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  KISWAHILI KWA WAGENI (VIDEO)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 12:40 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

KISWAHILI KWA WAGENI

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  KISWAHILI KWA WAGENI (VIDEO)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 12:30 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

KISWAHILI KWA WAGENI (VIDEO)

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  UFUNDISHAJI WA KISWAHILI MAREKANI: MAENDELEO NA CHANGAMOTO
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 12:06 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

SWAHILI FORUM 15 (2008): 121-133
UFUNDISHAJI WA KISWAHILI MAREKANI: MAENDELEO NA CHANGAMOTO
                                     J. KIARIE WA’NJOGU
1. Utangulizi
Kiswahili ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kiafrika zinazofundishwa nchini Marekani. Lugha zingine ni Kiyoruba, Kizulu, na Kihausa (tukitaja chache tu). Kunazo lugha zingine za Kiafrika ambazo hufundishwa kutegemea mahitaji ya wanafunzi. Lugha hizi ni kama vile Ki-
wolof, Kitwi, Kitigrinya, Kiamharik, Kilingala na kadhalika. Lugha za Kiafrika zimekuwa zikifundishwa Marekani kuanzia miaka ya hamsini, kupitia mswada uliopitishwa na bunge wa Elimu ya Ulinzi wa Taifa (National Defense Education Act – NDEA) wa mwaka 1958 (Bo- kamba 2002). Mswada huo ulipelekea kuanzishwa kwa vituo vya ufundishaji wa mambo ya Afrika na masomo ya maeneo mengine (African and other area study centers). Kuanzishwa kwa vituo hivi kulikuwa kama njia moja ya kujaribu kukabiliana na maenezi ya Ukomunisti.
Pia wakati huo huo, kulikuwa na msukumo kutoka kwa Waafrika-wa-Amerika (Waamerika wa asili ya Afrika) uliosababishwa na kutofundishwa mambo yaliyohusu historia na utamaduni wao. Msukumo huu pia ulichangia katika kuanzishwa kwa lugha za Kiafrika katika
vyuo vya elimu ya juu. Baada ya Vita Baridi kuisha na kuvunjika kwa muungano wa Sovieti, Marekani ilihimiza lugha fulani zifundishwe kwa maslahi ya mahitaji yake ya kiuchumi na usalama. Miongoni mwa lugha zilizofikiriwa kuwa muhimu ni Kiamharik na Kizulu (Mazrui 1997). Kiamharik kilipendelewa kwa sababu ya kuwa karibu na eneo la Arabia, lililo na utajiri mwingi wa mafuta ya petroli. Lugha ya Kizulu ilipendelewa kwa sababu ya utariji wa maadini katika Afrika ya Kusini na nafasi ya nchi hiyo katika siasa za bara la Afrika kwa jumla.
Kutokana na kuanzishwa kwa lugha za Kiafrika katika elimu ya juu, vyuo vinavyofundisha lugha ya Kiswahili Marekani vimeongezaka kufikia zaidi ya hamsini. Kwa sababu ya tofauti katika ufadhili wa lugha za Kiafrika, programu nazo hutofautiana katika raslmali au vifaa vilivyomo vya kufundishia, ujuzi wa kufundisha, mbinu za kufundisha, na hata kukua kwa progamu zenyewe (Folarin-Schleicher na Moshi 2000). Katika makala hii tutaelezea ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili, utayarishaji wa walimu na vifaa, na matatizo yanayokumba ufundishaji wa Kiswahili (na lugha zingine za Kiafrika kwa jumla) kama lugha ya kigeni. Mwisho tutapendekeza njia za kusuluhisha kwa matatizo haya.
Historia fupi ya Kiswahili Marekani
Kama tulivyotaja hapa juu, lugha za Kiafrika zilipoanzishwa Marekani hazikujisimamia (na bado hazijajisimamia katika vyuo vingi) kama idara. Badala yake zilikuwa kama ‘nyongeza’ katika idara mbalimbali kama vile Isimu, Masomo ya Waafrika-wa-Amerika (African-American Studies), na Idara ya Fasihi, Idara ya Fasihi-Linganish, au Idara ya Masomo ya Kimataifa. Mwanzoni, walimu waliochukua nyadhifa za kusimamia au na kufundisha lugha hizi walifanya hivyo kwa kujitolea au kama kazi ya ziada. Waaafrika wachache waliokwenda Marekani kuendelea na masomo yao katika idara mbalimbali waliweza pia kutumiwa kufundisha lugha zao kwa malipo (ingawa ya chini). Malipo haya yalikuwa kwa kulipiwa karo/ada za shule na mshahara mdogo kila mwezi kugharamia maisha na mahitaji ya shule (Sanneh na Omar 2002).
Wizara ya mambo ya Kigeni ya Marekani ilihitaji wafanyakazi wa kuhudumu katika bara la Afrika na kwa hivyo walichapisha vitabu vya kwanza vya kufundishia lugha za Kiafrika. Swala ambalo lilikabili kuanzishwa na kufundishwa kwa lugha za Kiafrika Marekani lilikuwa la kuamua ni lugha zipi (miongoni mwa zaidi ya 2500) zifundishwe. Mwaka wa 1979 walimu wa lugha za Kiafrika na wawakilishi wa vituo vya masomo ya Kiafrika walikutana katika Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Michigan. Lengo la mkutano huo lilikuwa ni kutoa mwelekeo na kipaumbele ufundishaji wa lugha za Kiafrika. Mkutano huo ulitoa orodha ya lugha za kufundishwa kwa kuzingatia maswala ya ndani ya Afrika, kama vile idadi ya wasemaji na matumizi ya lugha hizo kama lugha za pili. Orodha kamili ilikuwa na lugha ishirini na nne zilizofikiriwa kuwa muhimu kama lugha za taifa na za kimataifa. Orodha hii ilitofautianan kidogo na ile ya Wizara ya Elimu kwa sababu yao iliongozwa na maswala ya ulinzi wa taifa.
Mwaka wa 1980 NDEA ilifutiliwa mbali na badala yake kukawa na Halmashauri ya Elimu ya Juu (Higher Education Act). Kupitia msaada wa halmashauri hii, waratibu wa lugha za Kiafrika huweza kukutana kila mwaka kujadiji njia za kuzipa nguvu lugha hizi. Mswada huu ulitiliwa nguvu zaidi baada ya kuanzishwa kwa vyama vya wataalamu kama Vituo Vya Taifa vya Lugha za Kigeni (National Foreign Language Centers-NFLC) mwaka 1987, na Shirikisho la Walimu wa Lugha za Kiafrika (African Language Teachers’ Association-ALTA) mwaka 1988 (Sanneh na Omar 2002). Wakati huo huo, kwa mara ya kwanza, udhamini wa Fullbright-Hays ulitolewa kwa wanafunzi wa Kihausa na Kiswahili ili kuwawezesha kushiriki katika kujifunza lugha hizi ng’ambo wakati wa kiangazi (Group Projects Abroad-GPA). Kufikia sasa kuna udhamini wa lugha tatu (Kiswahili, Kizulu na Kiyoruba) katika mradi huu. Programu ya Kiswahili huwapeleka wanafunzi Tanzania, progamu ya Kiyoruba huwapeleka wanafunzi Nigeria, na ile ya Kizulu huwapeleka wanafunzi Afrika Kusini.
Katika miaka ya tisini, programu za lugha za Kiafrika zilifanya warsha mbalimbali ili kuwazoesha walimu wa lugha husika mbinu za kufundisha na kutahini usemaji wa lugha hizo. Mbinu hizi zilitayarishwa na kupendekezwa na Baraza la Amerika la Ufundishaji wa Luhga za Kigeni (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages-ACTF). Mapendekezo haya yalikubaliwa na wote waliohusika na utekelezaji wake ukaanza mara moja. Kwa bahati mbaya, utekelezaji huu haukudumu kwa sababu ya kubadilikbadilka kwa walimu wa lugha za Kiafrika. Tatizo hili litajadiliwa hapo chini.
Kutokana na msaada wa Chama cha Taifa cha Mashirika ya Lugha Zisizofundishwa sana (National Council of Organizations of Less Commonly Taught languages- NCOLCTL), ALTA iliweza kugharamia mfululizo wa pili wa warsha za kujadili mpango wa kufundisha lugha hizi. Kuliundwa vikundi vya kushughulikia lugha tatu zilizoonekana zikifundishwa sana. Lugha hizi zilikuwa Kiswahili, Kiyoruba na Kizulu. Baadaye, vikundi hivi vilipanuliwa zaidi na wajibu wake kuongezwa na kuwa vikundi vya kushughulikia lugha za Afrika Kusini, Mashariki na Magharibi (Southern, Easter, and Western Africa Language Task Forces).
Mwaka wa 1993, Taasisi ya Kiangazi ya Ushirika wa Lugha za Kiafrika (Summer Cooperative Afrian language Institute-SCALI) ilifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Yale. Taasisi hii iliweza kutumia rasilmali kutoka vyuo husika na kuleta pamoja wanafunzi kutoka vyuo mbalmbali, ambao, zaidi ya kubadilishana mawazo ya utafiti wao, walijifunza mojawapo wa lugha za Kiafrika zilizofundishwa. Tangu wakati huo, taasisi hii hufanyika kila kiangazi na chuo chochote kinachoamua kuchukua jukumu la kuiandaa, hulazimika kufanya hivyo kwa miaka miwili mfululizo, kisha huhamia katika chuo kingine. Wanafunzi wa shahada ya pili au zaidi wanaweza kuomba msaada wa kifedha wa kushiriki katika programu hii kutoka mfuko unaogharamiwa na Wizara ya Elimu ya Marekani kupitia programu inayoitwa kwa kifupi FLAS (Foreign Language and Area Studies).

