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  METHALI ZA KISWAHILI NA MAANA ZAKE KWA KINA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 08:34 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

METHALI ZA KISWAHILI NA MAANA ZAKE KWA KINA
  1. Adui wa mtu ni mtu
Methali hii inasisitiza juu ya tahadhari. Binadamu ni lazima awe na tahadhari sana katika kuenenda na maisha; ni lazima ajihadhari na kiumbe hiki binadamu. Kama vile binadamu alivyo na uwezo mkubwa wa kuhisi ndivyo pia alivyo na uwezo mkubwa wa kuathiri. Mtu ni mtu lakini si kila mtu ana utu. Utu ni ubinadamu na ubinadamu ni mwenendo mwema kwa binadamu wengine. Huo mwenendo mwema ni hiari na matakwa ya huyo mwenyewe. Hiari ni siri ya moyo. Kila mtu ana moyo wake. Kwa hiyo ana siri yake-hiyo aijuayo. Hiyo siri ya moyo wake yaweza kuwa njema au mbaya kwa mtu mwingine.Kwa hiyo kama vile ilivyo kweli kwamba adui yako aweza kuwa mwema wako ndivyo pia ilivyo kweli kwamba mwema wako aweza kuwa adui yako.
  1. Aliye kando haangukiwi na mti
Hii ni methali nyingine ambayo yamtaka mwanadamu awe mwangalifu zaidi awe na tahadhali. Mti ni mti, na huumiza hasa umuangukiapo kiumbe kama binadamu. Kwa hiyo binadamu akiuelewa huo udaifu wake na kama anataka kuishi maisha marefu zaidi, anawajibika kusimama kando ili mti usimuangukie. Maana inayojitokeza hapa ni kwamba tusijitie katika mambo yasiyotuhusu au tusiyoyaweza. Ni lazima tuchunguze uhusiano na uwezo wetu kabla hatujaamua kujishirikisha katika mambo ya wenzetu. Kama tukibaini kwamba mambo hayo hayatuhusu, hatuyawezi au yanaweza yakatuletea madhara, basi tukae kando na tuwaachie wenyewe waendelee na mambo yao.
  1. Dawa ya moto ni moto
Methali hii inajulikana sana kwa matumizi yake ya kila siku. Ni wazi kuwa ukitaka kukinga moto ambao unakuja basi nawe yakubidi uwashe moto. Hii hutumika kwenye vijiji vilivyo karibu na mapori. Maana ya methali hii hasa ni kwamba ubaya dawa yake ni ubaya vilevile. Yaani akufanyiaye mabaya basin awe mfanyie mabaya.Hivyo ubaya huo ukikutana aidha kutatokea namna Fulani ya usuluhisho. Tafsiri nyingine ya methali hii ni kwamba jambo lolote tukiona laenda kombo basi twatakiwa kuwahi kulitibu kabla halijawa baya.
  1. Fimbo ya jirani haiwezi kuua nyoka
Methali hii inafanana na ile isemayo hamadi kibindoni. Huwezi kufanya jambo kwa kutegemea msaada kutoka sehemu nyingine (jirani). Jirani hawezi kutatua matatizo yako kama vile ambavyo wewe mwenyewe ungeyatatua. Jirani si wa kutegemea. Twahitajika kujitegemea wenyewe kuliko kutegemea wengine.
  1. Fimbo ya karibu ndio iuayo nyoka
Ni kweli kwamba fimbo iliyo karibu ndiyo iwezayo kuua nyoka. Methali hii hutumiwa wakati unapoongelea jambo ambalo utatuzi wake watakikana haraka ama pengine bila kupata msaada sehemu nyingine. Msaada wowote, akiba yoyote ambayo ipo tayari kwa wakati unaotakiwa, ndio msaada pekee unaothaminiwa na kutambuliwa. Huwezi kutegemea kitu ambacho kiko mbali ama kukipata kwake kuna matatizo ikilinganishwa na kitu ambacho kipo tayari kihitajiwapo.
  1. Hata kiporo ni ugali
Methali hii hutumiwa kwa kusema kuwa kwa kweli kula ni kula. Hakuna chakula ambacho hakina umuhimu. Chakula ni chakula hata kikiwa kiporo.
  1. Karamu mbili zilimshinda fisi kuzila
Methali hii yatutahadharisha tusiwe wenye tamaa tama. Twaambiwa kuwa unapokuwa na haja ya jambo Fulani ukawa katika hali ya kutekeleza basi usirukie jambo jingine la aina ile ile maana waweza ukakosa huku na kule. Shika ulichoshika usifuate kile ambacho huna uhakika wa kukipata.
  1. Kauli nzuri ni bora kuliko mali Hakika kauli nzuri ni kweli kwamba ni bora kuliko utajiri. Hivyo ulimi kwa kweli kutokana na methali hii ni kitu cha kuchunga sana. Kabla hatujasema neno lolote twahitajiwa kuchuja na kuhariri yale tunayotegemea kusema kabla ya kusema, maana neno likishasemwa ni vigumu kufutika kwani lilishasikika.
  2. kifo hukaa kwenye mshipi
Hapa mshipi umetumiwa kama kielelezo tu. Maana hasa ya methali hii ni kwamba binadamu tunapotembea tusijione kuwa ni kitu sana. Yatupasa kufahamu kuwa kila tunapotembea kifo kinatuzunguka.
  1. Kila mjinga ana manufaa yake
Haiwezekani mtu awe mjinga moja kwa moja. Kuna siku anaweza kufanya mambo mazuri watu wakashangaa.Watu wengine huamini kuwa hakuna ujinga ambao ndani yake hauna welevu. Hivyo tusije tukawadharau watu kuwa ni wajinga na tukaamini hivyo moja kwa moja.Tukifanya hivyo tutakuwa tunafanya makosa.
  1. Kilichokatwa na shoka hupotea lakini kilichokatwa na mdomo hakipotei
Ni wazi kwamba shoka linapokata daima hukata vitu ambavyo vyaweza kupotea. Kinachokatwa na mdomo aghlabu hakipotei, maanachaenda tumboni. Binadamu anapokata kitu kwa mdomo ni wazi kuwa baadaye hukila kitu hicho na kwamba kitamnufaisha katika kujenga, kulinda na kuhifadhi mwili. Methali hii yatushauli kuwa tufanye mambo yetu kwa dhamiri maana katika dhamiri kuna mafanikio. Tusifanye mambo juu juu tu ; bali kwa undani na dhati.
  1. Kitanda usichokilalia hujui kunguni wake
Si rahisi kufahamu kunguni wa kitanda usichokilalia wanauma kiasi gani. Hivyo anayelalia kitanda hicho ndiye anayefahamu kunguni wake.Kimatumizi methali hii inatueleza kuwa mtu hawezi kujua shida zinazompata mtu mwingine.Jambo lisilokuhusu ama kukupata huwezi kujua ubaya wake.
  1. Kuishi na ndugu ni kuvumiliana
Methali hii inajieleza yenyewe. Ndugu wana tabia mbalimbali na nyingi ya tabia za ndugu ni kinyume cha vile ambavyo tungewatazamia wawe. Hivyo basi unapoamua kukaa na ndugu basi yakubidi uwe mvumilivu kwani vitendo vingine vyaweza kuwa vya kusikitisha na kutisha. Hivyo basi tunapoamua kukaa na ndugu lazima tuwe wavumilivu wa maovu yote ambayo watatufanyia.
  1. Macho mengi huona kuliko moja
Uwingi daima ni bora maana una nguvu. Macho mawili ni bora zaidi kuliko bora. Umoja na ushirikiano ni ngao imara kabisa katika maisha. Katika umoja kuna ushirikiano na katika ushirikiano kuna mafanikio.
  1. Maji marefu muulize chura
Chura kwa kawaida huishi majini. Twategemea kwamba ayajua vema mazingira yake. Kama ndivyo, basi yumkini afahamu urefu na ufupi wa maji. Yafaa kwa muogeleaji kutafuta ushauri wa chura hata kabla ya kuyazama maji. Ili tuufahamu undani na ukweli wa jambo yatubidi daima tufanye uchunguzi utakiwao. Njia mojawapo ya kuchunguza ni kuwauliza na kutaka ushauri wa hao wahusikanao na jambo hilo. Kuuliza ni kufahamu.
Methali nyingine :
  • Maji yanayokuja kwa nguvu yape njia yapite
  • Mali ni sawa na maua
  • Maneno ya kaburini huishia kaburini
  • Masikini halali mchana
  • Maziwa ya ng′ombe wa kuazima yanywe huku ukisimama • Kidole kimoja hakivunji chawa
  • Kizuri chajiuza kibaya chajitembeza
  • Apewaye ndiye aongezwaye
  • Haraka haraka haina Baraka
  • Mchagua jembe si mkulima
  • Mwenye kovu usidhani kapoa
  • Kutoa ni moyo usifikiri ni utajiri
  • Bura yangu sibadili na rehani
  • Chovya chovya humaliza buyu la asali
  • Jungu kuu halikosi ukoko
  • Chanda chema huvikwa pete
  • Umleavyo ndivyo akuavyo
  • Mganga hajitibu mwenyewe
  • Mgonjwa haulizwi dawa
  • Mcheka janga halijampata
  • Kunguru mwoga hukimbiza bawale
  • Debe tupu haliachi kuvuma
  • Maji na hata yachemke vipi hayasahau kwao baridi
  • Mtka cha uvunguni shariti ainame
  • Ivute ngozi ingli bichi
  • Samaki mmoja ameoza wote wameoza
  • Dalili ya mvua ni mawingo
  • Mwanamke mzuri hakosi kilema
  • Mwenye macho haambiwi tazama
  • Zimwi likujualo halikuli likakuisha
  • Mwendakwao haogopi giza
  • Ndege mjanja hulala juu ya mgude
  • Ndege mwenye maneno mengi hana nyumba
  • Ndovu hashindwi na pembe zake
  • Ng′ombe wa kwanza hanywi maji machafu
  • Njiwa huweza kuzaa mwewe
  • Nyama ya nundu huliwa na mfugaji
  • Palipo na mbuzi hapakosi wanambuzi
  • Palipo na kwale hapakosi mwingine
  • Penye vipofu wengi kengeza hufaidi
  • Simba mwenda kimya ndiye mla nyama
  • Ujirani mwema hutengeneza njia
  • Ukimfukuza sana mjusi hugeuka nyoka
  • Umande unaweza kuklunjiwa nguo lakini mvua haiwezekani
  • Ukubwa si mali
  • Watu hukataza tonge lakini sio mdomo
  • Wema huzaa wema
  • Vita havina macho
  • Utamu wa kidonda unamuua nzi
  • Utajiri ni kama umande
  • Usitukane wakunga uzazi ungalipo
  • Usivuke maji usiyoweza kuyaoga

