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  LEO KATIKA KAMUSI ‘Watumiaji wa lugha wanavyochanganya viambishi ko-po na mo-‘
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-28-2021, 11:50 AM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

Karibu katika KAMUSI.
KAMUSINI LEO tunaangazia kuhusu namna watumiaji wa Lugha ya Kiswahili wanavyochanganya na kukanganya baadhi ya viambishi/ vipashio vinavyodokeza : hali ya kuwa pahala pa jumla, muhususi na ndani ya…
Viambishi hivyo ni : – ko , – po na – mo.
Tutazame mifano hapa chini:
( i) Kiselekete yuko Tanzania
(ii) Leo yupo kijijini kwao. Maneremango.
(iii) Muda huu yumo msikitini.
Ukichunguza sentensi hizo tatu katika mpangulio huo kutoka i hadi iii mtawalia, utabaini kuwa kuna maneno yanayodokeza kuwapo sehemu fulani..
Mathalani:
Katika ( i ) yuko , hii – ko hapo hudokeza kuwa sehemu ya jumla. Yaani haijabainishwa dhahiri kuwa Kiserekete anapatika sehemu gani mahususi nchini Tanzania. ( Yuko sehemu fulani Tanzania).
Katika ( ii ) Kuna – po , hiyo po hudokeza sehemu mahususi. Sehemu inayofahamika katika maeneo maalum. Hapo hata ukimwitaji Kiserekete unajua anapopatikana huko kwao Mwanaromango.
Katika ( iii) kuna – mo, hiyo mo hudokeza sehemu ndani ya kitu.
Kwa hiyo, Kiserekete katika sentensi hiyo ya iii inadokeza kuwa anapatikana ndani ya msikiti kwa muda huo.
Matumizi haya ndiyo matumizi sanifu ya Kiswahili ingawa Waswahili wenyewe wamekuwa wakitumia viambishi/ vipashio hivi kwa kuvibadili. Hata hivyo, wenyewe huwa wanaelewana.
Aidha, matumizi mingine ya viambishi hivi ni haya yafuatayo:
Mosi, – ko hutumika kuulizia swali. Kwa mfano : Choo ki- ko =
: Vyoo, vi- ko =
( a) choo kiko wapi? Mtu huyu hafahamu pahala maalum kilipo choo. Kadhalika Vyoo.
( b) Hodi! Mama yuko wapi? ( Bado muuliza swali hajui aliko mamaye.
( c) IST iko wapi ? ( Hiyo iliyohongwa).
Pili, – po , wakati mwingine – po hutumika kwa tashtiti. Kwa mfano, unaweza kuwa unaongea na mtu kisha ukamuukiza ‘ upo’?
Indhari:
Watumiaji kwa kadri wanavyotumia lugha hasa viambishi vilivyobainishwa hapo juu , ni muhimu kutochanganya na aghalabu huwa hawachanganyi kiambishi – mo, ( kiambishi kinachodokeza ndani ya…) na vile vingine vya – po na – ko.
Mifano zaidi :
( a) Nimo ndani
Tumo kwenye gari
Mmo hotelini?
Maji yamo kwenye ndoo.
(Sentensi zote hizo zinadokeza undani ).
( b). Tembo wako wapi ? ( Swali)
( c) Tembo wapo Mikumi
( Wapo katika mbuga maalum ya Mikumi.)
………….. …Mwisho…………
Asanteni sana. Endelea kutufuatilia.
Usithubutu kupitwa na KAMUSI.
KAMUSI imeletwa kwenu kwa hisani ya Utu- Tanzania, Culture Link Africa Ltd na Kamusi Pevu ya Kiswahili.
Tuandikie : majidkiswahili@gmail.com Au +255 715 838480

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  LEO KATIKA KAMUSI ‘Watumiaji wa lugha wanavyochanganya viambishi ko-po na mo-‘
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-28-2021, 11:50 AM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

