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  SHAIRI: MWALIMU YAMENIKUTA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 01:19 PM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

Ninauleta mkasa, msada nahitajia.
Mwenzenu yalonifika, vema kuwahadithia.
Kichwa kinanichakata, mawazo wahida mia.
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae?
 
Kipindi kilipofika, darasani naingia.
Nyanga zangu za hakika, madenti kuwakatia.
Sauti inasikika, hakuna asosikia.
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae?
 
Sauti ilisikika, “Mwalimu ninaumia”.
Nyuma nilipogeuka, msichana maridhia.
Haraka nikamfika, niweze msaidia.
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae?
 
Macho aliyazungusha, mahaba kuashiria.
Meno anang’ata kucha, ashindwa kunambia.
Miguu aitikisa, kama ataka kimbia.
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae.
 
Ghafla kakurupuka, ili anikumbatie.
Mikono amenyoosha, kifuani kwangu mie.
Maneno yakimtoka, “maridhia nihurumie”.
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae.
 
Libasi kaziangusha, moja hadi nyinginewe.
Pumzi akizishusha, zinakuja kwangu mie.
Kwa kweli amenichosha, manusura nizimie.
Mwa yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae?
 
“Mwalimu ninateseka, japo busu nitupie.
Wangu moyo umeteka, hadi napata kiwewe.
Nia yangu nimeweka, ticha unioe mie. ”
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae?
 
Ghafla ninashtuka, kumbe naona ndoto.
Nilipofunua shuka, pembeni kuna kitoto.
Taratibu nainuka, na hapo mwisho wa ndoto.
Mwalimu yamenikuta, nikubali nikatae?.

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  SHAIRI : HALI HALISI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 01:06 PM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

SHAIRI : HALI HALISI
Dawa ingekuwa sumu,ningekunywa kwa dakika.
nitangulie kuzimu,nikapate pumzika.
ila Mungu ni Rahimu,kwake tamaa naweka.
Musione tabasamu,moyoni nimeyaweka.
Umekunjuka wajihi,nikaapo ninacheka.
ila naapa wallahi,maini yanikatika.
basi musinikebehi,musione ni dhihaka.
Mungaona nafurahi,moyoni nimeyaweka.
Mezama kina kirefu,cha huzuni na wahaka.
ningalikuwa dhaifu,yote yangebainika.
ila ni Mola Raufu,mjawe nasitirika.
Ningawa mchangamfu,moyoni nimeyaweka.
Japo hujichangamsha,kuficha yalofichika.
moyo huutononesha,yasije kudhihirika.
kila la kunikondesha,nabeba bila kuchoka.
Nilipo nina bashasha,moyoni nimeyaweka.
Nimeeleza vilivyo,ukingoni nimefika.
mujue ndivyo ilivyo,mewapa ilo hakika.
na hivyo muniwazavyo,sivyo imeeleweka.
Vyovyote munionavyo,moyoni nimeyaweka.
SARAI MAULID +254726765519
MOMBASA KENYA.

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  ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO ' AFWAJI' NA 'UMMA'
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 01:02 PM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

HII NDIYO ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO ' AFWAJI' NA 'UMMA'

Neno afwaji[ Ngeli: li-/ya-/wingi: maafwaji] katika lugha ya Kiswahili ni nomino yenye maana zifuatazo:

1. Kundi la watu lililokusanyika pamoja kwa lengo fulani; mkusanyiko wa watu kadhaa.

2. Kikundi cha askari jeshi wakiwa na silaha.

Katika lugha ya Kiarabu, neno hili afwaji (soma: afwaajun/afwaajan/afwaajin افواج) ni wingi wa neno la Kiarabu fawju ( soma: fawjun/fawjan/fawjin فوج kundi ) lenye maana zifuatazo:

1. Kundi la watu.

2. Kundi la wanajeshi.

Neno umma[ Ngeli: u-/u-] katika lugha ya Kiswahili ni nomino yenye maana ya jumla ya watu wote katika nchi.

Kadhalika hutumika kuonesha jambo la wote (sio jambo la mtu/watu binafsi) kama vile:

1. Mali ya umma ni mali ya wananchi wote kwa pamoja iliyo  mikononi mwa serikali.

2. Jeshi la umma ni jeshi la wananchi kwa faida ya nchi nzima.

Katika lugha ya Kiarabu neno 'umma' ( soma: ummatun/ummatan/ummatin امة) lina maana zifuatazo:

1. Kundi la watu wanaounganishwa na mambo shirikishi ya kihistoria. Mambo hayo yanaweza kuwa lugha, Dini au uchumi. Watu hao huwa na malengo ya pamoja kiitikadi, kisiasa au kiuchumi, mfano Al-Ummatu Al-Ifriqiyyat الامة الإفريقية umma wa Kiafrika.

2. Mfano mwema. Sura ya 16 (Surat An-Nahli), Aya ya 120 katika Qur'aan Tukufu, Mwenyeezi Mungu Amesema: "Hakika Ibrahim alikuwa ummatan (mfano mwema), mnyenyekevu kwa Mwenyeezi Mungu, mwongofu, wala hakuwa miongoni mwa washirikina."