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  FASIHI SIMULIZI: MUHADHARA WA TISA: METHALI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 08:17 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

MUHADHARA WA TISA: METHALI

Methali ni tungo fupifupi zenye hekima na busara zitumiwazo kuonya,kuadibu na kuadilisha jamii.
Methali ni sehemu ya lugha inayoweza kufananishwa na kiungo cha lugha na kitoweo cha lugha. Hutumiwa kutafakari na kuyapima maisha,kujifunzia jumuiya na kutawalia jamii na mazingira ya binadamu.
Sifa za methali kwa mujibu wa M.M.Mulokozi:
–   Methali huwa ni usemi mfupi na wenye urari wa maneno japo maneno hayo si mepesi nay a kawaida.
–   Usemi huo ukubalike kwa watumiaji wa lugha husika.
–   Usemi huo uwe unamleta msikilizaji katika kufikiri,kuchambua na kupatanisha ukweli ili ang’amue maana ya ndani ya usemi huo.
–   Methali huwa na maana ya ndani na maana ya nje ambayo huelezwa kama mafumbo yanayohitaji ufafanuzi au ufumbuzi ili ziendane na mazingira halisi ya jamii.
MUUNDO WA METHALI
Methali nyingi huwa na muundo wa sehemu mbili. Sehemu ya kwanza huwa ni wazo/fumbo/swali na sehemu ya pili huwa ni jibu au ukamilifu wa wazo/fumbo.
USANII WA METHALI
Methali huwa na urari wa maneno yenye busara,mvuto wa lugha na tamathali mbalimbali za usemi.
Urari wa maneno
Mfano:
–   Harakaharaka,haina Baraka
–   Polepole ya kobe,humfikisha mbali
Tashibiha
Mfano:
–   Utajiri ni kama umande
–   Ujana ni kama moshi
–   Ufalme ni kama maua
Sitiari
Mfano:
–   Mapenzi ni majani,huota popote
–   Kukopa harusi,kulipa matanga
–   Ulimi ni upanga
Balagha/chuku
Mfano:
–   Chovya chovya,humaliza buyu la asali
–   Bandu bandu,humaliza gogo
Kejeli
Mfano:
–   Mfinyanzi hulia gaeni
–   Hindi ndiko kwenye nguo na wendapo uchi wako
–   Wagombanao hupatana
–   Ukienda kwa wenye chongo fumba lako jicho
–   Asiyesikia la mkuu huvunjika guu
DHIMA YA METHALI
(i)         Ni kuwa ghala na kielelezo cha utamaduni wa mwafrika
(ii)        Hutumika kuonya
(iii)      Hutoa mausia
(iv)        Hushauri
(v)         Hufunza
(vi)        Husuta
(vii)      Hutia hamasa
(viii)    Hushauri mtu kufanya maamuzi magumu

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  FASIHI SIMULIZI: MUHADHARA WA NANE: SEMI NA VITENDAWILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 08:07 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

MUHADHARA WA NANE: SEMI NA VITENDAWILI

  1. Semi
Semi ni tungo au kauli fupifupi za kisanaa zenye kubeba maana au mafunzo muhimu ya kijamii. Semi zinajumuisha tanzu kama vile methali, vitendawili, mafumbo, misimu, lakabu na kauli tauria (Mulokozi 1996). Semi hugawanywa katika vipera kama vile:
–   Misemo
–   Vitendawili
–   Methali
–   Mafumbo
–   Mizungu
–   Lakabu, n.k
  1. Vitendawili
Kitendawili ni usemi wenye kuchochea fikra na udadisi wa jambo. Huwa ni usemi uliofumbwa ambao hutolewa kwa hadhira ili ufumbue.
Muundo wa kitendawili
Vitendawili vingi huwa na muundo mmoja tu. Muundo wa kimapokeo huwa na sehemu nne ambazo ni:
(a)     Kiingizi/kitangulizi – fanani huanza kwa kusema…. kitendawili ….. na hadhira hujibu …… tegaaaa.
(b)     Fumbo lwenyewe –  mf. Kuku wangu katagia mibani?
©     Swali la msaada – mf. Tudokeze basi (iwapo jibu linafahamika huwa hakuna haja ya swali la msaada)
(d)     Jibu la fumbo – iwapo wote watashindwa kutoa jibu mtegaji hupewa mji na kisha kutoa jibu.
   Mtindo wa kitendawili
Vitendawili huwa na mtindo wa majibizano. Mtambaji hutoa kitangulizi cha kitendawili na fumbo lenyewe mf. Kitendawili……kuku wangu katagia mibani.
Mtambiwa hujibu tega na kutoa jibu la kitendawili chenyewe – nanasi.
Dhima ya vitendawili
(i)         Vitendawili hutegwa kwa lengo la kukomaza fikra na falsafa.
(ii)        Hutegwa ili kuburudisha na kuliwaza
(iii)      Hutumiwa kama chombo cha kufanya bongo ziwe na ustadi,busara na mahiri wa urazini katika kupambana na maisha.
(iv)        Huwaandaa vijana kuelewa mazingira yao yalivyo.
(v)         Hutumika kufunza adabu za vizazi vilivyopita.
(vi)        Hufanya vijana wawe wepesi wa kufikiri,kuamua na kutoa majawabu maridhawa.
(vii)      Huchochea itikadi za jamii kwa vijana
(viii)    Hutajirisha na kupamba mazungumzo
(ix)        Hutumiwa kwenye kuanzisha,kutofautisha,kukatisha au kukamilisha hadithi.
USANIFU WA VITENDAWILI
Vitendawili hujipambanua kwa lugha ya kawaida vikijihusisha zaidi na silica,itikadi,utamaduni,uchumi,siasa na uhusiano wa matabaka ya kijamii.
Vitendawili vya Kiswahili vina utanashati mkubwa wa lugha. Vina matumizi makubwa ya tamathali za usemi,lugha ya kishairi na mafumbo.
Mbinu zitumiwazo katika vitendawili
(i)         Mliolio
Vitendawili huwa na mbinu ya tanakali za sauti katika uwasilishaji wake.
Mfano:
–   Parakacha ti – ugonjwa wa matende
–   Pa funika,pa funua – unyayo wakati wa kutembea
(ii)        Ushairi
Ni mbinu ya kutumia mapigo ya kimuziki kwa utaratibu maalumu wakati wa kuwasilisha kitendawili.
Mfano:
–   Mchana uu,usiku uu- macho
–   Futi kafutika futi, futi kafutika futi – kumbi,fuu,nazi,maji. (kumbi limefunika kifuu,kifuu kimefunika nazi na nazi imefunika maji)
–   Huku ng’o na kule ng’o – giza
(iii)      Tashihisi
Ni mbinu ya kuvipa uhai na uwezo wa kutenda kama binadamu vitu visivyo na uwezo huo.
Mfano:
–   Popo mbili zavuka mto – macho
–   Popote niendapo ananifuata – kivuli
–   Kila nipitapo nasikia wifiwifi – mbaazi
(iv)        Dhihaka
Hii ni mbinu ya kumhujumu na kumdunisha mtu kwa kutumia vitendawili.
Mfano:
–   Kitu kidogo kimemtoa mfalme kitini – haja
–   Kamba ndogo imefunga dume zima – usingizi.

