ø Urari
wa vina katika mistari au mishororo katika beti.
  Ø Mpangilio
wa maneno katika mistari au mishoro katika beti.
  Ø Idadi
ya vipande katika mistari au mishororo katika beti.
  Ø Idadi
maalumu ya mizani katika mistari au mishororo katika beti.
Katika muktadha wa
vipengele hivyo vinne, muundo na maumbo ya ushairi huweza pia kuainishwa zaidi
kama ifuatavyo:
  Ø Tathnitha
– shairi ambalo lina mishororo miwili katika kila beti.
  Ø Tathlitha
– shairi ambalo lina mishororo mitatu katika kila beti.
  Ø Tarbia
– shairi ambalo lina mishororo minne katika kila beti.
  Ø Takhmisa
– shairi ambalo lina mishororo minne katika kila beti.
  Ø Tashlita
– shairi ambalo lina mishororo sita katika kila beti.
  Ø Ushairi
ambao una zaidi ya mishororo sita.
Masivina – shairi
ambalo lina mlingano wa mizani katika mishororo lakini si urari wa vina.
Ukawafi
– shairi ambalo lina vipande vitatu katika kila mshororo.
Msuko
– shairi ambalo lina kibwagizo kifupi.
Sakarani
– shairi ambalo linashirikisha bahari mbalimbali.
Kikwamba

shairi ambalo linarudia neno moja katika kila mwanzo wa beti.
Kulingana na Wafula na
Njogu (2007) na Mohamed (1990), ni katika kipindi cha urasimi mpya katika
fasihi ya Kiswahili ambapo palizuka istilahi maalumu za kuelezea dhana mbalimbali
za ushairi wa Kiswahili. Istilahi hizo zilizotumika zaidi ni kama:
Mshororo
– ambao ni mstari katika shairi
Mwanzo
– mstari au mshororo wa kwanza katika ubeti
Mloto
– mstari au mshororo wa pili katika ueti
Mleo
– Mstari au mshororo wa tatu katika ubeti
Kipokeo
– Mstari au mshororo wa mwisho katika ubeti
Ukwapi
– Sehemu ya kwanza katika mshororo
Utao
– Sehemu ya pili kaitka mshororo
Mwandamizi
– Sehemu ya tatu katika mshororo
Tabdila
– Kifupisho cha sauti kaitka neno linalotumika katika mshororo bila ya
kubadilisha maana ya msingi.
Inkisari
– Kunga ya kufupisha maneno katika mshororo
Mazida
– Kunga ya kurefusha neno bila ya kupotosha maana ya asili.
Kimsingi, istilahi hizi
zilitumika kimakusudi kwa malengo ya kuutambulisha ushairi wa Kiswahili. Katika
muktadha wa nadharia ya Fomula ya kisimulizi ni kwamba, uwepo wa bahari na
istilahi maalumu zinazotumika katika ushairi ni njia mojawapo ya kubainisha tanzu
za ushairi na fasihi kwa ujumla. Uainishaji huo unazingatia zaidi ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotungwa katika muktadha wa arudhi za kimapokeo (King‟ei na Kemoli 2001).
Hata hivyo, inabainika kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili usiozingatia arudhi hizo
katika utunzi na uwasilishaji haushirikishwi katika uainishaji. Zaidi ya hayo,
makala hii inapendekeza matumizi ya methali kama kipengele kinachoweza kutumika
katika kuainishia mabadiliko ya kiutunzi yanayobainika katika ushairi wa kisasa
wa Kiswahili.
Hii ni kwa sababu, kwa
wakati huu wa sasa kuna mashairi ambayo yanazingatia zaidi arudhi za kimapokeo,
yale yasiyozingatia mno arudhi za kimapokeo na yale yasiyozingatia kabisa arudhi
za kimapokeo katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wake. Makundi hayo matatu katika
ushairi wa Kiswahili yanadhihirisha kuwa:
Ushairi wa kimapokeo
unajitenga kwa kiasi fulani na ushairi huru lakini una ukuruba na ushairi wa
kati. Ushairi wa kati unazingatia zaidi mbinu za utunzi zinazopatikana katika ushairi
wa kimapokeo na ule wa ushairi huru.
Ushairi huru unajitenga
zaidi na ushairi wa kimapokeo kwa upande wa umuundo na kiumbo.
Kwa hivyo, ushairi wa
Kiswahili una tanzu zake ambazo zinawiana katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wake.
Hata hivyo, tofauti zinazobainika si za msingi zinazoweza kuzifanya tanzu hizo
kutalikiana. Kwa mfano, tungo hizi huzingatia zaidi lugha ya kimafumbo, kitaashira,
kiistiari, kitashbiha, kitashihisi miongoni mwa kunga zingine za uwasilishaji. Kimsingi,
kauli za lugha zinazotumika mno katika uwasilishaji ni zile zinazojibainisha katika
tamathali za usemi.