Sababu za Wamarekani kutaka Kujifunza Kiswahili
Vihamasishi vya lugha na masomo ya Kiafrika vinaweza kujitokeza kwa njia mbili kuu: sababu za chuo-husika na sababu za wanafunzi wenyewe. Sababu za chuo ni kama vile kuweka mahitaji ya lugha za Kigeni. Vyuo kadhaa huwahitaji wanafunzi kutosheleza mahitaji ya lugha ya kigeni kwa kujifunza lugha nyingine zaidi ya lugha ya kwanza. Katika kiwango hiki, lugha ya Kiswahili hushindana na lugha zingine za kigeni zinazofundishwa. Lugha hizi hutofautiana kutoka chuo kimoja hadi kingine. Lugha ya Kiafrika (kama Kiswahii) pia inaweza kuwa sehemu ya shahada inayotolewa na idara/programu ya masomo ya Kiafrika. Sababu za wanafunzi ni nyingi na hutegemea mwanafunzi mwenyewe. Baadhi ya sababu hizi ni mahitaji ya utafiti, kumwezesha mwanafunzi kupata ufadhali, biahsara ya kimataifa, hata kumwezesha mwanafunzi kuwasiliana na mpenzi wake (Wa_Njogu 2005).
Kunao pia wanafunzi ambao walijaribu kujifunza lugha zingine za Uropa bila mafanikio. Hawa nao huja kujaribu lugha ambayo ni tofauti kabisa la lugha yao ya kwanza au na lugha yoyote ile ambayo huwa wamejaribu kujifunza. Utafiti umeonyesha kwamba baadhi ya ujuzi wa lugha ya kwanza unaweza kutumika katika kujifunza lugha ya pili (Odlin 1989). Kwa sababu Kiswahili hutumia hati za Kirumi, wanafunzi hawahitaji kujifunza hati mpya kama ilivyo katika madarasa ya Kichina, Kiarabu, Kikorea, Kijapani na mangineyo. Baada ya mazoezi machache, wao wanaweza kutumia ujuzi wao wa lugha ya kwanza na kusoma. Ingawa haijathibitishwa kiutafiti, kwa vile Kiswahii huandikwa jinsi kinavyosemwa au kutamkwa inakuwa rahisi kwa mwanafunzi kukuza mbinu za kusema na kuandika kwa wakati mmoja.
Kama inavyojitambulisha, Marekani ni nchi yenye wahamiaji kutoka nchi nyingi. Nchi za bara la Afrika nazo hazikubakia nyuma katika swala hili la uhamiaji. Watoto wa wahamiaji hawa huhiari kujifunza lugha ambayo wanaweza kujihusisha au kujitambulisha nayo, na kwa minajili ya kuendeleza utamaduni wao. Wanafunzi ambao wanaweza kusema Kiswahili, huhimizwa kuchukua madarasa ya juu kama yale ya fasihi, lakini wale ambao wamezaliwa na kukulia Marekani huanza na madarasa ya chini kama Wamarekani wenzao. Kwa sababu ya uwezekano wa kupanuka kwa matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili barani Afrika, madarasa ya Kiswahili pia huwavutia wanafunzi kutoka bara Ashia kama vile Wachina, Wajapani, na Wakorea.
Kunao wanafunzi ambao hujifunza Kiswahili kwa sababu wanatarajia kuzuru Afrika ya Mashariki. Licha ya wale ambao wanahusika na usomi, kunao wengine ambao wanajishughulisha na miradi hasa ya kidini na huhitaji ufahamu wa lugha na utamaduni wa Kiswahili. Mara kadha kunapatikana wanafunzi ambao ni watu waliostaafu na wanaotarajia kuzuru Afrika kama watalii. Katika Marekani watu wa umri wa juu wanaruhusiwa kujisajilisha madarasa katika vyuo vya serikali bila malipo yoyote. Kwa hivyo wakati mwingine kunapatikana wanafunzi wazee ambao wanajitayarisha kutembelea Afrika ya Mashariki. Kwa jumla wanafunzi ambao hujiunga na madarasa ya Kiswahili kwa malengo yao wenyewe (zaidi ya maamuzi ya chuo) huwa na ari zaidi ya kujifunza. Jambo hili limethibitishwa na watafiti wanaojishughulisha na msukumo unatokana na mwanafunzai mwenyewe na ule unaotoka nje (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) (kama vile Gardner (1996)).
Shule nyingi za msingi na sekondari nchini Marekani hazifundishi mambo ya Afrika. Kwa hivyo mambo mengi ambayo wanafunzi wanajua kuhusu Afrika ni yale yanayotokana na vyombo vya habari kama magezeti na televisheni. Mambo mengi huwa si ya kweli, na hayalengi kuonyesha picha nzuri kuhusu Afrika. Mara nyingi huwa ni habari zinazohusu njaa, magonjwa, vita vya kikabila, ukame na kadhalika. Madarasa ya Kiswahili hujalizia mapango haya kwa kufundisha historia, jiografia, siasa, dini na imani mbalimbali za Afrika (miongoni mwa mengine) zaidi ya kufundisha lugha. Pia madarasa ya Kiswahili hutoa nafasi nzuri ya kukosoa na kurekebisha imani hizi potovu miongoni mwa baadhi ya wanafunzi.
Baada ya uvamizi wa kigaidi wa Septemba 11, 2001 umuhimu wa lugha za kigeni umetiliwa mkazo sana na serikali ya Marekani. Kwa sababu hiyo vyuo vinavyoweza kutoa mafunzo ya juu kwa wanafunzi wao katika lugha za kigeni vinapata ufadhili mkubwa kutoka serikalini. Maingilio ya serikali katika kuathiri mafunzo vyuoni hayajachukuliwa vizuri na walimu wengi kwa sababu malengo ya serikali na ya vyuo hayalingani. Kwa kuwa sababu za wanafunzi za kujifunza Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni ni nyingi na tofauti, silabsi, vifaa, na mbinu za kufundishia nazo hulenga kutosheleza malengo hayo. Hata hivyo ufundishaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni Marekani hukumbwa na matatizo tofauti. Sasa tutayaangazia baadhi ya matatizo hayo.