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  METHALI ZA KIUTANDAWAZI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 07:57 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

METHALI ZA KIUTANDAWAZI

Na. John P. Mbonde
Utangulizi
Katika kuziainisha methali, watu hupenda kuziita kuwa hizi ni za asili ya jamii fulani kama vile ya Kihispania na zile ni za Kiafrika au hizi ni za Kimaasai na hizo ni za Kingoni n.k. Aina hii ya methali, jamii huzidai kuwa ni za asili ya jamii yake (kabila fulani), na hivyo, huzifanya kuwa ni mali yake kiutamaduni kama zilivyo mila na desturi tofauti mbalimbali katika jamii hiyo husika. Kumbe kati ya methali hizo zote, baadhi yake hutumika mahali pote duniani. Aina hii ya methali zitumikazo mahali pengi duniani, ingawa huundwa katika lugha tofauti mbalimbali na wakati mwingine kwa mipangilio yake ya maneno hutofautiana, lakini maana yake huwa ni ileile.
Ni kwa mantiki hiyo, nimeamua kuziita Methali za Kiutandawazi. Nafahamu pia kwamba baadhi ya wanataaluma wangependa kuziita ni Methali za Kimataifa. Jina lolote linaloweza kutumika kuainisha methali hizo, halina utata wala mjadala kwa kuwa zinatumika miongoni mwa mataifa mengi duniani kote. Kamwe methali hizo siyo mpya wala za ajabu wala hazina hadhi ya milenia ya tatu kwa maumbile, bali ni zilezile ambazo zimezoeleka katika matumizi ya kila siku. Ila inawezekana kwamba zinaweza kuwa za asili ya jamii fulani zilizoanza kuzitumia, au hupendelea kuzitumia mara nyingi zaidi kuliko jamii nyingine kwa msukumo wa mazingira. Kwa mfano, lugha ya Kispanishi ina utajiri mkubwa sana wa methali kuliko lugha nyingi duniani. Hali kadhalika, Kichina kimefaulu kuhifadhi methali zake kwa wingi tangu karne na karne.
Madhumuni ya kuzikusanya na kuzihifadhi pamoja ni kurahisisha upatikanaji wake. Fauko ya hayo, huu ni wakati muafaka wa kuzijengea uhalali na hadhi yakinifu methali za kiutandawazi ili kwenda sambamba na maendeleo endelevu ya kisayansi na kiteknolojia. Ifahamike wazi kuwa bado suala hilo linahitaji kufanyiwa tafiti za kina kirefu ili kuboresha dhana hiyo.
Mwenendo wa methali za kiutandawazi hautofautiani na ule wa methali za kawaida. Ni dhahiri kuwa baadhi ya vigezo vya kubainisha methali za kiutandawazi ni ile tabia ya taswira za kimataifa zilizobebwa nazo. Baadhi ya methali huhusishwa na vitu vya eneo dogo la nchi, lakini zile za kiutandawazi hazina mipaka. Kwa mfano,Waarabu wa Pemba hujuana kwa vilemba. Pemba ni kisiwa katika bahari ya Hindi katika Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Vilemba ni vitambaa wafungazo vichwani. Tabia ya kufunga vilemba vya aina hiyo, hujitokeza huko Pemba miongoni mwa Waarabu katika mashamba ya karafuu. Ingawa maana ya ndani ya methali hii yaweza kabisa kuwa ya kimataifa, yaani ya kiutandawazi. Mathalani, wazungu watawapendelea wazungu wenzao. Ufinyu wa methali za mahali ni sawa na jinsi aina fulani za mila hutawala jamii ndogo ya mahali hapo tu. Kumbe methali Wapiganapo tembo, nyasi huumia (When elephants fight, the reeds get hurt),hii ni methali ya kiutandawazi.
Kwa upande mwingine, baadhi ya methali huwa hazitumiki kila siku, katika ufinyu au utandawazi wake, badala yake huwa zimebaki katika vitabu tu. Ukweli ni kwamba hata baadhi ya misamiati katika kamusi za aina zote za lugha, hubaki katika vitabu kwani matumizi yake ni ya nadra mno kwa sababu au bila sababu za kimsingi. Na kila zinapotumika husikika kuwa ni ngeni katika masikio ya wasikilizaji wake. Hata nchini Tanzania ambako ni chimbuko la historia ya Kiswahili, hususan Zanzibar, kwa namna moja au nyingine, Waswahili hao, si hoja kama ni wasomi au watu wa kawaida, wanaposikia mtu akitumia msamiati au istilahi iwayo utawasikia wakishutumu, “Kiswahili cha siku hizi ni kigumu, jamani! Afadhali ya Kiingereza.” Vivyo hivyo, iwapo Mwiingereza msomi akitumia misamiati isiyotumika katika maisha ya kila siku ya jamii ya Waingereza, wanaposikia hayo hulaani na kusema, “Kiingereza cha wasomi wa siku hizi ni kigumu (bombastic).
  1. Nini maana ya methali?
Methali ni lugha nyepesi ipenyayo moja kwa moja katika mioyo ya wasikilizaji. Aidha, methali au misemo huondoa wingu au ukungu katika mawasiliano ya kisayansi na ya teknolojia nzito za kitaaluma. Pia, methali ni kielelezo cha utashi wa uhai wa jamii husika, historia na falsafa ya utu wa binadamu, hekima na busara. Mwanafasihi mashuhuri katika Afrika, Chinua Achebe, katika kitabu chake Things Fall Apart (1959: 7) anaandika, “Methali ni mafuta ya mawese ambayo kwayo maneno huliwa.” Kauli hii ikizingatiwa barabara huyafanya maandishi kukubalika kuwa ni fasihi, maana matumizi ya methali na fani nyingine hukoleza simulizi kama tui la nazi na viungo mbalimbali kama vile vitunguu, nyanya, zinavyoifanya mboga iwe na riha na ladha tamu zaidi. Methali ni njia ya mkato ya kuelimisha, kuadilisha, kukosoa na kuelekeza jamii, husuan vijana katika kuzingatia tunu za jadi kwa kina ndani ya mazingira ya asili ya jamii.
“Methali ni aina ya usemi nzito na ambao unakusudiwa kusema jambo maalumu lakini ya fumbo. Usemi huu mzito mara nyingi hukusudiwa kumuonya, kumuongoza, na kumuadilisha mwanadamu. Kwa umbile la nje methali huwa na muundo maalumu, muundo wenye baadhi (pande) mbili. Upande mmoja wa methali huwa unaeleza mazoea au tabia ya mtu au kitu juu ya utendaji wa jambo; na upande wa pili unaeleza matokeo yatokanayo na mazoea hayo au tabia hiyo ambayo imeelezwa katika upande wa kwanza.” (S. Y. A. Ngole na Lucas N. Honero, Fasihi- Simulizi Methali: Kitabu cha pili, (uk viii) TUKI, DUP 1981.
Lugha ya Kiswahili ni tajiri sana kwa semi zake. Licha ya methali, kuna misemo, misimu, nahau. Tofauti na methali misemo ni tungo zitumiazo picha, ishara na tamathali kueleza kitu au wazo kwa kifupi, ili litolewe maadili au maonyo au sifa fulani. Kumbe vitendawili ni semi fupifupi za fumbo zenye kutumia picha, tamathali na ishara kueleza wazo lililofichika ambalo ndilo jawabu la fumbo. Kwa mfano, Koti la mzee halikosi chawa.
Na kwa upande wa misimu ni semi ndogondogo za kuibuka na kufifia au kufa kabisa ambazo huzushwa katika mazingira fulani, hufa baada ya mazingira yale kutoweka. Kwa mfano, Klabu ya Simba ilishinda kwa kishindo cha tsunami.(This coinage was heard by the author while travelling in Dar es Salaam comuters known as “Daladala” hence I personally call such sayings as “Daladala Philosophy” which associate with contemporary events such as ‘tsunami’ impact in which Simba soccer club beat their long time rival, the Younger soccer club with such impact as that of tsunami). Pia, matumizi ya msimu, k.m. Mambo! Poa! Huu ni msimu uliochipua na kuchanua miaka hii ya karibuni, ambao nao siku itafika utanyauka na kufa. Hata Rais wa awamu ya tatu wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, Mheshimiwa Benjamin William Mkapa ameondokea kuupenda na kuutumia mara nyingi sana anaposalimiana na wananchi kabla ya kuzungumza au kuwahutubia. Akisha sema, “Mambo!” Hadhira humkubalia kwa mkupuo mmoja, “Poa!”