3. Kundi la watu wanaoishi nchi moja.

4.  Kila aina kutokana na wanyama.

5. Mzazi wa kike (mama).

6. Dini.

7. Kizazi (Generation).

8. Njia, barabara.

9. Muda, wakati, kitambo.

10. Kimo.

Kinachodhihiri ni kuwa wakati neno afwaji ( soma: afwaajun/afwaajan/afwaajin  افواج) lilipoingia katika Kiswahili na kutoholewa  kuwa neno afwaji maana zake katika lugha yake ya asili - Kiarabu haikubadilika, neno ' umma ' ( soma: ummatun/ummatan/ummatin أمة)  lilichukua maana ya jumla ya watu wanaoishi katika nchi na kuziacha maana zingine za neno umma katika Kiarabu.

Shukran sana.

Khamis S.M. Mataka.

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  MAANA YA USHAIRI KULINGANA NA MAWAZO YA WANAMAPOKEO
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 12:11 PM - Forum: Fasihi kwa ujumla - Replies (1)


.docx   MAANA YA USHAIRI KULINGANA NA MAWAZO YA WANAMAPOKEO.docx (Size: 62.46 KB / Downloads: 0)

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  HISTORIA FUPI YA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 11:57 AM - Forum: Fasihi kwa ujumla - No Replies