Kwa maoni ya Mwandishi
ni kwamba, matumizi ya methali yanapozingatiwa, ushairi andishi wa kisasa wa
Kiswahili unaweza kuainishwa kwa mwafaka zaidi. Hapa ieleweke kuwa, ushairi wa
Kiswahili umepitia mabadiliko mbalimbali hadi kufikia hali yake ya sasa (Kimaro
2008, Masinde 2003, Momanyi 1998 na Sanka 1995). Aidha, ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaweza kutumia methali nyingi, chache ama kutokutumia kabisa katika utunzi na
uwasilishaji wake kutegemea mahitaji ya kimtindo na mwelekeo wa mtunzi. Katika misingi
hii ya kurunzi tatu (ushairi wa kimapokeo kati na huru) za kimuundo, ushairi wa
Kiswahili unakuwa katika njia panda. Kwa kuzingatia namna methali zinavyotumiwa
katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa utungo huu, upanda wake unaweza kubainishwa
Uainishaji wa Ushairi
wa Kiswahili unaopendekezwa
Matumizi ya methali
yanapozingatiwa, ushairi wa Kiswahili unaweza kuainishwa zaidi kwa kuzingatia
kutumiwa au kutotumiwa kwa methali kama ifuatayo:
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotumia methali kama anwani
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotumia methali moja
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotumia methali nusu
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotumia methali mbili (au zaidi)
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotumia methali kama kauli
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unaotumia methali kama kibwagizo (au kiishilio)
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
uso methali
Zaidi ya hayo, kila
kikundi cha ushairi kinaweza kupendekezewa jina mahususi kuwa kitambulisho
chake. Mbinu iliyotumika katika uundaji wa istilahi hizo za majina ni ile ya kuunganisha
viambishi awali vya maneno yanayopatikana katika kila kikundi. Majina hayo
yanayopendekezwa ni kama yafuatayo:
Ukimea –
Ushairi wa Kiswahili unaotumia methali kama anwani.
Ukimemo –
Ushairi wa Kiswahili unaotumia methali moja.
Ukimenu –
Ushairi wa Kiswahili unaotumia methali nusu.
Ukimembi –
Ushairi wa Kiswahili unaotumia methali mbili (au zaidi).
Ukimeka –
Ushairi wa Kiswahili unaotumia methali kama kauli.
Ukimeki –
Ushairi wa Kiswahili unaotumia kama kibwagizo (au kiishilio).
Ukimeso –
Ushairi wa Kiswhaili uso methali.
Kwa uelekezi wa
mihimili ya nadharia ya Fomula ya Kisimulizi, uainishaji huu unazingatia
kwamba, utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi hushirikisha kauli teule zinazopatikana
katika mawasiliano ya jamii (Propp 1968). Vile vile, kwa kuzingatia mihimili ya
nadharia ya Semiotiki, methali kama ishara mahususi zinazotumika katika utunzi
na uwasilishaji wa tanzu mahsusi za kifasihi huweza kubadilika, kufifia au kutoweka
kulingana na mabadiliko ya utamaduni wa jamii (Nagler 1974) Katika muktadha
huu, methali kama ishara zinazotumika katika ushairi wa Kiswahili huweza kufasirika
au kufafanuliwa zaidi katika miktadha mahususi ya utamaduni wa jamii. Kwa hivyo,
matumizi ya methali katika ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili huweza kutekelezwa kwa
kuzingatia kauli zingine zinazobuniwa kimakusudi na watunzi.
Ushairi wa Kiswahili
uso Methali
Katika makala hii
kitengo hiki cha ushairi wa Kiswhaili kitajumuisha tungo ambazo hazina kabisa
matumizi ya methali katika uwasilishaji wake. Kama ilivyokwisha kuelezwa hapo
awali „mgogoro‟ katika ushairi wa Kiswahili uliweza kuendelezwa rasmi wakati
ambapo baadhi ya watunzi wa ushairi walipoanza kutunga tungo ambazo hazikujikita
katika arudhi za kimapokeo. Kwa mfano, katika miaka ya sabini walitokea “watundu”
watatu: Hussein (1970), Kezilahabi (1974) na Angira (1970). Baadaye kikundi
hiki kilipata wafuasi wengine kama vile: Mulokozi na Kahigi (1973) na Mberia (1997).
Hawa walitunga na kuwasilisha kimaandishi tungo zao za mashairi bila kujali au kuzingatia
arudhi za kimapokeo ambazo zilichukuliwa kuwa ni „uti wa mgongo‟ katika uwasilishaji
wa ushairi wa Kiswahili (Njogu na Chimerah 1999 na Senkoro 1988).
Kimsingi, “mgogoro” huu
ulijikita katika kutumia au kutokutumia vipengele vya arudhi za kimapokeo kama
vile mizani na urari wa vina kuwa ni uti mgongo katika utunzi na uwasilishaji
wa ushairi wa Kiswahili (Walibora 2007 na Njogu 1998). Hii ni kwa sababu,
baadhi ya wahakiki na waandishi katika wakati huu wa sasa wana mawazo kwamba
ushairi wa Kiswahili haupaswi kuelekezwa kwa uzingativu wa vina na mizani maalumu
katika uwasilishaji wa tungo hizi.
Mawazo hayo yaliibua
hisi na mielekeo tofauti tofauti miongoni mwa baadhi ya watunzi na wahakiki wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili. Mitazamo hii ilizua mirengo miwili ya kimwelekeo: wale
wanaoshikilia mno na wale wasioshikilia zaidi kuwa urari wa vina na idadi maalumu
ya mizani ni mambo ya lazima katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili.
Kila kikundi cha washairi kilishikilia msimamo wake (Sanka 1995 na Mulokozi na
Kahigi 1979). Kwa hivi sasa, mashairi yanayotungwa kwa mitindo na mitazamo hii
miwili yamekubalika kuwa ni tanzu za ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili.
Kulingana na Babusa
(2005) na Gibbe (1998), tungo hizi ni tanzu za ushairi wa Kiswahili.