“Methali hutupa maarifa;
hutupa ukweli kwa kifupi;
hufanana katika lugha mbalimbali za nchi kadha za ulimwenguni;
hutumika hasa na wazee kufundisha vijana na watoto, hali ya maisha duniani.” Kutoka katika Utangulizi wa kitabu 500 Haya Proverbs kilichotungwa na Nestor, H. Byera, EALB (1978).
Aidha, kuna ufafanuzi wa aina mbalimbali kutoka kwa wanataaluma wa nyakati mbalimbali kuhusu dhana “methali”. Katika Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu 1981: 165 “Methali ni kifungu cha maneno yanayotumiwa pamoja kisanii kwa njia ya kufumba au kupigia mfano na ambacho kinachukua maana ndefu na pana kuliko maneno yenyewe yanayotumiwa; muhtasari wa maneno ya kisanii wenye maana pana k.v. Mcheza kwao hutunzwa.”Kuna baadhi ya hadithi nyingi huanza na methali na kumalizia kwa methali. Kwa mfano, katika kitabu kilichotungwa na Kayombo, Innocent Kapilima, Hadithi za Babu Zetu wa Tanganyika, TMP (1959), ametumia mtindo huo wa kuanza na ‘methali’ na kumalizia na methali katika kusimulia hadithi zake.
Zipo methali nyingi ni za Kiafrika pale zinapohusisha na ishara au vitu vipatikanazo katika mazingira yao. K.m. “Jifya moja haliinjiki chungu.”
  1. Nini Maana ya Utandawazi?
Dhana ya utandawazi ilizuka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 na kushamiri miaka ya 1990 na kuwa changamoto katika nyanja mbalimbali. Utandawazi ni upanukaji kwa kina kirefu zaidi na kusambaa kwa masafa marefu mahusiano miongoni mwa jamii mbalimbali mintarafu uhalisia wa maisha, kuanzia yale ya ustawi wa jamii hadi yale ya harakati za kujikimu, kiuchumi, kiutamaduni, kiulinzi, kibiashara, kiuwekezaji, kimawasiliano, kiteknolojia na kuufanya mchakato mzima kuipelekea dunia iwe mithili ya kijiji kimoja kidogo. Mvuvumko huo wa kiutandawazi kiuchumi na kiutamaduni umeipa Marerkani nafasi ya kasi kubwa ya katika kuhodhi na kudhibiti mageuzi hayo.
“Kwa ufafanuzi wa jumla, dhana utandawazi inamaanisha kuifanya dunia nzima ionekane kama kijiji kimoja kwa kupanuka kwake kimawasiliano, kijamii na kiuchumi katika uhalisia wa mambo ulivyo katika nyanja mbalimbali kama vile uchumi, utamaduni, biashara, uwekezaji, kiteknolojia hata kiroho. Kutokana na welewa huu inadaiwa kwamba uchumi wa dunia umo katika mchakato wa kuoanishwa kwa kuvunja mipaka na nguvu za kiuendeshaji kuwa kitu kimoja.” S.M.Rugumamu, Globalization Demystified, DUP (2005).
Waandishi wengine, kama vile C.K. Omari, Prof. E. Kezilahabi na W.D. Kamera wanasisitiza katika vitabu vyao Misemo na MethaliToka Tanzania (Kitabu cha I&II):
“Misemo na Methali zimejaa wingi wa hekima na mafundisho yanayoweza kutumika katika kufafanua utamaduni wa jamii, muundo na mfumo wake, siasa yake, uchumi na mazingira yake.”
  1. Mantiki ya Methali za Kiutandawazi
Nimeorodhesha baadhi tu ya methali zenye hadhi ya utandawazi na kuelezea kwa kifupi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza, ingawa ingependeza sana kama tafsiri yake ingeweza kuwa katika lugha ya Kifaransa, Kijerumani, Kichina na katika lugha zingine za kimataifa. Ukweli huu wa methali za kiutandawazi unaenda sambamba kama alivyoandika Hellen Byera Nestor katika utangulizi: “…methali hufanana katika lugha mbalimbali za nchi kadha za ulimwenguni.” Hapa mwandishi huyo kwa kutumia dhana ‘hufanana’ kimsingi alimaanishwa kuwa baadhi ya methali hutumika mahali pengi duniani ingawa ni kwa lugha tofauti lakini maana iliyobebwa katika maudhui yake ni ileile.
Zimepangwa kwa kuzingatia alfabeti ya Kiswahili. Methali za kiutandawazi ni changamoto kwa upande wa maendeleo ya mawasiliano ya kiuhusiano miongoni mwa mataifa. Ikumbukwe kwamba madai kwamba methali za kiutandawazi asili yake ni Ulaya au Marekani kama inavyodaiwa katika masuala mengine mengi ya kiutamaduni na kihistoria. Utajiri uliomo katika methali za kiutandawazi kamwe usimithilishwe na utajiri au maendeleo mengine ya kisayansi na kiteknolojia kutoka katika nchi tajiri duniani na kwenda nchi maskini duniani!
Ni matumaini yangu kwamba mkusanyiko huu wa methali za kiutandawazi utatoa changamoto kwa wanataaluma kujenga wigo mpana na kukita katika kina kirefu cha uchambuzi na upembuzi yakinifu.
4.0 Changamoto
Watu binafsi, serikali na taasisi mbalimbali zinaendelea kupania katika kukikuza Kiswahili. Kutokana na hali halisi ya baadhi ya methali kuweza kupotea miongoni mwa jamii mbalimbali za Kiafrika, mpango maalumu umeanzishwa ili kuweza kuziandika na kuzitolea maelezo methali za makabila mbalimbali ya Afrika kwa kuandika vitabu kadha wa kadha. Mradi huo ambao kila mwezi hutoa methali moja kutoka nchi moja ya Kiafrika, unaweza kuwanufaisha wengi kwa kutumia mtandao kama ulivyo katika tovuti ifuatayo: African Proverbs, Sayings and Stories Website: www.afriprov.org.
Hali kadhalika, kuna vitabu vingi vya methali vilivyoandikwa na watunzi mbalimbali duniani. Katika mradi nilioutaja hapo juu, jitihada zimefanywa na kila mwandishi katika kukumekusanya methali zisizopungua mia moja za jamii yake kwa shabaha ya kuzihifadhi ili zisije zikapotea. Mradi wa methali adimu za Kiafrika ulioanza mwaka 1999 ilimradi kusalimisha methali na misemo ambayo iko hatarini kupotea, hadi 2004 ulikuwa umefaulu kuzikusanya na kurudufu vijitabu kumi na tatu. Kuna tegemeo kubwa kupata ongezeko kubwa kabla ya mwisho wa mwaka huu 2005.
5.0 Hitimisho
Tunaposherehekea Jubilei ya Miaka Sabini na Tano (75) ya mchakato wa kukistawisha Kiswahili (The Inter-Territorial Language [Swahili] Committee iliyoundwa 1930 hadi Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (TUKI), iliyopandishwa hadhi mwaka 1964), bado safari ni ndefu. Juhudi mbalimbali zilifanywa na serikali hata ikaunda Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa (BAKITA) 1967; Idara ya Kiswahili-Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam 1970; Taasisi ya Kiswahili na Lugha za Kigeni, Zanzibar 1979. Na wakereketwa waasisi walianzisha Chama cha Usanifu wa Kiswahili na Ushairi Tanzania (UKUTA) tangu miaka mingi kabla ya kupata Uhuru mwaka wa Tanganyika. Kiswahili hutumika katika nchi nyingi duniani; hufundishwa katika taasisi na vyuo vikuu kadha wa kadha duniani; hutumika katika vituo vya redio na televisheni nyingi duniani; aidha, ni moja ya lugha rasmi za Umoja wa Afrika (AU).
Zifuatazo ni baadhi tu ya methali za kiutandawazi:
METHALI ZA KIUTANDAWAZI
  1. Ada ya mja hunena muungwana ni kitendo
Kutokana na tabia ya kibinadamu, mtu hutambulika kwa uungwana wake kwa vitendo vyake wala siyo kwa mavazi, maumbile au maneno ayasemayo.