HISTORIA FUPI YA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
1.0 Utangulizi
Kiswahili ni neno linayowakilisha dhana ya lugha iliyo na asili ya Kibantu, hususan lugha zilizo katika mwambao wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Kwa mujibu wa Massamba (2007), Kiswahili ni matokeo ya mkutaniko (convergence) wa jamii zilizokuwa zinatumia lugha zenye asili ya Kibantu zilizojikuta katika upwa wa Afrika ya Mashariki baada ya mtawanyiko (divergence) wa miaka mingi. Kwa hiyo, Kiswahili kikawa ni matokeo ya mkutaniko huo wa jamii zenye asili moja[1]. Licha ya athari za wageni mbalimbali waliofika katika maeneo ya Waswahili katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki, lugha ya Kiswahili imebakia kuwa na tanzu zake za kifasihi, hususan katika usimulizi. Utanzu mkongwe kuliko zingine ni ushairi. Ushahidi wa kihistoria unaonyesha kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili ulikuwapo karne nyingi kabla ya kuja kwa wageni katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Ushairi huu ulikuwepo sambamba na Waswahili wenyewe, lakini ulikuwa katika hali ya usimulizi. Tungo za Fumo Liyongo[2] ni miongoni mwa ushairi wa zamani wa Kiswahili katika upwa wa Afrika Mashariki. Kabla ya kuja wageni, hasa Waraabu, Waswahili walikuwa wakijulikana kwa majina ya jamii zao za asili za kibantu kama vile Walamu, Wapate, Wapemba, Wadigo, Wavumba, Waunguja, Wangazija na kadhalika. Ushairi wa jamii hizi uliendelea kuwa katika hali ya usimulizi mpaka wageni kutoka nje ya bara la Afrika walipoanza kuja. Kihistoria, tungo za fasihi ya Kiswahili hususan ushairi zilihifadhiwa katika hati ya Kiarabu[3].
2.0 Historia ya Ushairi
Utanzu wa ushairi ni utanzu ambao una historia ndefu miongoni mwa tanzu zote za kifasihi. Hili ni kutokana na misingi kwamba, binadamu ana masuala mengi ya kisaikolojia na kisosholojia ambayo mara nyingi humsumbua. Binadamu hujiona razini na mwenye kipawa cha ubunifu kuliko wanyama wengine. Ndiposasa kila mara yumo katika pilikapilika za kubuni mikakati mipya ya kukabiliana na mazingira yake yanayobadilika kwa kasi mno.
Ushairi kama utanzu  wa fasihi ya Kiswahili una historia tawili ambayo hadi sasa tarehe kamili ya chanzi chake imegubikwa katika utata. Wallah (1988) ana maoni kwamba licha ya utata huu, watafiti wengi wanakubaliana kwamba ushairi huu ulianza pindi tu mwanadamu alipoanza kutumia nyimbo katika kazi zake kama vile uvuvi, ususi, ukulima na uvunaji. Jamii za Kiswahili na za Kiafrika kwa ujumla zilidumisha ushairi wao kupitia kwa masimulizi ya mdomo na nyimbo. Vipengele vya lugha vilivyotawala ushairi huu wa Kiswahili aidha ni vya jadi kama ulivyo ushairi wenyewe. Mojawapo ya hivi vipengele vya fani ni umbo na sitiari.
3.0 Mihula ya Ushairi wa Kiswahili
Kezilahabi (katika Fasihi III, 1983) amegawa historia ya ushairi wa Kiswahili katika mihula minne ambayo ni; Muhula wa Urasimi, Muhula wa Utasa, Muhula wa Urasimi Mpya na Muhula wa Sasa.
3.1 Muhula wa Urasimi
Ni vigumu kueleza ni lini hasa mashairi ya Kiswahili yalianza kuchukua umbo lake la kimapokeo. Ni vigumu zaidi kusema lini shairi fulani lilianza kuonekana katika hali ya maandishi. Tatizo hili linasababishwa na kuwako kwa mashairi hayo katika hali ya fasihi simulizi karne nyingi kabla ya hati za Kiarabu kufika upwa huu wa Afrika Mashariki. Wakati mwingine matukio yatajwayo huweza kumsaidia mchunguzi kwa baadhi ya maandishi, hasa yale yenye athari kubwa ya Kiarabu, huwa vigumu kusema kama mwandishi aliandika kwa uasili wake mwenyewe au alikuwa akijaribu kukumbuka shairi fulani la huko alikotoka. Hili bado ni jambo la kufanyiwa uchunguzi  kuhusu mashairi ya zamani.
Kimaandishi mashairi ya zamani yajulikanayo sana ni Utenzi wa Tambuka (1728) ulioandikwa na bwana Mwengo, Utenzi wa Hamziya (1949)  au (1690) ulioandikwa na Sayyid Abdarus, Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi (1810 – 1820) ulioandikwa na Sayyid Abdallah A. Nasir na Utenzi wa Mwanakuponaulioandikwa na Mwanakupona mwenyewe. Tarehe za kuandikwa kwa tenzi ni za kukisia, lakini kwa jumla ziliandikwa katika karne ya kumi na nane na nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya kumi na tisa. Kimaandishi Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi ni utenzi wa kwanza wenye uzito kujadili matatizo na mazingira yaliyohusu Afrika ya Mashariki na utenzi wa kiwango cha juu kabisa katika falsafa ya dini na wa kiwango cha juu kisanaa. Ni utenzi wenye uasili japo hapa na pale unarejea katika Korani. Utenzi wa Hamziya ndiyo umetumia lugha ya zamani kuliko tenzi zingine. Lugha iliyotumika ni Kingozi lakini ni tafsiri ya utenzi wa Kiarabu ujulikanao kama “Kasidatul Hamziya” ulioandikwa na Muhamed bin Said al-Busiry wa Misri. Hii ndiyo tafsiri ya zamani ya kwanza kufanywa katika lugha ya Kiswahili tuliyonayo. Utenzi wa Mwanakupona (1858) ndio utenzi pekee wa zamani ulioandikwa na mwanamke na ukaacha athari kubwa katika maisha ya ndoa katika pwani ya kaskazini. Utenzi mwingine unaostahili kutajwa hapa niUtenzi wa Fumo Liyongo (193?). utenzi huu ndio utenzi pekee wa zamani wenye athari chache za nje. Ni utenzi wa Kiafrika zaidi. Ni vigumu kusema kama kweli Fumo Liyongo alikuwa mshairi. Hili bado ni jambo la kufanyia uchunguzi. Anayejulikana ni Fumo Liyongo wa kihistoria aliyenyang’anywa ufalme wa Shagga na Daudi Mringwari. Zipo nyimbo hapa na pale ambazo zimeitwa zake bila kuchunguza kama kweli kimtindo na kimaudhui zinaweza kuwa zimeandikwa na mtu mmoja na katika wakati aliopata kuishi. Nyimbo hizo ziliandikwa na mwandishi wa Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi.
Tenzi nyingine ni Utenzi wa Ayubu, Utenzi wa Ngamia na Paa, utenzi wa Masahibu, Utenzi wa Kiyama, Utenzi wa Mikidadi na Mayasa, Utenzi wa Ras al-Ghuli na Utenzi wa Shufaka. Hizi ni tenzi za zamani ambazo hazisomwi sana  siku hizi.
Upande wa mashairi, kimaandishi mshairi aliyejulikana sana ni Muyaka bin Haji (1776 – 1940) na Bwana Mataka na Ali Koti. Wapo washairi wengine waliokuwa wakiandika wakati huu lakini mashairi yao bado hayajakusanywa na kuwekwa katika hali ya vitabu. Washairi hawa walifuatiwa na Muhammad Kijumwa na Hemedi Abdallah. Hapa tunaweza kusema kuwa ndio mwisho wa muhula wa Urasimi katika fasihi ya Kiswahili. Ni dhahiri kuwa kuhusu muhula huu uchunguzi mdogo sana umefanywa sehemu ya upwa wa Kusini chini ya Tanga. Hemedi Abdallah ndiye mwandishi pekee anayejitokeza.