Matatizo ya Kufundisha Kiswahili kama Lugha ya Kigeni

Matatizo haya yanaweza kuchunguzwa katika vipengele tofauti kama vile: walimu, vifaa, wanafunzi, na ufadhili.

1. Walimu
Wengi wa walimu wanaofundisha Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni hawajachukua mafunzo ya kazi hiyo. Wengi wao ni wanaisimu na hufundisha lugha hizi kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa kuzisema kama lugha ya kwanza, au kwa sababu ya ujuzi wao katika lugha hizi. Tatizo lingine ni kwamba kazi za walimu hawa ni za muda tu, na wala si za kudumu. Kwa hivyo muda wao mwingi huutumia kujishughulisha na mambo mengine ya utafiti wao badala ya Kiswahili. Walimu hawa basi hutegemea sana uzoefu wao na vipawa vyao (Batibo 2003).
Kulingana na Moshi na Schleicher (2000) chini ya asili mia 10 ya vyuo na vyuo vikuu vinavyofundisha lugha za Kiafrika vina walimu wa kudumu wa kufundisha lugha hizi. Ajabu ni kwamba kati ya vyuo hivi hakuna hata kimoja chenye programu iliyoanzishwa kwa ufadhili kutoka kwa serikali. Sababu ya tukio hili ni kwamba vyuo vilivyo na walimu wa kudumu vilianzisha programu zao bila kutegemea mfuko wa serikali na kwa hivyo vilitenga fedha kwa madhumuni ya kukuza programu zao. Hata hivyo walimu hawa huhitajika kufundisha masomo mengine katika nyanja zao za kitaaluma kama vile isimu au fasihi. Kwa sababu tathmini za kazi zao hutegemea sana masomo haya mengine, walimu hawa huzingatia masomo haya zaidi ya lugha katika utafiti wao.
Asilimia kubwa ya walimu wa Kiswahili huwa pia ni wanafunzi wa shahada za uzamili au uzamifu. Wengi wa wanafunzi hawa huwa wanaendelea na masomo yasiyohusiana na lugha ya Kiswahili au mbinu za ufundishaji wa lugha za kigeni. “Utaalamu” wa walimu hawa huwa ni ule wa kuisema lugha ya Kiswahili tu. Ingawa walimu hawa hujibidiisha kufanya kazi nzuri, huwa wanakumbwa na tatizo la kuishiwa na muda wa kujitayarisha kwa masomo yao wenyewe na kujitayarisha kwa masomo ya kufundisha. Na kana kwamba haya si matatizo ya kutosha, vyuo vingi haviwatambui wanafunzi hawa kama wafanyakazi wa chuo na kwa hivyo mishahara yao huwa duni na hawawezi kujiunga na vyama vya wawakilishi wa wafanyakazi vinavyoweza kuwatetea maslahi yao. Ingawa walimu hawa wanapewa jina la walimu wasaidizi, walimu ambao huwa wanastahili kuwasaidia huwa hawaingii madarasani haya mara nyingi (isipokuwa wakati wa ukaguzi wa kazi).
Kunao pia walimu wengine ambao huwa na shughuli zingine mijini na hupewa kazi ya kufundisha Kiswahili kwa malipo ya masaa hayo tu wanayofundisha. Walimu hawa huajiriwa kwa masaa kwa sababu labda chuo hakina pesa au hakitaki kutumia pesa katika programu ya lugha za Kiafrika, na huishia kuchukua hatua hii kwa sababu ya msukumo wa wanafunzi. Hatua hii inaweza kushusha hadhi ya lugha na masomo ya Kiafrika kwa jumla.
Wanafunzi wanaofundishwa na walimu ambao hawakuhitimu katika masomo yao huwa hawayazingatii sana masomo haya. Pia, kwa sababu ya uhaba katika ujuzi miongoni mwa walimu wasiofuzu, kuna uwezekano wa kuishia kufundisha vitu vilivyo rahisi kwao badala ya kuzingatia mahitaji ya wanafunzi na programu kwa jumla.
2. Rasilmali na Vifaa

Kwa jumla kuna uhaba wa rasilmali na vifaa vya kufundishia Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni. Vifaa vinavyotumiwa aghalabu huwa katika hali ya vitabu, kanda za kunasia sauti, kanda za video, visahani vya CD, na tovuti/mtandao. Kila kifaa cha kufundishia huwa kimetengenezwa kukidhi au kutosheleza mahitaji fulani. Kwa vile malengo ya wanafunzi wanaojisajilisha katika madarasa ya Kiswahili ni tofauti, kuna haja ya kuwa na vifaa tofauti ili kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Kwa mfano wanafuzi wa isimu hutaka masomo yapangwe kwa kuzingatia miundo ya sarufi. Wanafunzi ambao wangetaka kuzungumza zaidi huhitaji masomo yapangwe kwa njia ya mazungumzo ili waweze kushirikishwa sana katika mazungumzo. Kuna wanafunzi ambao hutaka kuwa na ufahamu zaidi wa utamaduni na kwa hivyo huhitaji mambo ya utamaduni yapenyezwa katika karibu kila somo. Vifaa vingine pia huzingatia mbinu za wanafunzi za kujifunza. Kuna wanafunzai ambao hutaka kuyatazama mambo kijumla, na wengine hutaka kutazama mambo kwa vipengele vyake. Mpaka sasa hakujatolewa kifaa kinachojisimamia chenyewe katika kutosheleza mahitaji ya mwalimu, wanafunzi, progamu na chuo. Vyuo vingine havina maabara ya lugha za kigeni. Walimu wengine hawana uzoefu wa kutumia vifaa vya kiteknolojia na huhiari kuendelea kutegemea ubao na chaki ilhali wanafunzi wangependelea vifaa vya kisasa kuhusishwa katika madarasa yao ya lugha.