Karibu katika KAMUSI.
KAMUSINI LEO tunaangazia kuhusu namna watumiaji wa Lugha ya Kiswahili wanavyochanganya na kukanganya baadhi ya viambishi/ vipashio vinavyodokeza : hali ya kuwa pahala pa jumla, muhususi na ndani ya…
Viambishi hivyo ni : – ko , – po na – mo.
Tutazame mifano hapa chini:
( i) Kiselekete yuko Tanzania
(ii) Leo yupo kijijini kwao. Maneremango.
(iii) Muda huu yumo msikitini.
Ukichunguza sentensi hizo tatu katika mpangulio huo kutoka i hadi iii mtawalia, utabaini kuwa kuna maneno yanayodokeza kuwapo sehemu fulani..
Mathalani:
Katika ( i ) yuko , hii – ko hapo hudokeza kuwa sehemu ya jumla. Yaani haijabainishwa dhahiri kuwa Kiserekete anapatika sehemu gani mahususi nchini Tanzania. ( Yuko sehemu fulani Tanzania).
Katika ( ii ) Kuna – po , hiyo po hudokeza sehemu mahususi. Sehemu inayofahamika katika maeneo maalum. Hapo hata ukimwitaji Kiserekete unajua anapopatikana huko kwao Mwanaromango.
Katika ( iii) kuna – mo, hiyo mo hudokeza sehemu ndani ya kitu.
Kwa hiyo, Kiserekete katika sentensi hiyo ya iii inadokeza kuwa anapatikana ndani ya msikiti kwa muda huo.
Matumizi haya ndiyo matumizi sanifu ya Kiswahili ingawa Waswahili wenyewe wamekuwa wakitumia viambishi/ vipashio hivi kwa kuvibadili. Hata hivyo, wenyewe huwa wanaelewana.
Aidha, matumizi mingine ya viambishi hivi ni haya yafuatayo:
Mosi, – ko hutumika kuulizia swali. Kwa mfano : Choo ki- ko =
: Vyoo, vi- ko =
( a) choo kiko wapi? Mtu huyu hafahamu pahala maalum kilipo choo. Kadhalika Vyoo.
( b) Hodi! Mama yuko wapi? ( Bado muuliza swali hajui aliko mamaye.
( c) IST iko wapi ? ( Hiyo iliyohongwa).
Pili, – po , wakati mwingine – po hutumika kwa tashtiti. Kwa mfano, unaweza kuwa unaongea na mtu kisha ukamuukiza ‘ upo’?
Indhari:
Watumiaji kwa kadri wanavyotumia lugha hasa viambishi vilivyobainishwa hapo juu , ni muhimu kutochanganya na aghalabu huwa hawachanganyi kiambishi – mo, ( kiambishi kinachodokeza ndani ya…) na vile vingine vya – po na – ko.
Mifano zaidi :
( a) Nimo ndani
Tumo kwenye gari
Mmo hotelini?
Maji yamo kwenye ndoo.
(Sentensi zote hizo zinadokeza undani ).
( b). Tembo wako wapi ? ( Swali)
( c) Tembo wapo Mikumi
( Wapo katika mbuga maalum ya Mikumi.)
………….. …Mwisho…………
Asanteni sana. Endelea kutufuatilia.
Usithubutu kupitwa na KAMUSI.
KAMUSI imeletwa kwenu kwa hisani ya Utu- Tanzania, Culture Link Africa Ltd na Kamusi Pevu ya Kiswahili.
Tuandikie : majidkiswahili@gmail.com Au +255 715 838480

Print this item

  LEO KATIKA KAMUSI ‘Tofauti ya Kukubali na Kuafiki’
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-28-2021, 11:30 AM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

Karibu katika KAMUSI.