3.2 Muhula wa Utasa
Miaka kati ya 1885 – 1945 tunaweza kusema kuwa ulikuwa muhula wa utasa katika fasihi ya Kiswahili. Maandishi machache yaliandikwa wakati huu, mengi yakiwa maandishi ya Hemedi Abdallah. Tunapata pia Utenzi wa Vita vya Maji Maji na Utenzi wa Vita vya Uhuru. Kihistoria sababu zinajulikana. Ulikuwa ni wakati ambao mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa yakigawana Afrika, vile vile wakati wa vita vya Dunia. Kimaandishi ulikuwa wakati wa kubadilisha hati za maandishi. Mambo haya yalisimamisha fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili kwa muda. Kwa hiyo kanuni za uandishi wa mashairi zilianza kupotea.
3.3 Muhula wa Urasimi Mpya
Miaka ya 1945 – 1960 tunaweza kuuita muhula wa urasimi mpya. Kazi kubwa ilikuwa ni kufufua kanuni hizi. Huu ndio ulikuwa wakati wa Shaaban Robert, Amri Abedi, Khamis Amani (Nyamaume), Mathias Mnyampala, Ahmed Nassir, Mdanzi Hanasa, Kibwana, Abdi Matunga, M.M. Kihere na wengine  wengi. Kwa hiyo kitabu cha Sheria za Kutunga Mashairi kiliandikwa wakati ambao kilikuwa kinahitajika sana ili kuweka kiungo kizuri na wakati uliopita. Lakini kwa sababu fulani fulani muundo ulioshika sana ni muundo wa mizani 16 na katika mistari minne, muundo uliotumika sana na Muyaka bin Haji katika karne ya kumi na nane. Sababu mojawapo kubwa ni kuwa wanamapokeo waliamini kuwa shairi liliandikwa ili liimbwe, wakati huo mghani Radioni Athumani Khalfani alikuwa amezoea kuimba mtindo huo na katika mahadhi ya aina moja. Sababu nyingine ni kutopatikana kwa maandishi ya amani hadi kamati ya Kiswahili ya Afrika Mashariki ilipoundwa. Shaaban Robert ndiye aliyejaribu kutumia mitindo mbalimbali ya wakati uliopita.
Miaka ya 1960 – 1967 ilikuwa miaka ya kuyumbayumba katika ushairi wa Kiswahili. Hii ilisababishwa na nchi za Afrika Mashariki kutokuwa na malengo maalum baada ya uhuru. Ulikuwa pia ni wakati ambapo washairi wawili mashuhuri walifariki. Hata hivyo ulikuwa wakati ambao washairi wapya walikuwa wakijengeka.
3.4 Muhula wa Sasa
Miaka 1967 hadi leo tunaweza kuuita muhula wa sasa. Kwa Tanzania ndio wakati wa kutafuta uhuru kamili katika lengo la kufikia ujamaa. Washairi wengi walianza kuwa na mtazamo mpya kisanaa, mgogoro juu ya kanuni za usahiri uliongezeka. Hapa lazima tujiulize, kwa nini mgogoro huu unatokea katika muhula huu kwa nguvu zaidi? Swali hili limo katika mkondo ule ule wa uhuru wa kiuchumi, uhuru wa kiutamaduni n.k. Kihistoria, swali la uhuru katika ushairi linafuata mkondo huu wa uyakinifu wa kihistoria. Ni tukio ambalo haliwezi kuepukika. Ni tukio muhimu katika historia ya ushairi wa Kiswahili.
4.0 Maoni Mengine
Tunaweza kukubaliana au kutokubaliana na mawazo ya Kezilahabi juu ya mgawanyo wa mihula kuhusu historia ya ushairi. Kama ilivyoelezwa na wataalamu wengine kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili hauna tarehe maalum ya lini ulianza. Tunakubaliana na mawazo ya wengi kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili ulianza pale tu binadamu alipoanza kutumia lugha katika kujikimu kimaisha. Na hivyo, ili kuielewa historia ya ushairi huu sharti tuuhusishe na historia ya mswahili mwenyewe. Suala la kuwepo ama kutokuwepo kwa Waswahili haliwezi kuchukua mjadala kwani lilikwisha kujadiliwa na wengi na kufikiwa mwafaka. Hapa tutachunguza tu safari ya mabadiliko ya waswahili kutoka kwenye hatua za mwanzo za kimaisha hadi kufikia hatua waliyomo sasa.
4.1 Ushairi wa Kiswahili Kabla ya Ujio wa Wageni
Katika hatua za mwanzo kabisa, waswahili kama walivyo watu wengine wa mataifa na makabila mengine, waliishi maisha ya ukusanyaji wa matunda, mizizi na uwindaji wa ndege na wanyama wadogowadogo kwa ajili ya chakula. Baada ya kupiga hatua kidogo katika maisha walianza kulima na hatimaye kufuga baadhi ya wanyama na ndege. Wakati wakiendelea na shughuli zao hizo, fasihi yao hasa ushairi, ilifanya kazi kubwa ya kuwahamasisha katika shughuli zao. Kwa hiyo, ushairi wa wakati huo ulikuwa ni nyimbo za kazi, kubembelezea watoto na nyingine. Kila hatua ya maendeleo waliyopitia waswahili na ushairi wao haukuachwa nyuma. Kadiri walivyozidi kubadirika ndivyo ushairi nao ulivyobadirika na kuchukua dhima mpya. Mwanzo kabisa dhima ya ushairi ilikuwa ni dhima za kiuchumi na kijamii. Baada ya jamii kuingia katika matabaka na ushairi nao ukawa na dhima hizo za kitabaka. Kwa muda mwingi zaidi ushairi wa Kiswahili ulikuwa simulizi kwa sababu waswahili hawakujua kusoma na kuandika.
4.2 Ujio wa Waarabu
Ujio wa Waarabu ulileta athari kadhaa katika ushairi wa Kiswahili. Athari kubwa ya kwanza ni kutambulishwa kwa hati za kiarabu. Waarabu walipokuja katika upwa wa Afrika mashariki walianza kuandika mashairi yao kwa Kiswahili kwa kutumia hati za kiarabu. Hapa ndipo tunanza kupata ushairi andishi wa Kiswahili. Waarabu waliwafunza waswahili kusoma na kuandika kwa kutumia hati za kiarabu. Waswahili nao walianza kuhifadhi mambo yao katika maandishi kwa kutumia hati hii ya kiarabu.
Ushairi wa kale zaidi tunaoukuta katika maandishi ni nyimbo za Fumo Liyongo. Kuja kwa Waarabu kunatambulisha migongano kati ya ustaarabu na ushenzi (ukafiri). Hata hivyo Waarabu walifanya juhudi kubwa ya kuwafundisha Waswahili ustaarabu wao kwa kuwasilimisha na kuwafundisha dini. Hapo pia tunashuudia kukua kwa miji ya Waswahili ambapo migongano inachukua nafasi kubwa zaidi, kati ya ushamba na umji.
4.3 Uvamizi wa Wareno
Kipindi cha miaka ya 1500 hadi 1730 kilikuwa kipindi cha Wareno kuvamia Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki, ambapo waliteka miji ya Mombasa na Kilwa/Malindi. Ushairi wa kipindi hiki ulihusu migongano kati ya wazungu na wenyeji. Ulikuwa ni mgogoro kati ya Ukristo na Uislamu. Tenzi nyingi zilitungwa kipindi hiki lakini zaidi zilikuwa za kidini hasa kupinga Ukristo. Baadhi ya tenzi hizo ni Herekali, Tambuka na Hamziya ambao ulikuwa ni utenzi uliosimulia maisha ya mtume Mohamed, nao una mgogoro wa kupinga Ukristo. Kuna wimbo ulioelekezwa kwa mzungu aliyeitwa Miguel (jina la Kireno) kupinga mauaji aliyoyafanya dhidi ya Waswahili.
Mzungu Migeli u mwongo
Mato yako yana chongo
Kwani kuwata mpango
Kwenda kibanga uwani?