Athari ya Maenezi ya Lugha
ya Kiswahili kutoka Pwani hadi Bara ya
Afrika Mashariki
Kwa wakati huu wa sasa,
ushairi wa Kiswahili unatungwa na kuwasilishwa kwa kuzingatia arydhi au
kutozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo. Hata hivyo tungo hizi ni sura mbili za sarafu
moja ambazo zinajengana na kukamilishana ingawa kwa uzingativu wa mitindo
tofauti tofauti. Kimsingi, hii leo Kiswahili si lugha ya Waswahili kama jamii
ya pwani tu kama ilivyokuwa katika karne mbili zilizopita ila matumizi yake
yameimarika na kuwa chombo cha kuwasilishia utamaduni wa jamii ya Afrika
Mashariki kwa ujumla (Kimaro 2008, Masinde 2003 na Momanyi 1998. Kwa hivyo,
mabadiliko hayo pia yaliweza kuwa na athari kubwa katika utunzi na uwasilishaji
wa tanzu za fasihi ya Kiswahili, hususan ushairi wa Kiswahili (Wafula na Njogu
2007, Chacha 1987).
Katika muktadha wa
uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili ni utungo wa jamii ya Afrika Mashariki na
kwa jamii zote zinazotumia lugha ya Kiswahili kama chombo cha mawasiliano
miongoni mwao. Ingawa kwa sasa makabiliano hayo hayapo au yanaendelezwa
kichinichini, utungo huu umekubalika na unaendelea kuzishughulisha kalamu za
watunzi wa pwani na hata bara ya Afrika Mashariki. Kama chombo kisuluhishi cha
uponda katika uwasilishaji wa utungo huu,methali zinaweza kutumika kama
kipengele cha kushirikishia mielekeo hiyo miwili katika ushairi wa kisasa wa
Kiswahili. Katika
muktadha wa nadharia ya semiotiki ni kwamba, dhima ya ishara moja huweza kupata
mshabaha au utekelezaji wake unaweza kupitia kwa ishara nyingine zinazopatikana
kwa urahisi katika jamii (Hawkes 1977).
Kulingana na mtazamo wa
wahakiki wa fasihi, utunzi na uwasilishaji wa mashairi huweza kuwa yenye maumbo
na miundo inayotofautiana lakini yenye kutekeleza dhima sawa ya kuuimarisha na
kuustawisha utanzu huu wa fasihi. (King‟ei 2007). Hoja hii ina mshabaha wake
katika maelezo ya Khan (1975) kwamba, mshairi anapotunga utungo huwa na lengo
la kumvutia msomaji wake. Kwa hivyo, msanii huwa na hadhari zaidi katika kuteua
kauli za lugha anazozishirikisha ili shairi lake lisije likakinaisha wasomaji wake.
Kwamba anapokabiliwa na hatari hii ya kuichosha hadhira yake, huanza kulipamba
shairi lake kwa kutumia kunga mbalimbali za lugha zinazotokana na tamathali za
usemi Andrzejewski 2011). Katika mantiki hii, mtunzi anaweza kwa hiari
kutotumia methali na kuibua matumizi ya kauli zingine mahususi za lugha ambazo
zinajibainisha zaidi katika tamathali za usemi. Kwa hivyo, matumizi ya methali
yanaweza kuwa si ya lazima katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi.
Matumizi ya kauli
zinazoibuliwa kibinafsi na mshairi huweza pia kujenga msingi wa kuuwasilishia
tungo kijazanda, kiistiari, kitaashira kitaswira na kimafumbo (Akporobaro 1994).
Kwa sababu uwasilishaji wa ujumbe katika utanzu wa fasihi, hususan ule wa ushairi
huwa hauna fasiri moja. Kimsingi, matumizi ya methali huwa yana maana ya kijuujuu
na batini (Wamitila 2005) Hata hivyo, maana inayokusudiwa huweza kubainishwa
kupitia kwa muktadha mahususi unaoibuliwa na mtunzi. Kwa hivyo, ufasiri huu
hutegemea jinsi mtunzi alivyoufumba ujumbe na jinsi mpokezi anavyolikabili
shairi hilo tangu mwanzo; mradi tu aweze kuthibitishia hoja zake kwa mifano
dhahiri inayotokana na miktadha halisi katika utamaduni wa jamii. Kwa hivyo,
ushairi wa Kiswahili unaweza kuwasilishwa kupitia kwa kauli au miundo tofauti
tofauti ya lugha ambayo si lazima ziwe za kimethali. Isitoshe, usomaji wa
ushairi wa Kiswahili haukamiliki pasipo hadhira maalum ya kuupokea ujumbe au
maana inayokusudiwa katika utungo. Kwa sababu kauli zinazotumika katika uwasilishaji
wa ushairi huifinya au huipanua maana inayowasilishwa.
Suala la Lugha ya
kawaida katika Ushairi wa Kiswahili
Baadhi ya watunzi wa
ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili wana mawazo kwamba lugha wanayoitumia katika
uwasilishaji wao ni ya „kawaida‟ ili kuuleta ushairi huo karibu na watu wa kawaida
katika jamii (Kezilahabi 1974). Dhana ya „kawaida‟ hapa kama inavyotumiwa na
baadhi ya watunzi na wahakiki wa kifasihi ina utata. Kwa sababu baadhi ya
mashairi yanayotungwa na „watundu‟ au „wanamabadiliko‟ yana kiwango fulani cha
ugumu katika ufasiri wake Kwa mfano,mshairi Kezilahabi katika shairi “Mafahari
Wapigana”, ametumia kauli za kawaida kama vile: Mafahali wanono, kichunguu
mchwa kivumbi hicho ndio askari na kilikuwa kivumbi hicho.Kauli hizi ni za kawaida
lakini ni za kustiari ambapo msomaji anahitaji kupiga bongo katika utafakari wa
ujumbe. Kimsingi, mashairi haya yanakusudiwa kusomwa na tabaka la wasomi
hususan wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu au wenye uwezo wa juu wa kiufasiri. Kimatumizi,
mpangilio usio wa kawaida ni kivutio cha udadisi zaidi kuliko lugha ya kawaida
(Mulokozi 2008).