Vitabu 
Katika mwaka wa kwanza kuna vitabu kadha vinavyotumiwa kufundishia Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni. Vitabu hivi ni Kiswahili:Msingi wa Kusema, Kusoma, na Kuandika cha Thomas Hinnebusch na Sarah Mirza; Kiswahili kwa Kitenda cha Sharifa Zawawi; Tujifunze Kiswahili cha John Mugane; Tuseme Kiswahili cha Senkoro miongoni mwa vingine. Kuna vitabu vingine lakini hivyo hutumiwa kama vya ziada na marejeleo. Vitabu tulivyotaja vimejaribu kuwasilisha lugha na utamaduni kwa njia mwafaka kwa wanafunzi wa mwaka wa kwanza. Vitabu hivi vimeanza kwa mambo ya kimsingi kwa kuzingatia kwamba watumizi wa vitabu hivi hawana ufahamu wowote wa maisha katika Afrika ya Mashariki (Biersteker and Bennett 1986). Mazungumzo, ufahamu, sarufi na mazoezi vinatosheleza mahitaji ya kiwango hiki. Udhaifu mkubwa wa vitabu vya mwaka wa kwanza ni kuegemea sana katika sarufi. Maoni ya mwandishi ni kwamba kwa vile waandishi wa vitabu hivi ni wanaisimu, walidhani wanafunzi wote wa Kiswahili ni wanaisimu au wana ujuzi wa isimu au wanastahili kuwa na ujuzi huo. Kwa mfano, kitabu cha Mugane kimejaa maelezo ya migao katika vitenzi na makubaliano ya irabu. Ingawa maelezo haya yanawafaa walimu na wanafunzi wa isimu au wanafunzi walio na elimu ya kiisimu, kwa wanafunzi wengi hizi ni habari za kuwapoteza zaidi. Udhaifu mwingine ni wa kutegemea michoro badala ya picha halisi. Picha halisi huonyesha jinsi kitu kilivyo na hali ilivyo katika uhalisi wake. Michoro inaweza kufikiriwa kama maoni ya mchoraji na ukweli wa mambo unaweza kutojitokeza katika michoro. Udhaifu huu unaonekana sana katika kitabu cha Hinnebusch na Mirza. Kitabu cha Senkoro kimeuepuka udhaifu huu kwa kutumia picha halisi. Hata hivyo kuna picha nyingi ambazo hazikuelezewa zinawakilisha nini na mpangilio wa masomo unakosa mtiririko. Baadhi ya masomo magumu yanakuja mapema mno. Katika mwaka wa pili, walimu huchukua mikondo tofauti. Katika kiwango hiki baadhi ya walimu huwatanguliza wanafunzi wao katika usomaji wa magazeti, vifungu vifupi au na hadithi fupi. Pia masomo mengi huwa yameegemea sana katika utamaduni. Baadhi ya masomo ambayo hufundishwa ni familia, malezi ya watoto, majukumu ya watu tofauti katika familia, masomo ya jadi na ya kisasa, siasa, bishara, uchumi, n.k. Hata hivyo hakuna vitabu vilivyoandikwa kuhitimisha mahitaji katika kiwango hiki. Miongoni mwa vitabu vinavyotumiwa ni: Tuimarishe Kiswahili Chetu na Kiswahili Lugha na Utamaduni vya Lioba Moshi; na Masomo ya Kisasa cha Ann Biersteker. Udhaifu mkubwa wa vitabu hivi ni ukosefu wa mazoezi ya kutosha kupima uwezo tofauti wa wanafunzi. Mengi ya mazoezi yaliyopo ni ya ufahamu. Katika mwaka wa tatu na wa nne (wanafunzi wanapopatikana) walimu huchukua mikondo tofauti kutegemea mahitaji ya wanafunzi. Mkondo mkuu ni wa kuwatanguliza fasihi pamoja na kuendelea na sarufi zaidi. Hata hivyo kumeanza kuzuka fikra kwamba sio wanafunzi wote wanaotaka ujuzi wa kuchambua fasihi. Badala ya kuchukua mkondo huu, mawazo ya kuhusisha taaluma nyingeinezo yameanza kusambazwa na kutekelezwa katika lugha zingine za kigeni.
Kanda za kunasia sauti, Filamu, Video, na Visahani vya CD, VCD na DVD
Matoleo ya kwanza ya Kiswahili: Msingi wa kusoma, kusema, na kuandika na Kiswahili kwa kitendo yaliambatana na kanda za kunasia sauti. Kila somo lilikuwa na ukanda wake. Kanda hizi hazikutoa mafunzo au mazoezi zaidi ya yale yaliyokuwa katika vitabuni vilivyohusika. Kuna kanda zingine zilizotayarishwa kwa madhumuni ya kujifunza Kiswahili, lakini hizi zimewalenga watalii. Kanda hizi zimetayarishwa na wafanyabiashara bila kuzingatia mbinu za kujifunza na kufundisha lugha ya kigeni. Kanda hizi huwa ni mkusanyiko wa vifungu vinavyofikiriwa na watayarishaji kwamba vitahitajika kwa mawasiliano ya kimsingi.
Kuna video chache zilizotengenezwa kwa madhumuni ya kufundishia Kiswahili. Kwa mfano: Kiswahili: Lugha na Utamaduni. Video hizi zilitayarishwa na Lioba Moshi wa chuo kikuu cha Georgia kupitia ufadhili wa Wizara ya Elimu ya Marekani. Video hizi zimelengewa wanafunzi wa mwaka wa kwanza na wa pili na huandamana na kitabu. Kwa jumla kuna video nane zenye masomo ishirini na nne. Mambo mbalimbali yamehusishwa katika video hizi. Kwa mwalimu ambaye hajui jinsi ya kutumia video kufundishia, atakuwa na kazi ngumu kwani hakukutolowa mazoezi katika video wala katika kitabu. Video zingine ziko katika lugha ya Kingereza, kwa mfano, The Africans: A tripple heritage za Ali Mazrui. Video hizi huweza kutazamwa na wanafunzi hujadili katika Kiswahili.
Kuna filamu kadhaa ambazo zinaweza kujumuishwa katika vifaa vya kufundishia. Filamu hizi ni kama Arusi ya Mariamu, Maangamizi, Tusamehe, na Bongoland 1 na 2. Filamu za kwanza mbili zimetumiwa kwa kiasi na walimu katiak viwango mbalimbali. Maoni ya wengi ni kwamba filamu hizi zinaweza kutumiwa kwa wanafunzi wa mwaka wa pili na ziadi.   
Kufikia sasa hakuna visahani vingi vya CD vya kufundishia Kiswahili. Kampuni ya Rosetta Stone imetoa kisahani kimoja cha Kiswahili. Mafunzo na mazoezi ya kisahili hiki yanategemea picha na sauti. Picha karibu zote zilizotumiwa zimepigwa Marekani na kwa hivyo hazitoi uhalisi wa mambo kama yalivyo katika Afrika ya Mashariki. Michezi mingi inayoingizwa na kuonyewha katika runinga za Afrika ya Mashariki (hasa Kenya na Tanzania) sasa inapatikana katika DVD na VCD. Shida ni kuwa baadhi ya visahani hivi haviwezi kuchaza moja kawa moja katika mitambo ya Marekani kawa sababu ya tofauti baina ya mitambo.
Mtandao 

Katika mtandao kuna mafunzo ya Kiswahili si haba yanayotolewa na makampuni, watu binafsi na shule. Kwa sababu ya mahimizo katika matumizi ya kompyuta, walimu wengi wamejibidiisha kuweka kazi zao kwenye mtandao. Wafanya biashara nao wamechukua nafasi ya kuweko kwa kifaa hiki kuenezea biashara zao. Matumizi ya mtandao yanaelekea kuwa na faida kwa sababu wanafunzi wanaweza kufanya kazi zao wakati wowote na mahali popote na kumpelekea mwalimu wao kwa barua pepe. Kwa kufanya hivyo pia inapunguza gharama ya karatasi. Mtandao pia umewawezesha wanafunzi na wapenzi wa Kiswahili kuweza kusema na kusikiliza habari na vipindi mbalimbali katika lugha ya Kiswahili kutoka maeneo mengi Kiswahili kinakotangazwa kama Ujerumani, Wingereza, Ujapani, Afrika-Kusini n.k. Shida iliyopo ni kwamba kurasa nyingi zilizoko kwenye mtandao zinahitaji kuhaririwa kwani zimejaa makosa hasa ya kisarufi. Hata hivyo kuna kurasa chache za mtandao ambazo zinafaa. Kurasa hizi ni kama KAMUSI (ya Ann Biersteker na Martin Benjamin), KIKO (ya Liomba Moshi na Alwiya Omar) na SALAMA (ya John Mugane) miongoni mwa zingine.
Licha ya kuwawezesha walimu na wanafunzi kutazama maneno kutoka Kiingereza hadi Kiswahili au kutoka Kiswahili hadi Kiinereza, KAMUSI huwa na nafasi ya mazungumzo na viungo vya mambo mbalimbali kama habari (kutoka nchi mbalimbali-Afrika na Ulaya), na maonyesho ya picha kutoka Afrika Mashariki. KAMUSI ina maneneo zaidi ya 50,000 na bado haijakamilika. KIKO ina visehemu vya video. Kwa hivyo wanafunzi wanaweza kuona vitendo vikifanyika na kusia sauti. Ukurasa huu pia unaweza kutumiwa na wanafunzi wa Kiswahili mahali popote. Ukurasa wa SALAMA huhitaji idhini kutoka kwa mtayarishi. Masomo ya mwaka wa kwanza na wa pili yamekamilika. Kuna picha na sauti pamoja na kamusi katika ukurasa huu.  
3. Ufadhili 
Kama tulivyoona hapo juu, Kiswahili (na lugha zingine za Kiafrika) hutegemea ufadhili kutoka kwa Wizara ya Elimu ya Marekani. Ufadhili huu huwa ni wa kushindaniwa baina ya vyuo mabalimbali. Kila baada ya miaka minne wanaohusika hupeleka maombi yao. Wanaokosa hulazimika kusubiri mpaka baada ya miaka minne. Vyuo vingi huona ugumu au hukataa kuchukua masomo haya kwa sababu ya gharama, na pia baadhi ya viongozi hawaoni faida ya masomo haya kwa Wamarekani na kwa hivyo huyapinga sana. Hata pale msaada unapotolewa huwa hautoshi kukidhia mahitaji ya usimamizi, ufundishaji, na utengenezaji wa vifaa vya kufundishia lugha hizi. Kuna vyuo kadha ambavyo vimejitahidi kuimarisha programu za lugha za Kiafrika. Baadhi ya vyuo hivi ni Yale, Harvard, UCLA, Chuo kiuu cha Indiana (Bloomington), Chuo kiuu cha Georgia (Athens), Michigan State, na Chuo kiku cha Illinois (Urbana Champaign) miongoni mwa vingine.
4. Uhaba wa Wanafunzi
Siku hizi mambo mengi yanafasiriwa kiuchumi. Kwa sababu ya gharama ya elimu wanafunzi hutaka kujua faida ya kujifunza Kiswahili. Kwa vile Kiswahili hakitumiki kama lugha ya kufundishia elimu ya juu (kama vile Kiingereza, Kifaransa, n.k), huonekana kama lugha duni na ambayo matumizi yake si ya kimsingi katika kiwango cha taaluma za juu. Mradi katika Afrika lugha za kigeni zimepewa kipaumbele, itaendelea kuwa vigumu kukiendeleza Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni. Uhaba wa wanafunzi pia huathiri kiasi cha usaidizi unaotolewa na vyuo. Kila mwisho wa mwaka, takwimu za idadi ya wanafunzi waliojisajilisha madarasani huhitajika na madarasa ambayo huwa na wanafunzi wachache huwa na tisho la kufungwa. Ni muhimu kukumbuka kuwa wanfunzi huwa na uwanja mkubwa wa kuchagua ni lugha ipi wajifunze. Pana haja ya kubadilisha sera za lugha barani Afrika ili kuzipa lugha zetu umuhimi zaidi. Kuzikuza huko na kuzipa hadhi ndiko kutazifanya zitambulike na kuwavutia wanafunzi wengi.