(Mulokozi na Sengo, 1995:76)
4.4 Utawala wa Waoman
Kushindwa kwa Wareno mwaka 1730, kuliwaweka Waswahili chini ya utawala wa Waoman baada ya wareno kuondoka, miji iliyotawaliwa ni Zanzibar na Mombasa. Historia ya Waswahili inajikita katika utawala wa Waoman. Washairi wanaojipambanua hapa ni Muyaka bin Haji na washairi wa Pemba kama vile Kibabina, Ali Koti na wengine. Ushairi wa wakati huu ulihusu mgogoro kati ya Waarabu na Waswahili. Pia kuna mgogoro kati ya mji na mji kama vile Pate na Lamu, mmgogoro kati ya dini na siasa.
Muyaka bin Haji anaposema,
Jifungetoni masombo,
Tuje tuteze nao,
Bebeni tezi na ngao, n.k,
Alikuwa akiwaasa Waswahili kuwa tayari kupambana dhidi ya utawala kandamiza wa Waarabu.
Washairi wengine wanaoibukia katika kipindi hiki ni Sayid Abdallah bin Ali bin Nassoro ambaye anatoa ya dini na mtazamo wa Uislamu, anachora miji iliyoporomoka kutokana na athari za wareno – Wakristo. Mwingine ni Mwanakupona binti Musham. Yeye anaibuka na mseto wa utamaduni. Anafundisha malezi ya mwanamke, lakini bado ni utenzi ulioelemea zaidi kwenye dini.
4.5 Ujio wa Wazungu
Mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, upwa wa Afrika Mashariki ulivamiwa na kutawaliwa na Wazungu ambao walileta athari kubwa katika ushairi wa Kiswahili. Kwanza kutambulishwa kwa hati za kirumi ambapo Waswahili walianza kutumia hati hizo kuandika kazi zao. Ushairi kwa kipindi hiki zaidi umejikita katika kupinga ukoloni. Miongoni mwa washairi wanaojipambanua hapa ni Hemed bin Abdallah (1850 – 1928) aliyekuja na tungo za:
Utenzi wa Seyyidina Hussein bin Ali (EALB, 1972)
Utenzi wa Abdirrahamanni na Sufiyani (EALB, 1961)
Utenzi wa Kadhi Kassim bin Jaafar (TUKI, 1974)
Utenzi wa Vita vya Wadachi Kutamalaki Mrima (EALB, 1960)
Kazi nyingine zinazopatikana katika kipindi hiki ni Utenzi wa Vita vya Majimaji. Kazi nyingi zaidi katika kipindi hiki zilihusu maisha ya Washahili chini ya Ukoloni, watu waliojipendekeza kwa wakoloni, wale waliopinga ukoloni, pia yaliibuka mashairi yaliyohusu maadili.
Baadaya kama miaka ya 1930 – 1960 kilikuwa kipindi cha mzinduko wa kitaifa na kitamaduni. Washairi katika kipindi hiki walianza kutetea Uafrika. Mashairi mengi yaliyoandikwa katika magazeti ya mambo leo yalihusu zaidi utamaduni na utu wa Mwafrika. Washairi kama vile Shaaban Robert wanaibuka na kutetea Kiswahili. Shaaban Robert anawahimiza watu wajiunge na chama cha TAA. Washairi wengine ni Mdanzi bin Hanasa, Swalehe kibwana, Mwalimu Mwalimu Kihere na wengine..
Miaka ya 50 kilikuwa ni kipindi cha mwamko wa kisiasa. Baada ya kutetea maadili wanavuka na kuanza harakati za kumwondoa mkoloni. Kipindi hiki washairi walitumia mafumbo zaidi. Washairi wanaojipambanua katika kipindi hiki ni Shaaban Robert, Amri Abedi, Saadan Kandoro na wengine. Kandoro anamwandikia mjomba wake Amri Abedi aliyekuwa anasoma Pakstani akimweleza harakati zilizokuwa zikiendelea huku nyumbani za kumwondoa mkoloni. Miongoni mwa mashairi hayo ni pamoja na: Siafu wamekazana, ondoka nchini kwetu, kwetu ni kwao kwa nini? Waafrika njooni na mengine mengi yanayopatikana katika Mashairi ya Saadan. Sifa kubwa ya mashairi ya kipindi hiki ni kupinga ukoloni.
4.6 Baada ya Uhuru
Baada ya nchi za Afrika Mashariki kujipatia uhuru wake, Waswahili walikuwa kwenye shere za kushangilia uhuru. Washairi nao hawakubaki nyumba kuimba nyimbo za kushangilia uhuru. Baadhi ya mashairi yanayopatikana katika kipindi hiki ni pamoja na: Kujitawala, Chukua hicho kiti na mengine. Mashairi yaliyotawala kipindi hiki ni ya kutafakari Uhuru, mashairi ya kujenga taifa. Washairi wanaojipambanua zaidi hapa ni Kandoro, (Kujitawala kugumu tujikongoje) na Nyerere (Usawa wa Binadamu na Chombo cha Taifa Letu).
Katika harakati za kujenga taifa, kulianzishwa siasa ya Ujamaa na Kujitegemea, falsafa iliyotokana na kutangazwa kwa Azimio la Arusha mwaka 1967. Washairi nao wakasimama kuiimba siasa ya ujamaa na kujitegemea. Mashairi yakaanza kuzungumzia ujamaa, ukombozi wa Afrika na Azimio la Arusha. Baadhi ya kazi za kipindi hicho ni pamoja na:
Matunda ya Azimio
Malenga wa Bara
Miaka kumi ya Azimio na mashairi mengine.
4.7 Mgogoro wa Ushairi
Kipindi cha miaka ya 1960 hadi 1970 jamii ya waswahili iliingia katika mgogoro mkubwa ambao uligawa washairi katika makundi mawili. Ni kipindi ambacho nchi ilikuwa katika mabadiliko ambapo baadhi ya watu walielekea kukata tamaa baada ya ahadi nyingi zisizotekelezeka. Sanaa ya ushairi nayo ilikubwa na wimbi hili la mabadiliko na kuanza kuihakiki jamii. Jambo kubwa lililotawala kipindi hiki katika sanaa ya ushairi ni kuwa mashairi yaweje? Baada ya wananchi kuanza kukata tamaa na wengine kuona ujamaa unasalitiwa, wakaanza kuuhakiki ujamaa. Miongoni mwa washairi wanaojitokeza katika kuuhakiki ujamaa ni pamoja na E. Kezilahabi, Mulokozi na Kahigi.
4.8 kKipindi cha Sasa
Kezilahabi na diwani yake ya Dhifa anatuingiza katika kipindi cha sasa ambapo uhuria umetawala. Watu wanagawana mali ya Umma, watu wako kwenye dhifa wanagawana mali ya nchi wanakula.
5.0 Maendeleo
Katika kipindi cha sasa twaweza kuona kuwa idadi ya washairi imeongezeka, idadi ya mashairi imeongezeka na ubora wa mashairi umeimarika. Ushairi leo unashirikisha watu wengi zaidi hasa baada ya kufundishwa shuleni. Mabadiliko ya 1960 yamezua fani mpya kama vile ngojera na sasa ushairi umekuwa sanaa ya umma. Kumekuwa na:
  1. Mashairi huru mengi
  2. Mashairi ya kidrama
  3. Ushairi wa vijana (Bongo Flever) unaosaili yaliyopo
  4. Ushairi unabadilika kuendana na hadhira, wanachanganya ushairi na ngoma.
6.0 Matatizo
Pamoja na mafanikio hayo katika ushairi wa Kiswahili bado pana matatizo mengi ambapo leo:
  1. Kuna matatizo katika masuala ya uchapishaji
  2. Diwani siyo nyingi
  3. Magazeti si mengi yenye kutoa kurasa za mashairi kama zamani
  4. TV na Redio hawawapi nafasi za upendeleo washairi.
Rejelea katika Massamba 2007
Fumo Liyongo ni shujaa katika historia ya Kiswahili ambaye tungo zake zinasemekana ni za zamani sana, na
aliishi katika upwa wa Afrika Mashariki.
Waarabu ndio wageni walioiita pwani ya Afrika Mashariki kwa jina la sahel, na wenyeji wake kuitwa wasuahel. Hili ndilo jina walilopewa wenyeji wa pwani kama Waswahili, yaani wenyeji wa pwani, na huu ndio mwanzo wa matumizi ya neno Waswahili. Aidha lugha yao iliitwa Kiswahili.