Public opinion maintains, a gentleman is judged by his actions. (Manners make man; or Handsome is as handsome does).
  1. Akili ni nywele kila mtu ana zake
Akili za watu ni za aina nyingi na ni tofauti kama vile nywele za kila binadamu ni tofauti. Brains are like hair, every humankind has her/his own kind.
  1. Baada ya dhiki faraja
Baada ya shida huja raha.
After hardship comes relief. (Every cloud has a silver lining; After storm comes a calm).
  1. Bandubandu huisha (humaliza) gogo
Hata gogo liwe kubwa namna gain, unapolichanachana mwisho gogo hilo humalizika.
Chip! Chip! Finishes the log. (Little strikes fell great oak. Constant dripping wears away a stone).
  1. Chanda chema hufikwa (huvishwa) pete
Jambo jema husifiwa na hushangiliwa ili liweze kufana zaidi. Ni wana kama kidole kizuri kinapovalishwa pete ili kizidi kupendeza.
A handsome finger gets a ring put round it.
  1. Chema chajiuza kibaya chajitembeza
Kitu kizuri huonekana bila ya kunadiwa, lakini kibaya hupigiwa debe ili kukitangaza.
A good thing sells itself, a bad thing advertises itself for sale. (Good wine needs no bush).
  1. Dalili ya mvua ni mawingu
Ishara ya kuwa mvua itanyesha hivi punde ni mawingu meusi makubwa. Na yasipokuwepo mawingu haiwezi kunyesha. Hali kadhalika, katika juhudi zako waweza kujua mapema kama utafanikiwa.
Clouds are the sign of rain. (Morning shows the day as the childhood shows the man. Cunning events cast their shadows before. No smoke without fire).
  1. Damu ni nzito kuliko maji
Watu wa ukoo mmoja husaidiana sana katika matatizo yao kuliko marafiki au jamaa wa mbali.
Blood is thicker than water.
  1. Elimu haina mwisho
Elimu ni za aina nyingi. Kila siku maarifa ya aina mpya yanagunduliwa na kuzuka, hivyo haiwezekani kuielewa elimu yote duniani.
Education has no limits. (One has to continue to learn all his/her life time).
  1. Elimu ni bahari
Elimu ni pana hivi sawa na upeo wa bahari ambayo huelezwa na kusambazwa miongoni mwa binadamu.
Education is like an ocean which spread all over the horizons of people’s life.
  1. Fadhili za punda ni mashuzi
Shukrani za mtu mjinga ni kumtukana yule aliyemtendea mema.
The gratitude of a donkey is a breaking of wind.
  1. Fimbo ya mbali haiuwi nyoka
Fimbo iliyo karibu nawe ndiyo ikufaayo wakati inapotokea shida. Methali hii inalenga kuwatanabaisha watu kuwa binadamu anapopata shida ni watu walio karibu naye ndio watakaomsaidia.
A stick in the hand is the one that kills a snake.
  1. Ganda la muwa la jana, chungu kaona kivuno
Ganda la jana la muwa huwa limekauka, lakini chungu anapolipata huona ni mavuno maridhawa. Maana asiyezoea kuwa nacho, akipatapo hata kama ni kitu duni au hafifu namna gani na kidogo, hushangilia. Mathalani, kukengeuka kwa maadili kwa vijana barani Afrika na kuzamia tamaduni za kigeni.
The skin of yesterday’s sugar-cane is a whole harvest of an ant.
  1. Gonga gogo usikie mlio wake
Ukitaka kujua mlio wa gogo, lipige na usikilize. Hili lina maana kuwa yakupasa kulichunguza jambo kwanza kabla ya kulihukumu (kulikabili).
Knock a log in order to hear the sound it makes.
  1. Haba na haba hujaza kibaba
Ukiweka akiba kidogo ya kitu kila mara, mwishoni utakuwa na akiba kubwa. Mwanzo wa makubwa ni madogo.
Little by little fills up the measure. (Little drops of water, little grains of sand, make a mighty ocean and a pleasant land).
  1. Harakaharaka haina baraka
Jambo lifanywalo harakaharaka, haliwezi kufana. Mambo lazima yaende kwa kuzingatia mchakato wenye mpango na taratibu madhubuti.
Hurry, hurry, has no blessing. (More haste, less speed).
  1. Iliyopita si ndwele, ganga ijayo
Mambo yaliyopita, yasishughulikiwe sana, bali tujizatiti kuyakabili na kuyadhibiti yale yajayo.
That which has passed is not a diease, cure what is coming.
  1. Iwapo nia, njia hupatikana
Mtu anapofanya dhamira ya dhati ya kutaka kulitekeleza jambo, hawezi kukosa njia ya utekelezaji.
Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
  1. Jambo usilolijua ni kama usiku wa giza
Chochote usichokifahamu vizuri huwezi kukieleza kwa ufasaha.
A matter of which you are ignorant is like a dark night.
  1. Jogoo la shamba haliwiki mjini
Jogoo lililozoea kuishi shamba, likihamishiwa mjini hushindwa kuwika kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya mazingira yake. Maana, ye yote aliye ugenini yampasa kufanya mambo kwa tahadhari ili kulingana na mazingira ya hapo.
The country cock does not crow in the town.
  1. Kata pua uunge wajihi
Mtu akikata pua yake kwa ajili ya kujirembesha anakuwa anaiharibu sura yake zaidi.
Cut off your nose to mend your face. (Keep up appearances even at the price of losing your property. Cut off your nose to spite your face).
  1. Kidole kimoja hakivunji chawa
Mtu mmoja peke yake hawezi kutenda mengi. Umoja ni nguvu na utengano ni udhaifu.
One finger cannot kill a louse.
  1. Kuishi kwingi kuona mengi
Kuishi katika dunia kwa muda mrefu humpa mtu nafasi ya kujifunza mengi. Tuwaheshimu wazee kwa vile wanaweza kutushirikisha katika mang’amuzi mengi yenye hekima na busara.
To live long is to see much.
  1. La kuvunda halina ubani
Harufu mbaya ya kitu kilichooza haiwezi kufichika au kuzuiwa kwa kufukizia ubani. Hali kadhalika, jambo lililoharibika halifichiki.
There is no incense for something rotting (it is impossible to conceal its evil odour).
  1. Lililoandikwa ndilo liwalo
Lile aliloliweka Mungu litendeke, halishindwi kutendeka kama alivyolipanga. Hii ina maana kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu ni muweza wa yote, hivyo alipendalo hutokea vivyo hivyo. Hakuna awezaye kushindana na matakwa (mapenzi) ya Muumba.
That which is written (by God) is what is (i.e. must surely come to pass).
  1. Maji yaliyomwagika hayazoleki
Maji yakisha mwagika haiwezekani kuyazoa au kuyakusanya tena. Yaani, jambo likiharibika huwa limeharibika, hata kama likitengenezwa kamwe halitaweza kuwa kama lilivyokuwa hapo awali.
If water is spilt, it cannot be gathered up.
  1. Milima haikutani, lakini binadamu hukutana
Milima haina uwezo wa kukutana, lakini binadamu wakiwa hai huweza kukutana hata baada ya kuwa mbalimbali kwa muda mrefu. Hii ni methali inayotumika katika kutiana moyo wakati wanapoagana kwamba wakijaliwa watakutana. Pia hutumika katika kuwaonya watu kuacha tabia ya kuwatendea vibaya wengine kwani huenda wao pia wakatendewa hivyo siku za usoni.
Mountains do not meet, but people meet each other.
  1. Mtoto umleavyo ndivyo akuavyo
Malezi umpatiayo mtoto huwa ni msingi wa mustakabali wake. Maisha ya mtu yanategemea sana msingi wa malezi aliyoyapata tangu angali mchanga. Ni vigumu kwa mtu kuacha tabia aliyoizoea katika makuzi yake.