Hii inatokana na ukweli
kwamba, kauli zinazoteuliwa na kutumiwa katika mawasiliano ya jamii husisitiza
zaidi vipengele fulani vya hisi na mawazo ya mwasilishaji (Maitaria 1991 na
Parker 1974). Katika muktadha wa utunzi na uwasilishaji wa shairi ujumbe unaowasilishwa
si wa kidhahania bali pia ni kauli zinazotumika hubainisha hisi za mtunzi kuhusu
yale aliyoathirika nayo katika uhalisi wa maisha.
Ushairi unaotumia
methali huuweka ujumbe unaowasilishwa katika muktadha wa utamaduni unaozoeleka
katika jamii. Kwa mfano, Abdalla (1973:19) ametumia methali ya Mpiga ngumi
ukuta , huumiza mkonowe katika ubeti ufatao: Ndipo kunipiga vita nisivyojua
mwanzowe ulotafuta mepata , hasara ni kwwako wewe mpiga ukuta huumiza mkonowe
wapigiyani mayowe? (Ubeti wa 17). Matumizi ya methali hii yanadhirisha ukiukaji
wa maadili katika jamii. Kwamba, binadamu wanapasa kuonekana imami wa kusaidiana
lakini mwafaka huu unakiukiwa na baadhi ya watu. Hii ni kwa sababu, methali
zinazotumika katika uwasilishaji wa ushairi ni kauli ambazo zimesheheni hekima na
busara ya jamii. Kama alivyo mtunzi mahiri wa fasihi, mshairi asiyetumia
methali huwa haridhiki katika kutumia miundo ya lugha ambayo imekuwepo tu
katika mapokeo ya jamii. Kwa hivyo, mshairi huhiari kushirikisha miundo mipya
na kwa uelekezo wa hisi zake ili kuutoa utungo huu kutoka kwa miundo ya lugha
inayozowewa. Kwa kufanya hivyo, huupa utungo huu upya wa kimaono na kimtazamo
katika uwasilishaji wake.
Kadhalika, wa mtafiti,
miundo ya lugha iliyozoweleka katika jamii huweza kuwa chakavu, ambapo
kimatumizi hupuuzwa au huweza kuvyazwa upya ili mtumizi yake yawe yenye uhai
unaostahili. Jambo la muhimu linalopaswa kwa watunzi na wahakiki wa ushairi
huru wa Kiswahili ni kubainisha zaidi sifa za kimsingi katika uwasilishaji wa utungo
huu. Kwa mfano, ushairi wa kimapokeo una sifa zake zinazoubainisha kinyume na
hali ilivyo katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi huru. Swali linaloweza
kuulizwa ni kwamba; iwapo mtunzi wa ushairi anapouwasilisha utungo wake pasi na
kuzingatia arudhi za kimapokeo ni ushairi huru? 3 Kimsingi, ushairi kama utanzu
wa fasihi ni sanaa iliyo hai. Kwa hivyo, mabadiliko ya kijamii huweza kuathiri
maudhui yanayoibushwa na fani inayotumika katika uwasilishaji wa utunzu huu.
Hata hivyo, ugumu au wepesi wa uwasilishaji na ufasiri katika ushairi wa
Kiswahili hutegemea kauli mahususi zinazotumiwa na mshairi. Katika muktadha
huu, ushairi unaweza ama kutumia au kutotumia methali na wakati uo huo ujumbe
huweza kuwasilishwa kwa mshindo unaostahili. Isitoshe, uwasilishaji wa ushairi
wa Kiswahili usiotumia methali, hutumia kauli teule za lugha ambazo pia
hujikita zaidi katika tamathali za usemi.
Kutotumia Methali
katika uwasilishaji wa Ushairi
Sawia na matumizi ya
methali katika mawasiliano ya jamii na pia katika uwasilishaji wa ushairi huu
wa ukimeso, ujumbe unaoibushwa huweza kufasiriwa kwa uzingativu wa utamaduni
na uhalisi wa jamii husika. Vilevile, lugha ya ushairi wa Kiswahili hutumia vipengele
ambavyo hujenga na huchochea usaili na utafakari katika akili ya hadhira. Japo
ushairi huru hautumii kwa uangavu methali mahususi, maudhui yanayoibushwa huwa
yana mwangwi wa methali unaotawala na unaohisika.
Shairi la „Mruko wa
Nyuki‟ katika Bara Jingine (Mberia 2001:20-25) ni mfano wa utungo
usiotumia methali yoyote katika uwasilishaji wake. Hali hii inatokana na muundo
na mtindo wa kiuwasilishaji au kutokana na mwelekeo wa mtunzi. Hata hivyo,
mwangwi wa methali unatawala katika uwasilishaji wa maudhui. Shairi hili
limewasilishwa kimchoro ambapo taswira ya kimaono inayoibushwa ni ile ya jamii
ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa yenye ushikamano na ushirikiano. Baadaye, ushikamano
huo uliathirika kutokana na utamaduni wa kigeni. Hatimaye wanajamii
walihamasishana na kuurejelea msingi wa utamaduni wao wa awali. Kwa hivyo,
mshairi anadhihirisha suala hili kwa uelekezo wa mchoro na hata kupitia kwa
jinsi anavyoandika maneno kama vile kupitia kwa maelezo yanayozingatiwa, hadhira
inaweza kujenga mwelekeo fulani kwa kurejelea methali yoyote inayostahiki. Kwa
mfano methali kama: „Umoja ni nguvu, utengano ni udhaifu‟ au „kidole kimoja
hakivunji chawa, zinaweza,‟ kusadifu katika kuupatanisha ujumbe unaowasilishwa.