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  SHAIRI: “YALIYOPITA YAMEPITA” NA MATHIAS MNYAMPALA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 11:44 AM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

TUJIKUMBUSHE KALE YETU
Mathias Eugen Mnyampala, mmoja wa washairi maarufu na wa daraja la juu katika ulimwengu wa Kiswahili alitunga shairi liitwalo “YALOPITA YAMEPITA”. Shairi hili alilitunga baada ya Tanganyika kupata uhuru mwaka 1961 akiwa na nia ya kuwaasa washairi wa wakati wake kukomesha magombano na mivutano yao ya kishairi na badala yake watunge tungo aali zenye kuadilisha jamii (ikumbukwe kuwa miaka ya kabla ya uhuru malumbano ya washairi yalishitadi sana hadi kufikia hatua ya kuwagawa washairi katika makundi). Katika shairi hilo tunamuona Mathias Mnyampala akiwataja washairi bulibuli kama ilivyo desturi ya washairi kuzinduana na kuhamasishana kwa kutajana majina (kumbe jadi hii ya kutajana majina ndani ya tungo hatuianzi siye wa zama hizi). Katika shairi hilo Mnyampala alisema:
Hapana cha upinzani, cha ugomvi na matata
Watunzi na ubishani, vile watunzi kuteta
Sasa wanayo imani, umoja wamefumbata
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Ya uhuru yatungeni, ya ugomvi yamepita
Tanganyika ni amani, nchi haina salata
Washairi unganeni, na utunzi kutakata
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Bwana Gonga muhisani, mtunzi mwenye kunata
Khamisi bini Amani, mwenye tungo za kutata
Ugomvi jama acheni, tungeni ya kumemeta
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Msanifu Makarani, mwenye tungo za kuvuta
Bwana Miraji rubani, mtunzi usiyesita
Pia na Makwayasoni, mtunzi mwenye mafuta
Ya ugomvi tuacheni, na tutunge ya uhuru
Bwana Juma Ujijini, na Adamu nawaita
Mheshimiwa wa dini, Sheikh Amri Kaluta
Wambieni suluhuni, madaraka tumepata
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Nawe Bwana Damiani, shauri hili kamata
Na kule Magharibini, ni Idrissa kakita
Waaseni ya uhuni, waungwana kutafuta
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Mandevu wa Buguruni, na Shaha wanaye Chata
Kazimoto na Imani, Kiwato na Chamatata
Tanganyika tukuzeni, kiwango tumekigota
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Mwaruka na Selemani, waacheni kuwasuta
Na Palla wa Uteteni, Bini Mchuchuli Sheta
Na adui pendaneni, hata kama ni msuta
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Shinyanga ni Khalfani, fundi kucheza karata
Na Unguja kisiwani, washairi bora sita
Kwa umoja shikaneni, pamoja kujipakata
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Tama Bwana Shaabani, na Saidi msojuta
Mahamudu Hamduni, na Snow mwenye kuseta
Nawe Bwana Saadani, na kurumbiza fuata
Ya ugomvi yamepita, na tutunge ya uhuru
Shime washairi wa leo tushike busara na hekima iliyomo ndani ya shairi hilo la Sheikh Mathias Mnyampala kwani shairi lake limehifadhi mafunzo yenye adili yasiyochujuka kwa zama zote
Hassan R. Hassan
Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma
**Wakatabahu**