As you bring up the child, so he/she will be.
  1. Njia mbili zilimshinda fisi
Kutokana na tamaa yake kubwa, fisi alijaribu njia mbili ya kushoto na kulia, lakini alishindwa. Mwangata mbili, moja humpokonya.
Two ways failed the hyena.
  1. Nyumba usiyolala ndani yake hujui ila zake
Mtu hufahamu tu mambo ya nyumba ambamo amelala. Ni jambo la kijinga kwa mtu kujifanya kuwa anaelewa mambo ambayo kwa yamkini hayaelewi.
You cannot know the defects of a house you have not slept in. It is the wearer who knows where the shoe pinches.
  1. Ombaomba huleta unyonge
Tabia ya kuombaomba vitu humfanya mwombaji kuwa mnyonge au duni. Mlegevu, mzembe, goigoi na mvivu kuwategemea watu wengine, maana hana bidii ya kujitafutia riziki yake kwa kufanya kazi mwenyewe. Mtegemea cha ndugu, hufa maskini.
Begging makes somebody become inferior.
  1. Ondoa dari uezeke paa
Acha kujenga dari mpaka umalize kuezeka. Mtu anatakiwa kwanza kufanya jambo lililo muhimu kwanza kabla ya mengine yasiyo muhimu.
Remove the ceiling in order to thatch the roof.
  1. Panapofuka moshi pana moto
Moshi ni ishara ionyeshayo uwepo wa moto. Watu wanaogombana mara kwa mara si ajabu kuwa siku moja wataingia vitani na kusababisha maafa.
Where there is smoke there is fire.
  1. Paka akiondoka, panya hutawala
Paka na panya ni maadui wakubwa. Paka hutishia sana uhai wa panya kwa kuwakamata na kuwala nyama. Kwa jinsi hiyo, paka anapoondoka, panya hupata nafasi ya kufanya vitu vyao bila ya kuwa na hofu yoyote. Ndivyo ilivyo kwa wafanyakazi, endapo mkubwa wao akiondoka, walio chini hujiona kuwa huru na hufanya mambo wapendavyo.
When the cat goes away, mice do reign. When the cat’s away, the mice do play.
  1. Penye watu wengi hapaharibiki neno
Mahali ambapo kuna watu wengi hapaharibiki neno. Walipo watu wengi hubadilishana mang’amuzi na hivyo fikira na nguvu zao hukusanywa pamoja ili kulitengeneza jambo. Penye wengi pana Mungu ambaye ni muweza wa yote.
Where there is a gathering of people nothing goes bad. Where there are many people, there God is (Vox populi vox Dei).
  1. Radhi ni bora kuliko mali
Kupata radhi ya wazazi ni bora kuliko kupata mali. Baraka ya wazazi haiwezi kupatikana hivihivi tu, lakini mtu anaweza kutafuta mali wakati na mahali popote. Kwa hiyo, yatupasa kuwatii wazazi (wakubwa) wetu ili watubariki ndipo hata tutafutapo mali au riziki huwa tumekwisha pata baraka ya mafanikio maishani kutoka kwa wazazi.
Blessings are better than wealth.
  1. Rahisi haihalisi
Kitu au bidhaa ipatikanayo kwa bei poa ni kitu hafifu hivyo huwa si kizuri na hakifai. Cheap things are not worthy spending money on them.
  1. Sikio halilali njaa
Hapana siku ipitayo bila ya sikio kusikia maneno fulanifulani yawe mabaya au mazuri. Hivyo sikio halilali bila ya kusikia neno.
An ear does not go to sleep hungry (there’s always plenty of gossip).
  1. Sumu ya neno ni neno
Moto huzimwa kwa maji na pia neno humalizwa na neno. Likizuka neno au jambo linalowafanya watu kulisema sana au uvumi fulani, ule uvumi huendelea hadi pale uvumi mwingine tofauti utakapotokea. Basi, hapo watu husahau ule uvumi wa kwanza wakaushika ule uvumi mpya.
The poison for a word is a word. Tit for tat.
  1. Tamaa mbele, mauti nyuma
Mtu mwenye tamaa nyingi mwishowe hupatwa na misiba mibaya. Anayetanguliza tamaa na ubinafsi mbele ajue hana mwisho mzuri.
Desire first, death afterwards (i.e. No one ever thinks of the possibility of death when concentrating on achieving a particular end). Man proposes, God disposes.
  1. Taratibu ndio mwendo
Mwendo wa polepole ndio ufaao. Yaani, jambo lolote lile halina budi kufanywa kwa kuzingatia kanuni.
Slowly is indeed the way to walk. He that goes slowly goes surely. Hasten slowly. Slow but sure.
  1. Uchungu wa mwana, aujua mzazi
Mzazi ndiye anayepata uchungu mwingi zaidi ya watu wote anapomzaa mtoto wake. Yaani mwenye kuthamini kitu chochote kile ni yule mwenye kitu hicho. Kwani ni yeye ndiye aliyetaabika katika kukitafuta na kukipata.
The labour of childbirth is known to the mother.
  1. Ukiona vinaelea, vimeundwa
Ukiviona vyombo vya kusafiria vinaelea juu ya maji, ujue kwamba ni matokeo ya juhudi na maarifa ya watu waliovitengeneza. Kizuri chochote ukionacho, ufahamu kimepatikana kwa bidii na jasho na siyo kwa miujiza.
If you see vessels afloat, remember that they have had to be built.
  1. Usipoziba ufa, utajenga ukuta
Usipoukarabati ufa kwenye ukuta mapema, ukuta utabomoka na hivyo utalazimika kuujenga ukuta tena. Usipolirekebisha kosa dogo tangu mwanzo, utapata hasara kubwa hatimaye.
If you do not fill up a crack, you will have to build a wall. A stitch in time saves nine.
  1. Vita havina macho
Wakati wa vita mtu ye yote yule anaweza kuumizwa, kuuawa au kupata madhara ya aina yoyote ile. Ni vema kujiepusha na vita.
War has no eyes (i.e. it kills indiscriminately).
  1. Vita vya panzi furaha ya kunguru
Panzi wanapopigana na kuuana kwa wingi ni furaha ya kunguru kwani hupata chakula chao kwa urahisi. Hali kadhalika, maafa ya wanyonge huweza kuwa furaha ya wakubwa.
A fight between grasshoppers is a joy to crows.
  1. Wapiganapo tembo, nyasi huumia
Ndovu wawili wakipigana, husababisha nyasi kukanyagwakanyagwa na kuharibika. Yaani viongozi wawili wanapopigana wanaoumia ni wafuasi au watu walio chini ya himaya zao. Wakati mataifa makuu mawili (k.m.Warusi na Marekani wakati wa vita baridi) yanapopigana, mataifa madogo ndiyo yanayoumia.
Where elephants fight, the reeds get hurt.
  1. Ya kale hayapo
Yale yaliyotokea zamani yamekwisha na yanapaswa kusahauliwa. Hapana haja ya mtu kuwa na kifundo cha moyo kwa ubaya aliofanyiwa hapo zamani.
The ancient (things) are no longer with us. Let bygones be bygones.
  1. Yote yang’aayo si dhahabu
Si kila kionekanavyo kinameremeta ni dhahabu. Kwani viko vingi ving’aavyo, lakini ambavyo si dhahabu na ni vya thamani ndogo mno kuliko dhahabu. Usikipende kitu kwa uzuri wake wa nje, bali ukichunguze sana ili ujue ubora wake. Uzuri wa mkakasi ndani kipande cha mti.
All that glitters, do not think it is gold.
  1. Ziba mwanya, asipite panya
Ukisha kugundua mwanya wa panya, fanya hima ili uuzibe ili panya wasifanye mazoea ya kuutumia mwanya huo. Mathalani, serikali ikisha gundua mwanya wa bidhaa za magendo haina budi kuharakisha kuuziba mwanya ili kuondokana na ugumu wa kulikabili tatizo hilo baada ya kuzoeleka na walanguzi seuze na wafanyabiashara ya magendo.
Seal the small path so that the rats should not create the habit of using it.
  1. Zimwi likujualo halikuli likakwisha
Shetani akujuaye hakuli akakumaliza. Watu wa jamii au ukoo moja hawadhuriani kabisa. Endapo wakifanya hivyo, basi huhesabika kuwa ni wachawi.
A devil that knows you will not devour you completely.