JE, KUKUBALI NDIYO KUAFIKI?
Makala ya KAMUSI leo inaangazia tofauti ya maneno kukubali na kuafiki.
Watumiaji wa kawaida wa Lugha ya Kiswahili kama walivyo wazungumzaji wa lugha wengine husema lugha kwa mazoea na mara ya chache husema kwa mantiki.
Wakati mwingi hugha huwa na mazoea yasio ya kawaida. Yapo maneno mengine hayana mantiki kabisa. Kwa hiyo, wakati mwingine baadhi ya watu wajifunzao lugha hupata tabu sana pale wanapotafuta mantiki katika lugha wanazojifunza. ( Hoja hii itaelezwa wakati mwingine).
Turejeeni katika hoja ya leo. Katika Kiswahili yapo maneno kadhaa wa kadhaa ambayo maana zeke hushabihiana au kufanana au kukaribiana sana. Hata hivyo, kufanana au kukaribiana huko hakufanyi maneno ya namna hiyo yawe na maana moja.
Mathalani, wengi tunatumia maneno ‘ kukubali ‘ na ‘ kuafiki’ katika muktadha tofauti.
Ingawa maneno hayo huchukuliwa kama maneno yaliyo na maana sawa lakini kwa hakika maneno hayo yana maana na msisitizo uliyo tofauti kabisa.
Kwa mujibu wa kamusi kuu ya BAKITA ( 2016), uk. 534. Wanaeleza kuwa kukubali ni kuafiki.
Makala haya ya Kamusi ina maoni tofauti na maelezo hayo ya Kamusi kuu ya Kiswahili. ( BAKITA, 2016).
Ok wetu Makala ya KAMUSI tunaona kukubali si kuafiki. Hata hivyo, kukubali ni hatua ya awali ya kuafiki.
Mtu huanza kukubali kisha anafikia kilele cha kukubali huko ndiyo huitwa kuafiki.
Makala ya KAMUSI inayo mifano ya watu wanaokubali mambo bila kuafiki. Kukubali huko bila kuafiki Waswahili huita ‘ kubali yaishe’
Mtu anayekubali yaishe huwa hajaafiki. Mtu hukubali jambo ili kujiondosha ktk mtanziko wa hoja au mambo kwa matilaba ya kutaka mambo yaendelee.
Hata mke na mume wanapoingia katika majibizano makali aghalabu hutokea mke kukubali kukosea hata kama hajakosa. Kwa nadra sana wanaume pia hufanya hivyo.
Kukubali huko si kule kwa umuhimu wa hoja yenyewe bali ni kwa kujiepusha na mzozo hasa ikizingatiwa mfumo dume unaochagiza mwanamke kuwa chini daima dumu dawamu ndiyo humfunga mwanamke mdomo.
Kwa hiyo, makala haya ya KAMUSI inaona kuafiki huenda mbali zaidi ya kukubali. Kwa mintarafu hii, mtu hukubali lakini zaidi huwa na ridhaa juu ya jambo analolikubali.
Ridhaa ndiyo humfanya mtu kuafiki. Kuafiki maana yake ni kukubali kwa maneno, moyo, akili na matendo.
Kukubali kunaweza kuwa kwa kusema tu. Mtu anaweza kusema ndiyo hata kama moyo na akili yake haitaki au hata kama haamini jambo fulani.
Kwa mfano, Unaweza kukubali tu kuwa timu ya simba imekuwa bingwa wa kandanda Tanzania lakini si ajabu Mwinyi Zahera anaweza asiafiki jambo hilo.
Aidha, chama cha siasa kinaweza kumteua mgombea mmoja kati ya kumi na mmoja. Kwa muktadha huu wagombea wengine wanaweza kukubali lakini kwa kuwa baadhi yao huwa hawaafiki aghalabu huendeleza makundi, mizozo, fitna za chini kwa chini, nk. Kwa nini , ni kwa sababu hapakuwa na kuafikiana katika jambo hilo.
Itakumbukwa kuwa msanii wa Muziki wa Kikazi kipya Ngosha , amewahi kueleza kuwa ‘ Si kila ndiyo inamaanisha ndiyo kiundani, zipo ndiyo zimechanganyika na utani.
Je, BAKITA hamuoni kuwapo haja ya kutazama upya maana ya maneno haya katika kamusi yetu?
……………..Mwisho………….
Asante sana.
Kamusi imekujieni kwa hisani ya Utu- Tanzania, Culture Link Africa Ltd na KAMUSI Pevu ya Kiswahili.
Majid Mswahili
#BwanaKamusi
Mchambuzi wa Lugha, Fasihi na Fasaha ya Kiswahili
Tuandikie : majidkiswahili@gmail.com Au + 255 715 838480

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  LEO KATIKA KAMUSI ‘IPI NI TOFAUTI BAINA YA HULKA NA SILKA’
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-28-2021, 11:15 AM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

Karibu katika KAMUSI.