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  MALENGA WA BARA NA K.K. KAHIGI NA M.M. MULOKOZI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 09:47 AM - Forum: Fasihi kwa ujumla - No Replies


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  UHAKIKI WA UTENZI WA MAPENZI BORA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 09:36 AM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies


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  MFANO WA NGONJERA : TUONDOE KUPE
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 09:29 AM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

 TUONDOE KUPE
Mume
Mke wangu wasikia, yasemwayo redioni?
Wakubwa wahutubia, na kusema hadharani,
Kupe wanatuibia, watutia umaskini,
Kaka yako huyu John, arudi kwao shambani.
 
Mke
Lo! Kaka wamchukia, kisirisiri moyoni?
Hana baya katulia, hana kukuru nyumbani,
Kazi ajitafutia, tamjalia Manani,
Nawe nduguyo yu ndani, vipi haendi shambani?
 
Mume
Hivi waniiga kumbe, vile ndugu yumo ndani?
Hana mke yu msimbe, nitamtupia nani?
Maneno hayo usambe, wanitia ghadhibani,
Kaka yako huyu John, arudi kwao shambani.
 
Mke
Wako si mwana mkembe, ni mkubwa mara thani?
Kila mara umpambe, na chakula kila fani,
Huyu wangu umchimbe, umrudishe nyumbani,
Nawe nduguyo yu ndani, vipi haendi shambani?
 
Mume
Mjumbe wa nyumba kumi, hukumwona jioni?
Alisema kwangu mimi, nitafikishwa bomani,
Kwa siasa ya uchumi, tusiweke watu ndani,
Kaka yako huyu John, arudi kwao shambani.
 
Mke
Hendi aniache mimi, tufukuzwe sote ndani,
Kwa nduguyo hungurumi, kwani ana kazi gani?
Hana kazi na hasomi, kazi yake ukunguni.
Nawe nduguyo yu ndani, vipi haendi shambani?
Mume
Kaka yako ndiyo kupe, anatunyonya nyumbani,
Na kila kitu tumpe, wala hana shukrani,
Madeni mengi tulipe, waleta hawa wahuni,
Heri watoke nyumbani, wote waende shambani.
 
Mke
Na wako pia ni kupe, azimio labaini.
Linasema tuwakwepe, wasio kazi mjini,
Wanyonyaji tuwatupe, wajitegemee nchini,
Heri watoke nyumbani, wote waende shambani.
 