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  MISIMU / SIMO
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 07:32 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

MISIMU / SIMO

Misimu ni semi za muda na mahali maalum ambazo huzuka na kutoweka kutegemea mazingira maalum. misimu inayodumu huweza kuingia katika methali, nahau au misemo ya lugha ya jamii hiyo.
CHANZO CHA MISIMU
  • Misimu huzuka kutoka na na mabadiliko ya kihistoria yanayokumba jamii katika nyakati mbalimbali.
  • Misimu mingine huzuka kutokana na hali ya utani miongonim mwa watu mbalimbali.
  • Mara nyingi misimu ya aina hii hubeba kebehi, dhihaka, kejeli, mabezo, dharau au kusifu kusiko kwa kawaida.
SIFA ZA MISIMU
  • Misimu huzuka na kutoweka.
  • Misimu ni lugha isiyo rasmi.
  • Misimu ni lugha ya mafumbo.
  • Misimu ina chuku nyingi.
  • Misimu ina maana nyingi.
  • Misimu hupendwa sana na wengi.
  • Misimu ina mvuto na kwa sababu hii hupendwa na watu wengi.
  • Misimu huhifadhi historia ya ya jamii.
SABABU ZA KUTUMIA MISIMU
  • Kutaka mazungumzo yawe siri.
  • Kudhania matumizi ya misimu ndio ujuzi wa lugha.
  • Kufanya mambo mazito naya maana kuwa mepesi naya kawaida.
NJIA ZITUMIKAZO KUUNDA MISIMU
  • Njia ya kufupisha maneno (Kufupisha maneno mfano Kompyuta –komp)
  • Njia ya kutohoa kutoka lugha za kigeni. (Kutotoa maneno ya kigeni mfano father- fadhee)
  • Njia ya kutumia sitiari (Kutumia sitiari au jazanda mfano-Golikipa –Nyani, Mtu mlafi-fisi)
  • Njia ya kutumia tanakali (Kutumia tanakalimfano; Bunduki – mtutu)
  • Njia ya kubadili maana ya msingi
AINA ZA MISIMU
  1. Misimu ya pekee
Huelezea uhusiano uliopo kati ya kikundi kimoja kutoka kwenye utamaduni mmoja. Misimu hii inapatikana sehemu fulani ambapo wanaishi watu wa aina moja, mfano kazini. Misimu hii inaitwa ya kipekee kwa sababu hujulikana sehemu ilipozukia tu, na sio nje ya eneo hilo.
Kwa mfano misimu ya kipekee inaweza kutumiwa na: –
  • Wafanyakazi katika ofisi moja
  • wanafunzi katika shule moja
  • wanamichezo wa sehemu fulani.
  1. Misimu ya kitarafa
Misimu ya kitarafa huchukua eneo kubwa/pana kidogo kimatumizi inaweza kutumika hata kwenye tarafa, wilaya, mkoa au kanda. Ueneaji wa misimu hii hutegemea hali au tabia ya muingiliano wa watu katika shughuli za maisha ya kila siku, kama- biashara na michezo, mara kadhaa misimu ya kitarafa hutokana na:[Image: 4avBUgrVUAfbUJ-mrrjuF665ZrO8ZwykaxuDujoD...cIt6H4S6Cw]
  • Vitu vilivyo katika eneo fulani
  • Lugha itumikayo katika eneo fulani
  • Uzoefu wa mazingira au uwezo wa lugha ya msanii.
  1. Misimu zagao
Misimu zagao huenea nchi nzima pengine hata kuvuka mipaka ya nchi. Misimu zagao hutumika katika mikoa yote ya nchi na pia hutumika katika vyombo vya habari kama vile magazeti, hutumika pia katika vitabu na vipindi vya redio na television.
Mfano wa misimu zagao ni: –  neno (kabwela), (wakereketwa), (buzi), (bwege) n.k

MATUMIZI /DHIMA ZA MISIMU
  • Kukuza Lugha
  • kupamba lugha
  • Kufanya mawasiliano yawe mafupi na yanayoeleweka kwa haraka
  • Kuficha lugha ya matusi
  • Kuwaunganisha watu wa makundi (matabaka) mbalimbali
  • Kuhifadhi historia ya jamii.
  • Kuibua hisia mbalimbali za wazungumzaji
  • Kufurahisha na kuchekesha
  • Kukosoa na kuiasa jamii
  • Misimu huleta msamiati wenye matusi
  • Misimu hupunguza hadhira
MATATIZO YA MISIMU
  • Misimu huharibu lugha kwa sababu siyo lugha sanifu
  • Misimu baadhi ya wakati huleta msamiati yenye matusi
  • Misimu ni lugha ya mafumbo na hufahamika na kikundi kidogo kinachotumia misimu hiyo.
  • Misimu imetiwa chumvi nyingi kwa hivyo haiaminiki katika jamii
  • Misimu huzuka na kutoweka
  • Misimu ina maana nyingi

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  MISEMO 37 YA KWENYE VYOMBO VYA USAFIRI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 06:37 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

MISEMO 37 YA KWENYE VYOMBO VYA USAFIRI
1.Yatima hadeki
2.Utamu wa chips mimba
3.Ukitaka kujua ugumu wa kudai kopesha ukweni
4. Usiyempenda kaja
5. Kobe hapimwi joto
6. Acha kazi uone kazi kupata kazi
7. Ukichezea koki utalowa
8. Heshima pesa kipara kovu tu!
9. Mtumbwi hauna saitimira.
9. Silaha pesa bastola mzigo
10. Hata uoge mjini huendi
11. Chezea mshahara usichezee kazi.
12. Ukiona manyoya ujue kaliwa
13. Ikisimama Panda
14. Pombe pombe tuu kunywea bar mbwebwe
15. Njia ya chooni haioti nyasi
16. Likizo ya maskini ugonjwa
17. When i grow up i want to be a scania
18. Hata bibi alikuwa binti
19. Kisigino hakikai mbele
20. Kama mapenzi pesa kaolewe na benki
21. Hata barabara ina matuta lakini huwezi panda viazi
22. Mavi hayana miba lakin ukikanyaga lazima uchechemee
23. Paka haishi kwa msela
24. Ukipendwa ujue kuna boya kaachwa
25. NIPO NIPO KWANZA
26. Mchana nzi usiku mbu
27. Usimshangae funza kukata viuno ndio mwendo wake
28. Kama umelipenda (gari) bonyeza nyota liwe lako
29. Supermarket hawauzi mkaa
30. We nisubiri mi nakungoja.
31. Zetu dagaa kuku tamaa
32. Hata uwe na heshima vipi huwezi kumpokea askari bunduki!!!!!!!
33 Mama mkanye mwanao bodaboda sio yangu
34 Bajaji pesa tunapata tatizo Chupi
35 Babako analo?
36 Kunyata anyate kinyonga akinyata kicheche mwizi wa kuku
37 Kuvaa dera sio kazi kazi kulishikilia

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  CHIMBUKO LA METHALI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 06:26 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Mitazamo mbalimbali imetolewa kuhusu chimbuko la methali miongoni mwake ikiwamo ifuatayo:

Miruka (1994) anasema methali hutokana na uzoefu wa maisha ya kila siku ya wanajamii na kwa kutumia methali wanajamii hao huwasilisha falsafa na msimamo wa maisha ya jamii yao. Akiunga mkono wazo la jamii kuwa chanzo cha methali,
Madumulla (1995) anasema Methali ziliibuka kutokana na uzoefu wa kila siku wa watu na pia kutokana na kuchunguza matukio ya maumbile (Tafsiri yangu).
Naye Nyembezi (1963) anaeleza kwamba methali huzuka kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali katika masimulizi ya jamii. Ziko methali ambazo zimetokana na masimulizi ya kimiujiza, ngano, na hadithi za kale. Ziko pia methali zilizotokana na matukio ya kweli ya kihistoria. Lakini Nyembezi (ametajwa) anasisitiza kwamba idadi kubwa ya methali chimbuko lake ni uzingatiaji wa tabia za binadamu na wanyama na pia vitu mbalimbali vilivyo katika mazingira. Tabia na maumbile yao hulinganishwa ili kupatanishwa na ukweli wa hali halisi.
Kutokana na hayo, ni dhahiri chimbuko kuu la methali ni jamii yenyewe na mazingira yanayoizunguka. Methali haiwezi ikazuka nje ya jamii. Methali isipochipuka kutokana na jamii inayohusika haitaeleweka kwa urahisi katika jamii ile. Kwanza kwa sababu haitakuwa ikihusisha mazingira yanayoeleweka kwa wanajamii na kwa kushindwa kufanya hivyo haitaweza pia kueleza ukweli unaotokana na hali halisi. Hivyo, kama asemavyo Mohamed (1974), methali ziliibuka tangu binadamu alipoanza kutumia lugha ili kukidhi mawasiliano na kueleza hisia zake za ndani na za jamii yake.