5. Maabara 
Ingawa vyuo vingi vina maabara za kompyuta, ni vyuo vichache vilivyo na maabara iliyotengwa kwa maksudi ya lugha za Kiafrika. Mpaka sasa ni Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin- Madison na Chuo Kikuu cha Georgia vilivyo na maabara ya lugha za Kiafrika. Vyuo vingine huwa na maabara ya lugha za kigeni na uhitaji huzidi nafasi zilizomo kwa sababu ya wingi wa lugha za kigeni zinazofundishwa. Pia baadhi ya vyuo huwa na wakati maalum wa kufundisha lugha za kigeni. Kwa mfano katika Chuo Kikuu cha Yale madarasa yote ya mwaka wa kwanza ya lugha za kigeni hukutana saa tatu na nusu asubuhi Jumatatu mpaka Ijumaa. Kwa hivyo ili kupata nafasi ya kutumia maabara ni lazima kutuma maombi mapema.
Tatizo lingine ni uhaba wa programu za kompyuta za Kiswahili. Kwa mfano mpaka sasa hakuna programu ya kusahihisha tahajia ya Kiswahili na uakifishaji (punctuation). Baadhi ya vifaa  vya  kufundishia  Kiswahili  kwa  kompyuta  vilivyoko  vimetengenezwa  na wafanyabiashara na nyingi hazifai kwa matumizi ya darasani. Hata kule kuliko na mitambo ya kompyuta, walimu wengi bado wanahitaji mafunzo na uzoefu wa matumizi ya vifaa hivi. Kama vile ni vigumu kwa kipofu kumwongoza kipofu mwingine njia, mwalimu asiye na welendi wa matumizi ya kompyuta hawezi kuwafundisha wanafunzi kwa kutumia kifaa kile.

Mapendekezo ya Suluhisho kwa baadhi ya Matatitzo/Vikwamizi
Kuwa na walimu waliofuzu na wa kudumu kunaweza kusaidia kukua kwa programu kwa njia mbalimbali. Kwanza kunaweza kuwavutia wanafunzi katika madarasa ya lugha za Kiafrika (ya Kiswahili ikiwemo). Wanafunzi wengi wa vyuo Marekani hujua zaidi kuhusu masomo na hasa ya lugha kupitia kwa wanafunzi wengine. Katika utafiti mdogo uliofanywa na mwandishi wa makala hii, wanafunzi walipoulizwa jinsi walivyojua kuhusu lugha ya Kiswahili, wengi (asilimia 60) walisema ni kupitia kwa wanafunzi wengine (Wa’Njogu 2001 na 2005). Kwa sababu ya mafunzo na ujuzi mwalimu aliyefuzu atakuwa na mbinu za kuwavutia na kuwahamasisha wanafunzi na hivyo kuongeza idadi. Walimu waliohitimu na wa kudumu wataipa programu sifa kutokana na kushiriki kwao katika kongamano mbalimbali za taifa na kimataifa. Walimu hawa pia wanaweza kupelekea kushawishika kwa vyuo kugharamia programu za lugha za Kiafrika, na hapo kuondoa kutegemea Wizara ya Elimu.
Ingawa kuna vitabu na vifaa vichache, bado kuna haja ya kuendelea kutayarisha zaidi. Vitabu vinavyotumiwa madarasani havitoshelezi mahitaji ya chuo, programu, walimu na wanafunzi. Kuna haja ya kuchapisha vitabu zaidi vya marejeleo vinavyoelezea dhana na vipengele tofauti vya lugha na utamaduni. Kitabu kilichochapishwa na NALRC (National  African Language Resource center) cha marejeo ni mwanzo mzuri lakini kina udhaifu wake. Kamusi pia zilizoko Marekani, kwa mfano ya Awde, haziwafai sana wanafunzi kwa sababu hazionyeshi matumizi ya maneno. Wanafunzi huvunjika moyo wanapokosa neno fulani katika kamusi, au wakiona maneno yana maana nyingi na hawakutolewa mifano ya matumizi. Kamusi zinazochapishwa na TUKI (Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili) zingefaa sana, lakini mara nyingi hazifiki Marekani na zikifika huwa ghali mno. Wanafunzi walio na bahati ya kufika Kenya au Tanzania huhiari kuzinunua huko. Kamusi ilioko kwenye mtandao (Swahili  Internet Living Dictionary), bado haijakamilika na jitihada bado zinafanywa za kutafuta wafadhili ili mradi huo ukamilishwe.
Kwa vile siku hizi wanafunzi wana kompyuta zao, na madarasa mengi ya kisasa yana huduma za mtandao, itakuwa rahisi kuwahimiza wanafunzi kuzileta kompyuta zao madarasani na kutumia. Pana haja kubwa kwa walimu wa Kiswahili kushirikiana na wataalamu wa mitambo ya kompyuta ili wapangiwe warsha za mara kwa mara na kutolewa mafunzo ya matumizi ya vifaa hivi.
Hitimisho 
Umuhimu wa lugha ya Kiswahili katika elimu ya Marekani hauwezi kudunishwa. Hata hivyo pana haja ya kujitolea zaidi kwa viongozi wa vyuo na taasisi za elimu ya juu katika kuzifadhili programu za lugha hii. Waalimu wa lugha ya Kiswahili (popote walipo) wanastahili kuonyesha umuhimu wa lugha hii kwa wanafunzi wa kigeni. Tusipojitolea katika kuikuza lugha hii na kuipa hadhi barani Afrika, itaendelea kuwa vigumu kuvishawishi vyuo kuendelea kuifundhisha. Kuna haja ya kuwa na usawazishaji wa malengo na shabaha ya mafunzo ya lugha hii. Mambo yalivyo sasa wanafunzi hufundishwa vitu tofauti hata wakiwa katika viwango sawa. Tofauti hii inafanya vigumu kwa wanafunzi wanaohama kutoka chuo kimoja hadi kingine kuendelea na programu ya Kiswahili.
Vifaa vyenye picha na sauti, kama vile kanda za video na visahani vya CD, VCD na DVD, hutoa nafasi na kukuza uwezo wa kufikiri na ubunifu miongoni mwa wanafunzi. Vifaa hivi pia huonyesha mazingira katika uhalisi wake. Zaidi ya kufundishia lugha, vifaa hivi huwa njia rahisi ya kufundishia vipengele tofauti vya utamaduni. Aidha vifaa hivi hutoa nafasi nzuri ya mjadala katika lugha husika kutegemea fasiri za wanafunzi. Kwa hivyo pana haja ya kuendelea kutengeneza vifaa vinavyochukua mwelekeo huu.
Ingawa lugha ya Kiswahili si mojawapo wa lugha kuu za kigeni zinazofundishwa Marekani, si sababu ya kubakia nyuma kitekinolojia. Wengi wa wanafunzi wanaojisajilisha katika madarasa ya Kiswahili huwa wamejifunza lugha nyingine ya kigeni (vyuoni au katika shule za sekondari (Wa_Nogu 2001 na 2005) na huwa wameona vifaa vya tekinolojia vinavyotumiwa na hutarajia lugha zetu nazo ziwe zimejikakamua kwa kiasi fulani katika uwanja huu. Pia masomo mengi sasa yanahusisha matumizi ya tekinolojia, na kwa hivyo Kiswahili ni lazima kijiunge na mkondo huu kama kinataka kushindania wanafunzi na masomo mengine na kushindania nafasi katika lugha kuu ulimwenguni. Ingawa lugha ya Kiswahili (na lugha zingine za Kiafrika) inakabiliwa na shida mbalimbali, kuna uwezekano wa kukikuza na kuwa somo linalojisimamia. Kinachohitajika ni ushirikiano mkubwa mingoni mwa walimu na vyuo Marekani, Ulaya na katika Afrika katika jitihada za kulikuza somo hili.