Hata hivyo, eleweke kuwa upatanisho huu unahitaji utafakari na uzingativu wa
methali zilizopo katika utamaduni wa jamii. Kwa njia hii hadhira inashirikishwa
kiustadi katika upokezi wa ujumbe.
Kwa ambavyo methali ni
kauli ambazo zimezoweleka katika jamii na pia zimetumika mno katika utunzi na
uwasilishaji wa mashairi mengi ya kimapokeo, mtunzi wa ushairi usiotumia
methali humwachia msomaji wake kuupatanisha ujumbe unaoibuliwa na methali
yoyote maarufu anayoitaka. Katika muktadha huu, msomaji anashirikishwa kikamilifu
katika harakati za upokezi wa ujumbe. Hii ni mbinu ya msingi katika uwasilishaji
wa tanzu za fasihi simulizi.(Kunemah 2008). Hapa ieleweke kuwa, methali ni
misemo au kauli fupi yenye hekima fulani na hudhihirisha mkusanyiko na mafunzo waliyoyapata
watu wa vizazi vingi vya jumuiya fulani katika maisha yao (Mazrui na Syambo
1992). Kwa mintarafu hii, methali inakuwa ni sehemu moja ya lugha inayoweza
kusawiri na kubaini falsafa na matamanio ya jamii kuhusu maisha kwa jumla; hadhira
nayo huweza kuichopoa yoyote na kuipatanisha na ujumbe anaowasilishwa
katika shairi.
Kimaudhui, methali
zimesheheni tajriba ya jamii ambapo kila tamko au tendo linaloshuhudiwa katika
jamii huweza kupatanishwa na kauli mahususi ya methali.
Kadhalika, uhalisi huu
unadhihirisha kwamba, uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili unaweza kuzingatia
au kutozingatia baadhi ya kauli ambazo zimekuwa zikirithishwa kimapokeo kutoka
kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Kwa hivyo, si shuruti kwamba ushairi wa Kiswahili
uweze kuwasilishwa kwa maumbo, miundo na mitindo ya lugha ile ile ya miaka
nenda miaka rudi. Kimsingi, kauli ambazo zimekuwepo katika mawasiliano ya jamii
kwa muda mrefu huweza kuwa chakavu na kushosha. Kwa hivyo watu hupendelea mno
kauli mpya kama zile zinazobuniwa kibinafsi na wanafunzi wa ushairi. Kauli hizi
ni maarufu miongoni wa vijana na zinaweza kuwasilishia mawazo mapya na yenye mielekeo
ya kisasa.
Katika muktadha wa
uwasilishaji, mitindo na miundo hiyo mipya ya kisanaa kama vile; kutokutumia
methali, haizingatiwi ili iwe mbadala wa zile za zamani au zilizozowewa bali
ziwe nyongeza kwa zile zilizopo. Kutotumiwa kwa methali katika utunzi na uwasilishaji
wa ushairi wa Kiswahili kuchukuliwe kuwa ni mchango wa kizazi hiki cha sasa
katika kuutajirisha utungo huu uliorithiwa kutoka kwa kizazi kilichotangulia.
Dhana ya kutotumiwa kwa
methali katika baadhi ya tungo za ushairi wa Kiswahili ni ushuhuda kwamba,
ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili umebadilika kwa kiasi fulani hasa kifani na kimaudhui
(Masinde 2003 na Chacha 1987) Kando na hayo, busara katika ushairi wa kisasa wa
Kiswahili huweza kuwasilishwa kupitia kwa kauli nyinginezo za lugha zinazobuniwa
kibinafsi na watunzi kulingana na hisi au mchomo walionao katika uelekezi wa
uhalisi wa maisha yao. Hii ni kwa sababu, dhana ya busara au hekima huwa katika
mabadiliko yanayoathiri mielekeo ya jamii hususan katika ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili.
Kwa hivyo, ushairi wa Ukimeso,
unadhihirisha mwelekeo kwamba; hakuna ulazima wowote wa kutumia methali
katika uwasilishaji wake. Kama ilivyo katika sanaa yoyote ya fasihi, utungo au
ushairi unaelekezwa kwanza kwa hisi au mchomo wa msanii kisha baadaye kufanyiwa
uteuzi wa fani mahususi ili kujenga mwafaka wa kuwasiliana na hadhira (Jilala
2008 na Njogu na Chimerah 1999).
Katika muktadha wa
uwasilishaji wa utungo wa Ukimeso ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili huweza
ama kuimarisha au kudhoofisha baadhi ya vipengele vya lugha au kauli ambazo zimekuwa
zikithaminiwa mno katika mawasiliano ya jamii. Endapo baadhi ya matumizi hayo
ya miundo, mitindo au kauli za lugha zilizozoweleka itafifia, ile maarufu inayobuniwa
kibinafsi na kimakusudi na wasanii kwa wakati wa sasa, itastawishwa na itatumiwa
zaidi katika uwasilishaji wa tungo za kifasihi hususan ushairi wa Kiswahili.
Kwa mujibu wa nadharia
ya Fomula ya kisimulizi ni kwamba, mbinu au fani mahususi zinazotumika katika
uwasilishaji wa utanzu wa fasihi huweza kubadilika lakini mwanzoni mabadiliko
hayo hukabiliwa vikali na baadaye huzowewa na hukubalika
(Woods 1971 na Whallon
1969).