IPI NI TOFAUTI BAINA YA HULKA NA SILKA.
KAMUSINI leo tunaangazia kuhusu dhana mbili nazo ni Hulka na Silka.
Watumiaji wengi wa lugha ya Kiswahili aghalabu huzitumia dhana hizi katika maelezo yao ya kila siku.
Hata hivyo, wapo baadhi ya wasema lugha huzitumia dhana hizi kwa kuzichanganya au kuzikanganya.
Malala haya ya KAMUSI inapenda kukuletea ufafanuzi kwa ufupi kuhusu dhana hizi.
Tuliyemwalika KAMUSINI leo ni Mzee Mudhihir. M. Mudhihir. Huyu ndiye BwanaKAMUSI wetu kwa Makala haya.
Mzee Mudhihir anaeleza kuwa ; Hulka ni mwenendo/tabia ambayo mtu anaipata kutoka katika mazingira anayokuwa nayo na kutoka kwa watu wanaomzunguuka.
Mazingira hayo hujumuisha wazazi, walezi , rafiki , taasisi za elimu, dini, michezo. Mazingira mengine ni mazingira ya kazi, safari, nk.
Aidha, Hulka inaweza kuwa sifa njema au mbaya. Husikika watu kwa mfano, Fulani ana hulka mbaya.
Kwa upande wa Silika (silka) , Mzee Mudhihir anaendelea kueleza Silka ni tabia/sifa ambazo mtu huzaliwa nazo kama vile furaha, huzuni, kupenda, kuchukia n.k. Kwa hiyo, inaweza kusemwa kuwa silka ni jambo la kimaumbile ( Kinasaba), hivyo mtu huweza kurithi silka kutoka kwa mzazi wake.
Kwa mintarafu hii , upo uwezekano wa kumfanya mja awe na hulka fulani lakini si silka. Kwa sababu silka mtu huipata tu kutokana na maumbile yake.
Makala haya KAMUSI yanahoji iwapo ni sawa kusema kuwa mtu fulani ana silka mbaya?
Je, una maoni gani kutokana na Makala haya ya KAMUSI hii leo.
Tunaomba maoni yako hapa katika ukurasa wetu au tuandikie kupitia : majidkiswahili@gmail.com au +,255 715 838480.
Kongole Maalum kwa BwanaKamusi wa Makala haya, Mzee Mudhihir, M. Mudhihiri ( Mwele bin Taaban).
Majid Mswahili
#Bwanakamusi.
Mchambuzi wa Lugha , Fasihi na Fasaha ya Kiswahili.

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  LEO KATIKA KAMUSI ‘IPI NI TOFAUTI BAINA YA HULKA NA SILKA’
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-28-2021, 11:15 AM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

Karibu katika KAMUSI.

IPI NI TOFAUTI BAINA YA HULKA NA SILKA.
KAMUSINI leo tunaangazia kuhusu dhana mbili nazo ni Hulka na Silka.
Watumiaji wengi wa lugha ya Kiswahili aghalabu huzitumia dhana hizi katika maelezo yao ya kila siku.
Hata hivyo, wapo baadhi ya wasema lugha huzitumia dhana hizi kwa kuzichanganya au kuzikanganya.
Malala haya ya KAMUSI inapenda kukuletea ufafanuzi kwa ufupi kuhusu dhana hizi.
Tuliyemwalika KAMUSINI leo ni Mzee Mudhihir. M. Mudhihir. Huyu ndiye BwanaKAMUSI wetu kwa Makala haya.
Mzee Mudhihir anaeleza kuwa ; Hulka ni mwenendo/tabia ambayo mtu anaipata kutoka katika mazingira anayokuwa nayo na kutoka kwa watu wanaomzunguuka.
Mazingira hayo hujumuisha wazazi, walezi , rafiki , taasisi za elimu, dini, michezo. Mazingira mengine ni mazingira ya kazi, safari, nk.
Aidha, Hulka inaweza kuwa sifa njema au mbaya. Husikika watu kwa mfano, Fulani ana hulka mbaya.
Kwa upande wa Silika (silka) , Mzee Mudhihir anaendelea kueleza Silka ni tabia/sifa ambazo mtu huzaliwa nazo kama vile furaha, huzuni, kupenda, kuchukia n.k. Kwa hiyo, inaweza kusemwa kuwa silka ni jambo la kimaumbile ( Kinasaba), hivyo mtu huweza kurithi silka kutoka kwa mzazi wake.
Kwa mintarafu hii , upo uwezekano wa kumfanya mja awe na hulka fulani lakini si silka. Kwa sababu silka mtu huipata tu kutokana na maumbile yake.
Makala haya KAMUSI yanahoji iwapo ni sawa kusema kuwa mtu fulani ana silka mbaya?
Je, una maoni gani kutokana na Makala haya ya KAMUSI hii leo.
Tunaomba maoni yako hapa katika ukurasa wetu au tuandikie kupitia : majidkiswahili@gmail.com au +,255 715 838480.
Kongole Maalum kwa BwanaKamusi wa Makala haya, Mzee Mudhihir, M. Mudhihiri ( Mwele bin Taaban).
Majid Mswahili
#Bwanakamusi.
Mchambuzi wa Lugha , Fasihi na Fasaha ya Kiswahili.