 
 
Marejeleo 

Awde, N. 2004. Swahili-English & English-Swahili. New York, New York: Hippocrene Books.

Batibo, H.M. 2003. The teaching of Kiswahili as a Foreign Language in Africa: A Case of Study from Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of the African Language Teachers Association, 3:19-34.

Biersteker, A. and Bennett, P. 1986. On Categorizing Language Courses: Reconciling Language Characteristics and Performance Expectations. The Design and Evaluation of African Language Learning Materials. Proceedings of the Spring 1984 Conference on Developing Guidelines for the Evaluation of African Language Learning Materials, East Lansing, Michigan, April 13-14, 1984, imehaririwa na D. J. Dwyer. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. (Microfiche).

Biersteker, A. (22005). Masomo ya Kisasa: Contemporary Readings in Kiswahili. Trenton,NJ: Africa World Press

Bokamba, E.G. 2002. African Language Program Development and Admininstration: A History and Guidelines for Future Programs. Madison, WI: NALRC Press.

Folarin-Schleicher, A. & L. Moshi. 2000. The Pedagogy of African Languages: An Emerging Field. Columbus: The National East Asian Languages Resource Centre, Ohio State
University & Madison: The National African Language Resource Centre, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Gardner, R.C. 1996. Motivation and L2 Acquisition: Perspectives. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13: 266-172.

Hinnebusch, T. & Mirza, S. 1998. Kiswahili: Msingi wa Kusoma, Kusema na Kuandika. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Mazrui, A. M. 1997. The Future of African languages in the American Academy. Prism, 3, 1:Uk. 1-3.

Moshi, L.J. 1988. Tuimarishe Kiswahili Chetu. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Moshi, L.J. 1998. Kiswahili Language and Culture. Kensington, MD: Dunwood.

Mugane, J.M. 1999. Tujifunze Kiswahili. Athens, OH: Aramati Digital Technologies Publications.

Odlin, T. 1989. Language transfer: Crosslinguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Sanneh, S. & A. Omar. 2002. African Language Study in the 21st Century: Expansion through Collaboration and Technology. Unpublished paper presented at the 45th ASA Annual Conference, Washington, DC. December 05.08.2002.

Senkoro, F.E.M.K. 2003. Tuseme Kiswahili: A Multidimentional Approach to the Teaching and Learning of Swahili as a Foreign Language. Madison, WI: NALRC Press.

Wa_Njogu, J.K. 2001. A Descriptive Study of Motivation, Ethnicity, Gender, and Achieve-ment in Kiswahili as a Foreign Language in a College Setting: Students’ Perspectives. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus.

Wa_Njogu, J.K. 2005. Motivation, Ethnicityy, and Gender versus Achievement in Kiswahili as a Foreign Language in a College Setting: A Correlational Study. Journal of the African Language Teachers Association, 6: 45-66.

Zawawi, S. 1988. Kiswahili kwa Kitendo. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

Filamu 

Kibira, J. 2003. Bongoland. Dar es Salaam: Kibira Films International.

Kibira, J. 2006. Tusamehe. Dar es Salaam: Kibira Films International.

Kibira, J. 2007. Bongoland II. Dar es Salaam: Kibira Films International.

Mazrui, A. The Africans: A Triple Heritage. Washington, D.C.: Annenberg/CPB Project.

Mulvihill, R. & M. Mhando. 2000. Maangamizi. Encino, CA: Gris-Gris Films.

Nangayoma, N. & Mulvihill, R. 1983. Arusi ya Mariamu. Encino, CA: Gris-Gris Films.
Kurasa za Mtandao
Mugane, J. 2007. Salama. http://www.aramati.org/ (Tarehe 2, mwezi wa Januari, 2009).
Moshi, L. & A. Omar. 2000. Kiswahili kwa Kompyuta (KIKO). African Studies Institute, University of Georgia, Athens. http://africa.uga.edu/Kiswahili/doe/ (Tarehe 2, mwezi wa Januari, 2009).
Benjamin, M. &, A. Biersteker. 1994. The Kamusi Project. http://www.kamusiproject.org/ (Tarehe 2, mwezi wa Januari, 2009).
Visahani vya CD
The Rosetta Stone. 2007. The Rosetta Stone V2. Swahili Level 1. CD-ROM. Arlington: Ro- setta Stone Ltd.

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  SHAIRI: JIKO MAFIGA MATATU
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 11:16 PM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

JIKO MAFIGA MATATU
Jiko ninalalamika, yangu haki siioni,
Akili yanifumuka, jambo niwaambieni,
Moja jifya kuinjika, salama iwe chunguni,
Jiko MAFIGA matatu, iwaje nipewe moja?

Leo haki ninataka, mawili tena nipeni,
Moja limenipa Shaka, nifanyie kazi gani?
Chungu kinateteleka, mwishowe kitue chini,
Jiko MAFIGA matatu,iwaje nipewe moja.

Sifa mumenitunuka, Moto nawapatieni,
Kimoja ninachotaka, yake MAFIGA pembeni,
Kuni zikiongezeka, mtanijaza jubuni,
Jiko MAFIGA matatu, iwaje nipewe moja?

La kwanza jifya nataka, ukubwawe wastani,
Chungu kikishachemka, kisitiwe mashakani,
Hili jifya hukishika, mtindo wa kidizaini,
Jiko MAFIGA matatu, iwaje nipewe moja?

La pili nalitamka, liwe pana kumbukeni,
Chungu ninapokiweka, kikaavyo kifasheni,
La tatu kulipachika, wake upande wa tatu,
Jiko MAFIGA matatu, iwaje nipewe moja?

Jiko Sasa naondoka, hizi habari shikeni,
Tena usipite mwaka,nitakalo litendeni,
Msione ninawaka, moja jifya latoshani,
Jiko MAFIGA matatu,iwaje nipewe moja?