Sawia na kutotumiwa kwa
methali katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wa ushairi wa Kiswahili, kunaashiria
mabadiliko ya kimtindo. Hivi sasa mabadiliko hayo ya kiutunzi yanakubalika shongo
upande. Hii ndio sababu, hapo awali katika miaka ya sabini hapa Afrika
Mashariki, ushairi huru
wa Kiswahili ulichukuliwa kuwa ni utungo wenye mikiki na usiofaa. Ingawa kwa
sasa „mgogoro‟ katika ushairi wa Kiswahili haupo au unaendelezwa chini kwa
chini kwa kiwango fulani. Kadhalika, „mgogoro‟ huenda ulitokana na kuasi baadhi
ya kauli za kimapokeo ambazo ni pamoja na matumizi ya methali ambazo
zimekuwa zilichukuliwa
kuwa ni muhimu katika jamii. Aidha, ushairi wa Kiswahili si sugu na hauna budi
kubadilika kifani na kimaudhui ili uweze kukabiliana na mabadiliko yaliyopo ya
kitamaduni katika jamii za Afrika Mashariki. Katika mkabala huu, ushairi usiotumia
methali unaweza pia kuwasilisha maudhui ambayo ni ya kidhahania lakini yenye
chemichemi ya ufasiri katika jamii.
Sifa Bainifu za Ushairi
Usiotumia methali
Kutokana na maelezo
yaliyozingatiwa katika makala hii ushairi wa Kiswahili usiotumia
methali wa Ukimeso unaweza
kuwa na sifa za kijumla zifuatazo:
    a)
Mbinu za uwasilishaji kama vile fani si
sugu bali huweza kubadilika kulingana na mabadiliko ya mfumo wa utamaduni na
maisha ya jamii.
    b)
Mabadiliko ya kijamii pia huweza
kuathiri mitazamo ya watunzi kuhusu mitindo mahususi ya lugha inayotumika na
maudhui yanayoibuliwa na kuwasilishwa katika ushairi.
    c)
Hakuna ulazimu wa kutumia fani moja au
kauli mahususi kama vile methali katika uwasilishaji wa ushairi. Hii ni kwa
sababu, baadhi ya kauli msingi ambazo zinaeleweka katika jamii huweza kujengewa
mwangwi wake.
   d)
Sura au vitanzu vya ushairi huweza kuwa
ni njia ya kubainisha mitindo mbalimbali inayotumika katika utunzi na
uwasilishaji wa ushairi.
    e)
Matumizi ya kauli za lugha
zilizozoweleka katika jamii huweza kuchakaa na kupisha miundo mipya katika
utunzi wa ushairi.
     f)
Usaili na utafakari unakuwa ni nyenzo
muhimu katika uwasilishaji na upokezi wa ujumbe.
    g)
Hakuna njia moja mahususi inayoweza
kutumika katika kuwasilisha hisi na mchomo wa msanii wa ushairi.
Katika ushairi wa
Kiswahili kuna mifano ya anuwai ya mashairi yasiozingatia methali katika utunzi
na uwasilishaji wake. Hata hivyo baadhi ya sifa hizo zinaweza kubainika kwa
kuzingatia mashairi yafuatayo.
Diwani
ya Kichomi
(i) Shairi la Mafahali
wapigana (uk. 5)
(ii) Shairi la Nimechoka
(uk. 34 – 35)
(iii) Shairi la Kuchambua
Mchele (uk. 63)
(iv) Shairi la Hadithi
ya Mzee (Uk. 69 – 72)
Diwani
ya Bara Jingine
(i) Shairi la Hatujaaga
Ndoto (Uk. 4 – 5)
(ii) Shairi la Bara
Jingine (Uk. 10 – 16)
(iii) Shairi la Mruko
wa Nyuki (Uk. 20 – 25)
Hitimisho
Makala hii imebainisha
kuwa ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili umebadilika mno kwa
upande wa fani msingi
zinazotumika na maudhui yanayowasilishwa. Kutokana na
maenezi ya lugha ya
Kiswahili kutoka pwani hadi bara ya Afrika Mashariki, ushairi
umekuwa ukitungwa na
jamii mbalimbali za Afrika Mashariki na kwingineko. Kwa
ambavyo utungo huu
umestawishwa na umeimarishwa kimatumizi, umeweza
kushirikisha mitindo
mbalimbali katika utunzi na uwasilishaji wake. Kwa hivyo, ushairi
wa Kiswahili ni utungo
ambao unahifadhi na unawasilisha utamaduni wa jamii ya Afrika
Mashariki. Isitoshe,
matumizi ya methali bado yana nafasi muhimu katika utunzi na
uwasilishaji wa ushairi
wa kisasa wa Kiswahili. Kwamba, matumizi ya methali
yanaweza kuwa angavu
zaidi au matumizi yake hudhihirika kama mwangwi wa
kurejelea.
Kuhusu mashairi
yanayojitoa nje ya arudhi za kimapokeo, (au yale yasiyotumia methali)
si kwamba tungo hizo
ndio bora zaidi. Kile kinachofanyika ni kuutoa utungo katika
mazoea ambayo
yanaelekea kuichosha hadhira. Vile vile, kinachobainika katika mitindo
inayotumika katika
uwasilishaji ni upenu mwingine wa kuukuza ushairi; la sivyo kizazi
cha sasa na kijacho
kitakuwa na mwelekeo finyu kuhusu ruwaza nzima ya sanaa hii ya
Kiswahili. Pamoja na
kwamba ukale (ushairi unaozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo) una
uzuri wake; usasa
(ushairi usiozingatia arudhi za kimapokeo) haupasi kudharauliwa.
Kwa sababu, kizazi cha
sasa kitahisi kuwa hakipewi uhuru katika kujumuika katika sanaa
hii.