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  Utumiaji wa methali katika insha
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 06:10 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Utumiaji wa methali katika Insha

Ni vizuri mwanafunzi aelewe kwamba, katika insha methali hutumika kwa njia mbili: i) kuonyesha mhusika aliyazingatia mafunzo ya methali. ii) kuonyesha mhusika aliyapuuza. Uangalie mfano ufuatao: Mhusika fulani alikuwa na bidii katika shughuli zake. Katika mfano huu, tunaweza kutumia methali mchumia juani huliakivulini kuonyesha aliizingatia methali hii. Iwapo mhusika alikuwa mzembe bado tunaweza kuitumia methali hii huku tukionyesha aliipuuza.
Semi za kutumia pamoja na methali
  • Waambao waliamba … (methali)
  • Chambilecho wahenga … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakukosea shabaha waliponena … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakututia kiwi walipoamba … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakutupaka mafuta kwa mgongo wa chupa waliponena … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakutupiga mafamba walipoamba … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakutuchezea kayaya za chini kwa chini waliposema … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakuuza upepo kwa dunia waliposema …(methali)
  • Wahenga hawakutupatia ulimi wa kulazia waliponena … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakutuchezea shere walipolonga … (methali)
  • Wahenga hawakutoa ngebe walipolonga .

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  Matumizi ya Lugha Katika Methali
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 06:01 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Sitiari

  1. Mgeni ni kuku mweupe.
  2. Ahadi ni deni.
  3. Upweke ni uvundo.
  4. Mgeni ni kuku mweupe.
  5. Ujana ni moshi.
  6. Mapenzi ni kikohozi.
  7. Kukopa arusi kulipa matanga.
Tashbihi
  1. Kawaida ni kama
  2. Riziki kama ajali ijapo huitambui.
  3. Usilolijua ni kama usiku wa giza.
  4. Ufalme kama mvua hupiga na kupita.
Tashhisi
  1. Siri ya mtungi muulize kata.
  2. Paka akiondoka panya hutawala.
  3. Jembe halimtupi mkulima.
  4. Ukupigao ndio ukufunzao.
  5. Adhabu ya kaburi aijuaye maiti.
Takriri
  1. Haba na haba hujaza kibaba.
  2. Chovya chovya humaliza buyu la asali.
  3. Hauchi hauchi unakucha.
  4. Hayawi hayawi huwa.
  5. Mtoto wa nyoka ni nyoka.
  6. Bandu bandu huisha gogo.
Balagha
  1. Pilipili usiyoila yakuwashiani?
  2. Angurumapo samba mcheza ni nani?
  3. Wameshindwa wenye pembe seuze wewe kipara?
  4. Simba mla watu akiliwa huwani?
  5. Mzigo uko kichwani, kwapa lakutokeani jasho?
  6. Mavi usiyoyala wayawingiani kuku?
  7. Mla ni mla leo mla jana kalani?
Taswira
  1. Mpanda farasi wawili hupasuka msamba.
  2. Mti mkuu ukigwa wana wa ndege huyumba.
  3. Mtupa jongoo hutupa na ung`ong`o wake.
  4. Angeenda juu kipungu hafikii mbingu.
Chuku
  1. Mzigo wa mwenzio ni kanda la sufi.
  2. Maji ya kifuu bahari ya chungu.
  3. Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta.
Tanakali za sauti
  1. Chururu si ndondondo!
  2. Ndo! Ndo! Hujaza ndoo.
  3. Kiliacho pa kijutie.
Kinaya
  1. Bara Hindi ndiko kwenye nguo na waendao uchi wapo.
  2. Kwenye miti hakuna wajenzi.
  3. Asante ya punda ni mateke.
  4. Kigumba kwa nguruwe kwa binadamu ki uchungu.
  5. Kikiharibika cha fundi kikiongoka cha bwana Sudi.
Kejeli/dhihaka/stihizai
  1. Umekuwa mung`unye waharibikia ukubwani.
  2. Hawi Musa kwa kubeba fimbo.
  3. Ucha Mungu si kilemba cheupe.
  4. Kichwa cha kuku hakistahili kilemba.
  5. Kichwa cha nyoka hakibandikwi mtungi.
Jazanda
Joka la mdimu hulinda watundao
  • Mtu mwovu huwanyima wengine vitu asivyovihitaji.
  • Kupanda mchongoma kushuka ndio ngoma
  • Ni rahisi kujitia katika matata kuliko kujitoa.
Taashira
  1. Kimya kingi kina mshindo mkubwa.
  2. Kuku mgeni hakosi kamba mguuni.
Kweli kinzani
  1. Wagombanao ndio wapatanao.
  2. Ukupigao ndio ukufunzao.
  3. Kuinamako ndiko kuinukako.
  4. Mwenye kelele hana neno.
  5. Kimya kingi kina mshindo mkubwa.
Tanakuzi
  1. Tamaa mbele mauti nyuma.
  2. Mpanda ngazi hushuka.
  3. Usione kwenda mbele kurudi nyuma si kazi.
  • Kuainisha methali kutokana na matumizi ya lugha ni kusema mbinu ambazo imetumia.
Vigezo vya Kuainishia Methali/Kuziweka Pamoja na kuzichambua
Mandhari/mazingira k.m. kilimo.
  • Ukipanda pantosha utavuna pankwisha.
  • Jembe halimtupi mkulima.
    1. Maudhui k.m. ulezi
  • Samaki mkunje angali mbichi.
  • Mcha mwana kulia hulia yeye
  1. c) fani/tamathali k.m. takriri
  • Haba na haba hujaza kibaba
  • Mtoto wa nyoka ni nyoka.
  1. d) Jukumu k.m. kuonye
  • Asiyesikia la mkuu huvunjika guu.
  • Ukiambiwa jiambie usijeishia kumbe.
    1. Maana k.m. sawa
      • Haraka haraka haina baraka.
      • Polepole ndio mwendo.
[*]Vigezo zaidi vya kuchambua methali
Inarejelea vitu gani? K.m. Hindi ndiko kwenye nguo na waendao uchi wapo.
  • Nchi-Hindi
  • Vitu-nguo
  • Watu-waendao uchi
  • Inakupa wazo gani kuhusu jamii husika?
  • Utamaduni na njia za kiuchumi.

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  Chemsha Bongo
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 08-01-2021, 05:41 PM - Forum: Semi - No Replies

Chemsha Bongo

  • Maswali ambayo huhitaji mtu kutumia akili na ujuzi kuyajibu.
  • Mafumbo ni kauli zenye maana iliyofichika na hujumuisha vitendawili na chemshabongo.
Mifano
  1. Kilo moja ya chuma na kilo moja ya nyama ipi nzito?
  2. Amada ana wafanyikazi saba, wanne hufanya kazi vizuri, wawili ni kama wamekufa, mmoja ni kama mwenda wazimu- miguu, pembe na mkia wa ng’ombe.
  3. Kipungu alipita juu, mama na ndege wawili wakamwangalia. Je macho mangapi yalimuona kipungu?- manne.
  4. Nina watu wangu watatu, wawili ni watoto na wawili ni baba- mtoto, baba na babu.
  5. Chura alitumbukia katika shimo la futi 30 na anaruka futi 10. Aruke mara ngapi ili atoke?- Hawezi.
  6. Watu watatu wanavuka mto. Mmoja aliyaona maji na kuyakanyaga. Wapili aliyaona lakini hakuyakanyaga. Watatu hakuyaona wala kuyakanyaga. Watu hao ni kina nani?
Sifa
  1. Ni kauli fupi au ndefu.
  2. Hutuia lugha ya kimafumbo.
  3. Hutumia ufananisho wa kijazanda.
  4. Huhitaji mtu kuwaza ili kupata jibu.
  5. Hujengwa na vitu vinavyotokana na mazingira.
  6. Hazina muundo maalum kama methali, nahau na vitendawili
  7. Hupima uwezo wa msikilizaji wa kutambua jambo lililofichwa.
Umuhimu
  1. Kuimarisha stadi ya kusikiliza.
  2. Kunoa uwezo wa kufahamu.
  3. Kutoa mawaidha.
  4. Kufunza kuhusu maumbile.
  5. Kuimarisha uwezo wa kukumbuka.
  6. Kufunza mambo kuhusu mazingira na maumbile.
  7. Kukuza uwezo wa kutumia lugha.
  8. Kukuza uwezo wa kufikiri.
  9. Kuburudisha na kuchekesha.
  10. Kukuza uwezo wa kubuni.

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