Mtunzi Filieda Sanga
Mama B
Mabibo Dsm
0753738704

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  WHY STUDY SWAHILI?
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 07:38 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

Information provided by: 
National African Language Resource Center (NALRC) 
A). Why study Swahili?
Swahili (or Kiswahili as it is called when one is speaking the language) is the most important and widely studied indigenous language of Africa, the National and official language of Kenya and Tanzania. It is spoken as a native language on the East coast of Africa and the islands adjacent to the coast from Southern Somalia in the north down through the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts.
It is also a Lingua franca of the African Continent spoken as a second language by millions of people mainly in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and East Zaire. There are also speakers in Mozambique, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Malawi, Southern Arabian countries such as Yemen and Oman, as well as other parts of the world.
It is aired in radio broadcasts such as the British Broadcast Corporation, Voice of America, and Deutsche Welle. It is heard in songs of famous singers such as Miriam Makeba and in popular films like the Lion King. African-Americans refer to their annual cultural festival as Kwanzaa, which is derived from the Swahili word kwanza or ‘first.’ Swahili is taught in academic institutions from Japan in the East to Mexico in the west. It can be used to fulfill language requirements. The study of Swahili also provides interesting issues regarding language policies and language planning. Whatever the area of research one is in, be it linguistics, anthropology, geography, archaeology, or even sociology, knowledge of Swahili and its many varieties is essential if one is working in the East African region. There are many benefits of knowing the Swahili language, including the fact that it serves as a good vehicle to accessing Swahili culture. Swahili has a long written tradition and remarkable history. Finally, knowing Swahili enhances the credibility of researchers interested in East Africa.
B). Who speaks Swahili?
People and History 
Over 50 million people in eastern and central African speak Swahili. It is widely used in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. A little over one million people speak it as their first language. Most others speak Swahili fluently as a second, third or fourth language. Those who speak it as a first language are found along the coast of east Africa stretching from southern Somalia to the border between Tanzania and Mozambique. There are also many native Swahili speakers on the Indian Ocean islands of Unguja and Pemba (which together make up Zanzibar), Lamu, the Comoro Islands and the northwestern part of Madagascar. Many Swahili speakers like to refer to themselves in terms of where they come from. So Swahili speakers from Unguja, for example, will refer to themselves as Waunguja or Wazanzibari, those from Kenya as Wakenya and those from Tanzania as Watanzania.
The East African coast was visited by Arabs and Persians as early as the second century A.D. These visitors settled in Africa and married local people. Many local people modified and adopted the visitors’ traditions. On the island of Unguja, for example, the traditional New Year, Mwaka Kogwa, is celebrated during the month of June. This celebration is similar to the Persian New Year of Neiruz. Later visits by Arabs to the area also introduced the Islamic religion, and today many Swahili speakers throughout East Africa are Muslim. Travelers from Portugal, Germany, England and various Asian countries also went to East Africa. Each group left its mark on both the culture and the language. Lame as a center of Swahili Language and Cultures, would be a place of interest to students.
C). Language and Culture
Swahili is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo family and has a typical, complicated Bantu structure. For example, Swahili utilizes over 13 noun classes, the equivalence of a romance language having 13 genders. Three full noun classes are devoted to different aspects of space and time. Swahili represents an African World view quite different from that of a European language.
 Nouns are grouped into different classes according to their meaning. Human beings, for example, belong to one class: mtu ‘person’/watu ‘people.’ Trees, on the other hand, belong to another class: mti ‘tree’/miti ‘trees’. Diminutive and augmentative meanings are also expressed using the noun class system. The following forms of the word ndege ‘bird’ indicate different sizes: ndege (regular size bird); kidege (small bird); dege (big bird).
 The word Kiswahili is a general term for many varieties of the language spoken along the East African coast. It comes from the Arabic word sahel, meaning ‘coast.’ Kiis a prefix referring to language. In some varieties of Swahili, the language prefix appears as chi-, as in Chimiini, which is spoken in Somalia, or shi-, as in Shingazija, a variant spoken on the Ngazija island of Comoro. Swahili language has been influences by a variety of other language, including Arabic, Portuguese and German. There are many Swahili words with foreign origins, including the following: sita ‘six’ (Arabic), saba ‘seven’ (Arabic), shule ‘school’ (German), bendera ‘flag’ (Portuguese), kitabu ‘book’ (Arabic) and pesa ‘money’ (Hindi). All Swahili speakers share a unique way of expressing time, day or night. Sunrise or sunset are the two focal points used to tell time. The first hour of the day, therefore, comes after sunrise, not after midnight, and the first hour of the night comes after sunset. Also unique to Swahili speakers is the way they communicate with each other indirectly by use of the popular language, also known as leso. This multi-purpose cloth usually has a caption that conveys a proverbial message to its target audience. Lamu is an ancient Swahili city-state in the Indian Ocean off the north coast of Kenya. It is the main town to the traditional swahilini–the original crucible of Swahili culture. In December 2001, UNESCO granted World heritage status to Lamu’s Old town citing the fact that the old town had retained its traditional functions for over 1000 years.

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  MBINU ZA UFUNDISHAJI KISWAHILI KWA WAGENI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 07:34 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies


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  LEARN KISWAHILI / JIFUNZE KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 07:25 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies


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  LEARN SWAHILI/JIFUNZE KISWAHILI : LESSON 1: CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 07:16 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

Lesson 1: Classroom Instructions
rudia……. repeat
mwalimu….. teacher
profesa …….professor
mwanafunzi …….student
jibu ………..answer; respond
uliza ………ask
unaelewa? ………….do you understand?
mnaelewa? ……………do you all understand?
ndiyo …………………yes
la; hapana ………..no
swali ………………question
mna swali? …………….does anyone have a question?
mwalimu, nina swali………….. teacher, I have a question
sielewi ………………..I do not understand
sikiliza ……………………listen (s. command)
sikilizeni………………. listen (pl. command)
simama ………………..stand
tafadhali, simama…………… please, stand
keti; kaa ………………….sit
tafadhali, keti/kaa ……………..please, sit down
kusanya …………………..collect
karatasi…………………. paper
tafadhali, kusanya karatasi…………. please, collect the papers
leta …………………….bring
tafadhali, leta karatasi …………………please, bring the papers
enda ……………….go
tafadhali, enda …………………please, go
tazama……………………. look
funga kitabu………………….. close the book
fungua kitabu…………………. open the book
tafadhali ……………………..please
tafadhali rudia…………….. please repeat
tafadhali, fungua kitabu …………….please, open the book
tafadhali, nyamaza ……………….please, be quiet (sing.)
tafadhali, nyamazeni ………………..please, be quiet (pl.)
tafadhali, ongea/zungumza/sema katika ……..Kiingereza please, speak in English
tafadhali, jibu katika/kwa Kiswahili………… please, respond in Kiwahili
tafadhali, ongea/zungumza/sema katika Kiswahili ……….please, speak in Kiwahili
polepole……………….. slowly
tafadhali, ongea/zungumza/sema polepole…………….. please, speak slowly
taja ……………mention.
tamka …………pronounce
soma …………..read; study
andika ………..write
Classroom Instructions ………………[maagizo ya darasani]

andika kwa Kiswahili…………………… write in Kiwahili
tafadhali soma……………… please read
kumbuka……………………… remember (sing.)
mnakumbuka ………………..remember (pl.)
jaribu………………………… try
tena ……………………again
jaribu tena……………. try again
tafadhali jaribu ………..please try
karibu ………………..elcome
tafadhali fungua mlango …………please open the door
tafadhali funga mlango…………. please close the door
tafadhali kaa/keti………………. please sit (sing.)
“Crying” ni nini kwa Kiswahili? ……….What is “crying” in Kiwahili?
tafsiri…………………. translate
chemsha bongo ……………….brain teaser
sijui………………. I do not know
kwaheri…………… bye
kwaheri, tutaonana kesho…………… goodbye, hope to see you tomorrow
kwaheri, tutaonana baadaye…………… goodbye, hope to see you later
asante…………. thank you
asante sana……………… thank you very much
njoo ………………….come
tafadhali, njoo…………… please, come
samahani ………………pardon; excuse me
samahani, mwalimu, nina swali…………… excuse me, teacher, I have a question
haraka ……………fast
tafadhali, ongea/zumgumza/sema haraka haraka ……………please, speak quicker
vizuri …………………good
vizuri sana ……………very good
Wewe ni mzuri. …………..You are good.
Wewe ni mbaya. ……………You are bad.
kazi nzuri ………………….good work
kazi ya nyumbani ……….homework
Leo tutasoma ………………..Today we will learn _____.
Jana tulisoma nini? …………..What did we learn/study yesterday?
Leo tumesoma nini? …………What have we learned/studied today?