Jambo lililo la muhimu
kuuliza ni: kwa nini watunzi wamezuka na mitindo badilia katika
uwasilishaji wa utungo
huu? Kimsingi, ushairi wa kisasa wa Kiswahili ni utungo ambao
ni kongamano la matini
za lugha na kunga mbalimbali zinazotumika katika utunzi na
uwasilishaji. Kwa
hivyo, methali kama ishara au matini zinazotumika katika ushairi wa
Kiswahili zichukuliwe
kuwa ni miongoni mwa kauli msingi zinazoshirikishwa na zenye
uzito sawia katika
utungo huu.
MAREJELEO
Abdalla, A. (1973):
“Ushairi wa Kiswahili na Uhuishwe Usiuliwe”, katika Zinduko. Dar
es Salaam: Jarida la
Chama cha Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam.
Abedi, A. (1954): Sheria
za Kutunga Mashairi na Diwani ya Amri. Nairobi: East African
Literature Bureau.
Akporobaro, F. B. O. na
Emovon, J. A. (1994): Nigerian Proverbs: Meaning and
Relevance Today. Lagos:
Department of Culture.
Andrzejejewski, B.W
(2011)
Babusa, H. O. (2005):
“Vigezo badilia kuhusu uanishaji wa Mashairi ya Kiswahili”,
Tasnifu ya M. A., Chuo
Kikuu cha Kenyatta. (Haijachapishwa).
Barthes, R. (1981):
“Theory of the Text”, Ian Macleod (Mt.), katika Young, R. (Mh.)
Untying the Text. London:
Routledge.
Chacha, C. N. (1987):
“Meaning and Interpretation of Swahili Poetry: A Portrayal of
Changing Society”,
Tasnifu ya Ph.D, Yale University (Haijachapishwa)
Eco, U. (1976): A
Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fowler, R. (1966): “The
Formalaic Theory and its Application to English Alliterative
Poetry”, katika Fowler,
R. (Mh.) Essays on Style and Language. London:
Routledge & Kegan.
Gibbe, A. G. (1990):
“Ufumbaji katika Ushairi wa Kiswahili”, katika Gibbe, A. G. (Mh.)
Jarida la KISWAHILI,
Juzuu 1. Dar es Salaam: Education Services Centre.
Hawkes, T. (1977): The
Structuralism and Semiotics. London: Methuen.
Hussein, E. N. (1971): Mashetani.
Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
Jacobson, J. W. (1960):
“Concluding Statement: Linguistics and Poetics”, katika Seboek,
J. (Mh.) Style and
Language. Cambridge: MIT.
Kahigi, K. K. na
Mulokozi, M. M. (1979)
Kandoro, S. A. (1983):
“Hatua Mbalimbali za Kubuni na Kutunga Shairi la Kiswahili”,
katika Makala za
Semina ya Kimataifa ya Waandishi wa Kiswahili III, Fasihi.
Dar es Salaam. TUKI.
Kezilahabi, E. (1973):
“Diwani ya Massamba”, katika MULIKA Na. 13. Dar es Salaam:
TUKI.
Khan, M. K. (1975)
Kimaro, K. (2008):
“Washairi huru Wamefilisika kimawazo na kisanaa”, katika Taifa
Leo Novemba
10, 2008 Uk. 21. Nairobi: Nation Media Group.
King‟ei, G. K. (2007):
“Athari za Washairi Wakongwe juu ya Washairi wa Kisasa:
Mfano wa Muyaka bin
Haji na Ahmed Nassir”, katika Kioo cha Lugha, Juzuu la
5. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.
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Kemoli, A. (2001): Taaluma za Ushairi. Nairobi: Acacia Stantex
Publishers.
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“Methali za Kiswahili kama Chombo cha Mawasiliano: Mtazamo
wa Kiisimu-Jamii”.
Tasnifu ya M.A., Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta.
(Haijachapishwa)
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“Ushairi wa Kiswahili Maendeleo na Mabadiliko ya Maudhui”.
Tasnifu ya Ph.D., Chuo
Kikuu cha Kenyatta. (Haijachapishwa)
Mazrui, A. (1994)
Mazrui na Syambo, B.K.
(1992): Uchambuzi wa Fasihi. Nairobi: East African
Educational Publishers.
Mberia, K. wa (2001): Bara
Jingine. Nairobi: Marimba Publications Ltd.
___________ (1997): Natala.
Nairobi: Marimba Publications Ltd.
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na Mazoezi ya Ushairi. Nairobi: Evans Brothers (Kenya)
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“Usawiri wa Mwanmke Muislamu katika Jamii ya Waswahili kama
Inavyobainika katika
Ushairi wa Kiswahili”. Tasnifu ya Ph.D, Chuo Kikuu cha
Kenyatta.
(Haijachapishwa)
Mulokozi, M. M (2008):
“Nadharia ya Jadi ya Ushairi wa Kiswahili: Je Upo?” katika
Ogechi N.O, Shitemi,
N.L. na Simala, K.I. (Wah.) Nadharia ya Kiswahili na
Lugha za Kiafrika. Eldoret:
Moi University Press.
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Kahigi, K. K. (1973): Mashairi ya Kisasa. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
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Zetu. New Jersey: The Red Sea Press Inc.
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(Haijachapishwa)
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Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam
(Haijachapishwa)
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(1988): Ushairi, Nadharia na Tahakiki. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam
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Essay on the Original genus and Writing of Homer. New York:
Garland Publishing.

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  DHANA YA NAHAU
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 08:41 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

DHANA YA NAHAU
Nahau ni msemo uliojengwa kwa kutumia maneno ya kawaida lakini ambayo huwa inasetiri maana tofauti na ile iliyobebwa na maneno hayo hayo iliyo katika matumizi ya kawaida. Nahau aghalabu hutumia lugha ya picha kutoa maana iliyokinyume.