(Ngonjera za Ukuta, uk. 54-55, M. E. Mnyampala)

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  MADAI YA WANAMAPOKEO NA WANAMAPINDUZI KUHUSU USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 09:20 AM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies

MADAI YA WANAMAPOKEO NA WANAMAPINDUZI KUHUSU USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
Dai la msingi la wanamapokeo (wanajadi) ni kuwa urari wa vina na mizani ni roho na uti wa mgongo wa shairi la Kiswahili.Wengi wa wanamapokeo hawakiri kuwa kinachotungwa na wanamapinduzi ni mashairi. Wanauchukulia ushairi wa kisasa kuwa si ushairi bali ni insha au nathari tu. Kwa upande wa wale wachache wanaokiri kuwa ni ushairi, wanauona kuwa ni ushairi usio bora na ushairi wa kigeni.Wanauchukulia kuwa ni ushairi uliotokana na kuiga ushairi wa Kiingereza. Aidha, wanawachukulia wanamapinduzi (wanausasa/ wanamamboleo) kuwa ni watu walioshindwa kutunga mashairi ilhali wanatamani kuwa watunzi wa mashairi. Matokeo yake ni kutunga vitu visivyokuwa mashairi na kudai kuwa ni mashairi ya kisasa, jambo ambalo wao wanamapokeo hawalikubali.Wanazuoni wanaounga mkono chapuomkabala huu ni pamoja na Said Karama, Jumanne Mayoka, S.Kandoro, Amiri A. Sudi, Haji Gora,Nassir, Abdilatif Abdalla, Shihabuddin Chiraghdin, Mathias Mnyampala, Shaaban bin Robert, Amri Abedi, Amiri A.S. Andanenga, Wallah bin Wallah.
Kwa upande wao, wanamapinduzi wanawalaumu wanamapokeo kwa kuzuia maendeleo ya ushairi wa Kiswahili kwa kutoutambua ushairi ‘mpya’ ulioibuka.Wanamapinduzi wanabainisha kwamba ushairi simulizi wa Kibantu, ambayo ndiyo chimbuko la ushairi wa Kiswahili, kama wanavyokiri piawanamapokeo, haukufuata kanuni za urari wa vina na mizani. Kanuni ya urari wa vina na mizani kama uti wa mgongo wa ushairi wa Kiswahili wanaiona kama kanuni iliyotokana na athari za Waarabu katika ushairi huo wala si kanuni ya jadi ya ushairi wa Kiswahili.
Hivyo, wanamapinduzi nao, kama ilivyokuwa kwa wanamapokeo, wanalaumu ujio wa wageni kama chimbuko la athari mbaya kwa ushairi wa Kiswahili.Wanamapinduzi wanaenda mbali na kukazia kwamba shairi liamuliwe na kufungamana na mawazo, mtiririko wa hisia na makusudio ya mtunzi na si mbinu ya kifani.
Kwa jumla, wanausasa hawapingi uhalali wa urari wa vina na mizani katika ushairi wa Kiswahili bali wanataka aina ‘mpya’ ya ushairi, ushairi usiofuata urari wa vina na mizani utambuliwe kuwa ni mashairi ya Kiswahili pia. Kwa hivyo, wanamapinduzi wanatambua mashairi yenye urari wa vina na mizani kuwa ni mashairi ya Kiswahili lakini hawaoni kuwa huo ndio uti wa mgongo wa ushairi wa Kiswahili; mashairi ya Kiswahili yanaweza pia kutokuwa na urari wa vina na mizani.Watetezi wanaopigia chapuo maoni haya ni Fikeni Sonkoro, Euphrase Kezilahabi, Kulikoyela Kanalwanda, David Massamba, M.S.Khatibu, Theobald Mvungi, Kithaka wa Mberia miongoni mwa wengine wengi.
Ulinganishi na ulinganuzi wa mashairi ya arudhi na mashairi huru.
Mlingano:
  • Maumbo: Kimaumbo, yote hujigawa katika beti, mishororo, vipande na mizani.
  • Hutumia lugha ya mvuto, ya kimafumbo, ya kishairi, tamathali za usemi.
  • Hutumia uhuru wa kishairi kama inkisari, mazida, tabdila, kufinyanga au kuborongasarufi na kadhalika.
  • Uakifishaji:Yote hutumia alama za kuakifisha kama koma, kiulizi(o), kituo kikuu, kibainishi (ritifaa).
  • Maudhui :Maudhui yote huwa na ujumbe muhimu wa mtunzi. Huzungumzia mambo  yanayomhusu binadamu na mazingira yake.
Ulinganuzi:
  • Maumbo hubadilika katika mashairi huru lakini katika mashairi ya arudhi (wanamapokeo) hayabadiliki.
  • Katika mashairi ya arudhi, viwakilishi hutumiwa kwa kusudi maalumu ilhali katika mashairi huru havitumiwi sana ila kiulizi,kipumuo kifupi na alama ya hisi.
  • Mashairi huru hutumia lugha sanifu. kwa kiasi kikubwa. Mashairi ya kimapokeo huboronga sarufi kwa kusudi la kutosheleza vina na mizani.
  • Idadi ya mistari kutoka ubeti hadi ubeti hutofautiana katika mashairi huru.
  • Katika mashairi ya arudhi, idadi ya mizani, vina na vipande huzingatiwa sana lakini katika mashairi huru jambo hili halitiliwi uzito hata kidogo.
  • Mashairi ya arudhi huzingatia kanuni za kijadi katika utunzi wake, lakini mashairi huru hayazingatii kanuni hizi za kijadi za utunzi wa mashairi.

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