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  LEARN SWAHILI/JIFUNZE KISWAHILI : LESSON 2 : GREETINGS/MAAMKIZI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 07:11 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

Lesson 2a:
Greetings

Greetings [maamkizi; salamu]
There are at least five ways of greeting in Kiswahili:
A). Habari gani?
B). Hujambo?
C). U hali gani?
D). Shikamoo.
E). Mambo? / Vipi?
A). Habari gani?
Example 1 ‐ Two people greeting each other
Person A: Habari gani?
Person B: Nzuri!
Sentensi:
a). Nzuri / njema / salama / safi / sawa / poa.
[Good / nice / peaceful / clean / fine / cool.]
b). Nzuri / njema / salama / safi / sawa / poa sana…
[Very good / nice / peaceful / clean / fine / cool.]
c). Nzuri / njema / salama / safi / sawa / poa tu…
[Just good / nice / peaceful / clean / fine /
C). U hali gani?
Example 1 ‐ Two people greeting each other Example 2 ‐ One person greeting many people
Person A: U hali gani? Person A: M hali gani?
Person B: Njema. Persons B, C, & D: Salama.
Sentensi:
1. U hali gani? / M hali gani? What’s your condition? / How are you?]
a). Nzuri / njema / salama / safi / sawa / poa.
[Good / nice / peaceful / clean / fine / cool.]
b). Nzuri / njema / salama / safi / sawa / poa sana…
[Very good / nice / peaceful / clean / fine / cool.]
c).  Nzuri / njema / salama / safi / sawa / poa tu…
[Just good / nice / peaceful / clean / fine / just cool.]
D.) Shikamoo.
Example 1 ‐ A youth greeting an elder person
Youth: Shikamoo.
Elder Person: Marahaba.
Sentensi:
Shikamoo. [I touch your feet.]
Marahaba. [I am delighted.]

E). Vipi? / Mambo?
Example 1 ‐ A youth greeting another youth
Example 2 ‐ A youth greeting another
youth
Youth A: Vipi? Youth A: Mambo?
Youth B: Poa. Youth B: Safi.
Sentensi:
Vipi? / Mambo? [What’s up?]
Poa / Safi / Sawa. [Cool / Clean / Fine.]

1. Hodi!
[Requests permission to enter a
house.]
2.Karibu! [Welcome!]
3.Karibu ndani! [Welcome inside!]
4.Asante. [Thank you.]
5.Asante sana. [Thank you very much.]
6.Kwaheri. [Be blessed. / Goodbye.]
7.Tutaonana baadaye.
8.Habari za asubuhi/
mchana/jioni/usiku?
9.Habari za
mama/baba/kaka/dada/
ndugu/mjomba
[We will see each other later.]
[How is the news of the
morning/afternoon/evening/night?]
[How is the news of
mother/father/brother/sister/
comrade/uncle]
10.Habari za
nyumbani/shuleni/chuoni/
masomo/Amerika
[How is the news at
home/at school/at college/
studies/America]

NAMNA NYINGINE ZA MAWASILIANO
Mifano:
Waambaje?           [How are you doing?]
Salaamaleikum.    [Peace be upon you.]
Upo?                       [Are you there?]
Lala salama.         [Sleep peacefully.]
Tuonane kesho.   [See you tomorrow.]
Ndoto njema.        [Dream well.]
Lala unono.            [Sleep comfortably.]
Usiku mwema.      [Good night.]
Usingizi mwema.  [Sleep well.]
Habari za kutwa?  [How was your day?]
Jioni njema.           [Good Evening]
Uende salama       [Go with peace.]
Sina la kuamba.  [I have nothing to say.]
Aleikumsalaam.  [And also with you.]
Nipo.                     [I am here.]
Nawe pia.             [And you also.]
Inshallah.              [God willing.]
Za mafanikio.       [Of success.]
Nawe pia.             [And you also.]
Wa buraha.          [With tranquility.]
Wa buraha.          [With tranquility.]
Njema/Nzuri.       [Good.]
Salama!                 [Peaceful!]
Tuonane inshallah! [We will see each
.                                 other God willing]

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  LEARN SWAHILI: MSAMIATI WA DARASANI/CLASSROOM VOCABULARY
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-26-2021, 07:05 PM - Forum: Kiswahili kwa wageni - No Replies

A). Vocabulary
mlango / milango …………..[door/ doors]
dirisha / madirisha………… [window / windows]
taa / taa …………………………[light / lights]
ubao / mbao…………………. [board / boards]
kompyuta / kompyuta …….[computer / computers]
kiti / viti ………………………..[chair / chairs]
meza / meza ………………….[table / tables]
kalamu / kalamu………….. [pen / pens]
penseli / penseli…………… [pencil / pencils]
mkoba / mikoba…………… [bag for books / bags for books]
mfuko / mifuko……………. [bag of books / bags of books]
kitabu / vitabu ……………..[book / books]
daftari / madaftari ……….[notebook / notebooks]
kabati / makabati……….. [cupboard / cupboards]
rula / rula…………………. [ruler / rulers]
ufutio / futio ………………[eraser / erasers]
wino / wino ……………….[ink / inks]
ukuta / kuta……………… [wall / walls]
sakafu / sakafu …………..[floor / floors]
dari / dari…………………. [ceiling / ceilings]
paa / paa …………………..[roof / roofs]
simu / simu……………… [telephone / telephones]
karatasi / karatasi ……..[paper / papers]
jaa / jaa ……………………[litter bin / litter bins]
chaki / chaki ……………[chalk / chalks]
zulia / mazulia………… [carpet / carpets]
swichi ……………………..[switch].
swichi ya feni ………….[fan switch]
swichi ya taa………….. [light switch]
mwanafunzi / wanafunzi ……[student / students]

mwalimu / walimu…………[teacher / teachers]
kalenda/kalenda…………….[calendar / calendars]
saa / saa……………………….[clock / clocks]
saa ya ukuta………………….[wall clock]
ramani / ramani……………[map / maps]
kiyoyozi / viyoyozi……….[air conditioner / air conditioners]
picha / picha……………..[picture / pictures]
mchoro / michoro…….[drawing / drawings]
pazia / mapazia……….[curtain / curtains]
runinga/televisheni…[television / televisions]
video/video……………

kengele / kengele…….[bell / bells]
chati / jedwali……..[chart / charts]
rejesta / rejesta…….[register / registers]
bendera / bendera…….[flag / flags]
bendera ya taifa……….[national flag]
mlinzi / bawabu / walinzi….[security / security]
saa / saa……………..[clock / clocks]
saa ya ukuta………..[wall clock]
chati / jedwali……..[chart / charts]
ramani / ramani……[map / maps]
kalenda / kalenda….[calendar]
majilisi / masjala / ofisi……[office / staff room]
picha / picha………..[picture/ pictures]
deski / dawati………[desk]
gazeti / magazeti….[newspaper / newspapers]
jarida / majarida……[journal / periodical]
habari / habari………[news]
barua / barua………..[letter / letters]
makala / makala…..[article / articles]
insha / insha……….[essay / essays]
kumbukumbu / kumbukumbu…..[record / records]
kabrasha / ripoti maalum……..[pamphlet / meeting documents]

Question Formation
Mifano:
1. Darasa hili lina vitu gani?

[What things does this classroom have?]
Darasa hili lina meza, mkoba, chaki, ubao…
[This classroom has a table, backpack, chalk, board…]
2. Hii ni nini?
[What is this?]
Hii ni meza. [This is a table.]
3. Huu ni nini?
[What is this? (referring to wall)]
Huu ni ukuta. [This is a wall.]
4. (Wewe) Hupendi mapambo gani?
[Which decorations don’t you like?]
(Mimi) Sipendi ________. [I don’t like __________.]

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