Mifano :

  •         Ana jicho la nje−asherati
  •         Yeye ni jamvi la wageni−mwasherati
  •         Yeye ni bao la mkahawani=kahaba.
  •         Juma ana mkono wa birika=yeye ni mcoyo/mroho/bahiri.
  •         Kukata mitaa=Kutembea mitaani.
  •         Kulala fofofo=Kulala sana na kusahau kwenda kazini.
  •         Kufyata mkia=Kuogopa.
  •         Kuaga dunia=Kufa.
  •         Kujifungua=Kupata mtoto, kuzaa.
  •         Tumbo moto=Kuwa katika hali ya wasiwasi.
  •         Chungu nzima=-ingi sana.
  •         Kuvimba=Kukasirika.
  •         Kujiona=Kulinga.
  •         Kuvaa miwani=kuwa mtungi=Kuiandika tarakimu naane=Kulewa pombe.
  •         Kumpaka mtu matope=Kuongea vibaya juu ya mtu.
  •         Kuona cha mtema kuni=Kujuta, kupata shida.
  •         Kutoka=Kutakata=Kuvaa vizuri.
  •         Kuvunja ungo=Kuwa mwanamwali, kigori.
  •         Kupata kitanda=kulazwa hospitalini.
  •         Siku nenda rudi=Siku nyingi.
  •         Kupata jiko=Kuoa.
  •         Kumtoa mtu kijasho=Kumbabaisha mtu.
  •         Mfuko umetoboka=Kutokuwa nafedha.
  •         Hiyo ni mboga=Jambo rahisi.
  •         Kuponda raha=Kufurahi.
  •         Kwenda kujisaidia=Kwenda uani=Kwenda choo.
  •         Kwenda haja ndogo=Kwenda kukojoa.
  •         Kwenda haja kubwa=Kwenda kunya.
  •         Kaa chonjo=Tafadhari.
  •         Kuwa pete na kidole=Kuwa marafiki sana.
  •         Mbabe=Shupavu.
  •         Mzito=Mtu mwenye mali au madaraka.
  •         Kufunga majani=Kuwa na noti nyingi.
  •         Lugha chafu=Lugha mbaya.
  •         Kuwa mja mzito=Kuwa na mimba.
  •         Kutia chumvi=Kuongeza maneno zaidi ya yaliyokuwepo kwa kuchonganisha.
  •         Avya muye=Toa hasira au ghadhabu.
  •         Mbuzi=mtu ovyo
  •         Akina yaye=Mtu duni
  •         Kuchungulia kabuli=Kuwa mgonjwa mahututi, karibu kufa.
  •         Kufa kupona=Kwa kila hali.
  •         Kumezea mate=Kutamani kitu sana.
  •         Pua na mdomo=Kuwa karibu sana.
  •         Kupekua=Kutembea bila kuvaa viatu.
  •         Kuvimba=Kukasirika.
  •         Kula njama=Kufanya mpango wa siri wa kumfanyia mtu            mabaya.
  •         Kupiga ubwana=Kukaa bila kufanya kazi wakati wa kazi.
  •         Kumwaga unga=Kupigwa kalamu=Kufukuzwa kazini.
  •         Kupana mwili=Kunenepa.
  •         Kwenda mwayo=Kupiga mwayo.
  •         Kwenda kombo=Kuwa nje ya mstari, mambo kuwa katika          hali isiyo nzuli.
  •         Kwenda chafya=Kupiga chafya.
  •         Kuona cha mtemakuni=Kujuta, kuwa na shida ya jambo            fulani.
  •         Mbavu za mbwa=Nyumba lilyojengwa kwa miti bila                      kukandikwa sawa.
  •         Kigingi=Taniboi.
  •         Kufunga mdomo=Kunyamaza.
  •        Hana masikio=Hatii
  •         Kuchongewa na ulimi=Kuponzwa na mambo yako                        mwenyewe.
  •         Kuvunja uso=Kuaibisha.
  •         Kupiga moyo konde=Kujipa moyo.
  •         Kupiga shabaha=Kulenga.
  •         Kupiga umalidadi=Kuvaa vizuri sana.
  •         Kutega sikio=Kusikiliza kwa makini.
  •         Kuyatia maneno sikioni=Kuyazingatia maneno.
  •         Kula miaka=Kufungwa kwa miaka mingi.
  •         Kujaa farafara=Kujaa tele, mpaka juu.
  •         Kwenda kapa=Kwenda kwa mikono mitupu.
  •         Kichwa tupu=Kutokuwa na akili.
  •         Kupiga swata=kutofanikiwa
  •         Kupiga domo=kuzungumza bila kufanya kazi
  •         Kushusha moyo=kukata tama
  •         Kushupaza moyo=kujipa nguvu
  •         Kula mwata =kupata taabu
  •         Kushuika taliki =kushika njia na klwenda
  •         Kuyoyoma=kwenda bila mpango
  •         Kakarakakara=hali ya kuwa katika mkukuriko, mshughulikohuku na huku
  •         Kukurukakara=tendo au hali ya kushughulika,                               kuhangaika, kubumburisha.
Mazoezi :
Toa maana ya nahau hizi :
  1. Kuvunja ungo
  2. Kumezea mate
  3. Kufa kupona
  4. Kumpaka mtu matope
  5. Kupiga soga
  6. Kuwa mja mzito
  7. kuvaa miwani
  8. Kutia chumvi
  9. Kuona cha mtemakuni
  10. Kufyata mkia

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