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  AINA ZA KAMUSI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-28-2021, 11:06 AM - Forum: Kamusi - Replies (1)

MAANA YA KAMUSI

Massamba (2012:24) kamusi ni kitabu cha orodha ya maneno katika lugha, yaliyopangwa kwa utaratibu maalum, pamoja na maana au fasili zake; katika uchanganuzi wa lugha haya ni maneno ya kileksika, yaani yasiyokuwa ya kisarufi au kifonolija.
Tuki (1990:21) kamusi ni kitabu cha orodha ya maneno yaliyopangwa kwa utaratibu maalum, pamoja na maana na fasili zake.
Wamitila (2003:76) kamusi ni kitabu ambacho kina orodha ya maneno katika lugha Fulani ana ambayo hupangwa ki-abjadi au kialfabeti. Maneno haya huelezewa maana zake mbalimbali na labda hata vyanzo vyake.
Matinde (2012:273) kamusi ni kitabu chenye mkusanyiko wa maneno sanifu katika lugha mahususi yaliyoorodheshwa kialfabeti na kutoa taarifa za kifonetiki, kifonolojia, kimofolojia, kisintaksia, na hata kisemantiki.
Nyambari na Masebo (2012:179) kamusi ni kitabu cha marejeleo chenye msamiati uliokusanywa kutoka kwa wazungumzaji wa jamii fulani, na kupangwa kwa utaratibu maalumu, kisha kufafanuliwa kwa namna ambayo msomsji huweza kuelewa.
Kwa ujumla  kamusi ni kitabu chenye orodha ya maneno mbalimbali yaliyopangwa vizuri kwa kufuata alfabeti na hutoa taarifa mbalimbali kama vile maana, matamshi n.k.
MUUNDO WA KAMUSI
1. Utangulizi wa Kamusi
Hii ni sehemu ya mwanzo ambayo hutangulia matini yenyewe ya kamusi.
2. Matini ya Kamusi
Hii ni sehemu ambayo inaonyesha vidahizo na fahiwa zake kuanzia herufi A-Z.
 3. Sherehe ya Kamusi
hizi ni baadhi ya taarifa ambazo huwa zimeandikwa mwishoni mwa kamusi. Kwa mfano majina ya nchi, lugha za mataifa duniani, vipimo vya urefu, vipimo vya uzito, ujazo  n.k.
AINA ZA KAMUSI
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha LUGHA kuna aina kuu tatu (3) za kamusi
1. kamusi wahidiya
hii ni kamusi iliyoandikwa kwa lugha moja
mfano: Kiswahili – Kiswahili
2. kamusi thaniya
Hii ni kamusi inayoandikwa kwa lugha mbili.
mfano: Kiswahili – Kiingereza
3. kamusi mahuluti
Hii ni kamusi inayoandikwa kwa lugha zaidi ya mbili. Kwa mfano Kiswahili-kiingereza-kifaransa.
Kwa kuzingatia dhima ya kamusi tunaweza kuwa na
1. KAMUSI ZA KITAALUMA» kamusi hizi huwa na maneno ya kitaaluma kama vile Fizikia, Biolojia, Isimu… zinaandikwa na wasomi.
2. KAMUSI ZA SEMI» kamusi zenye mkusanyiko wa semi k.v nahau, methali, misemo… zinaeleza maana za semi na matumizi yake.
3. KAMUSI ZA VISAWE»  kamusi zinazoeleza maneno zikitumia visawe vyake katika lugha moja.
4. KAMUSI ZA WATOTO»: kamusi wanazotungiwa watoto na kuwa na maelezo mepesi na picha nyingi.
5. KAMUSI ZA NDEGE »: kamusi hizi huelezea aina mbalimbali za jamii za ndege wapatikanao duniani au katika eneo fulani mahususi.
6. MAKUSI ZA WANYAMA »: kamusi hizi huelezea aina mbalimbali za jamii za wanyama wapatikanao duniani au katika eneo fulani mahususi.
7. KAMUSI ZA MIMEA »: kamusi hizi huelezea aina mbalimbali za jamii za mimea ipatikanayo duniani au katika eneo fulani mahususi.
Taaarifa zinazopatikana katika kamusi
Taarifa hizi huweza kuwa za kisarufi au kileksika
a) taarifa za kisarufi zinazoingizwa katika kamusi.
Nyambari na Masebo (2012:184) wameainisha taarifa zifutazo za kisarufi zinazopatikana katika kamusi.
  • Aina ya neno

  • Asili ya neno

  • Maana za neno

  • Wingi wa nomino

  • Kategoria ya kisarufi ya kidahizo mf. Kitenzi (kt), nomino (nm) n.k

  • Vinyumbuo vya vitenzi mf. Piga-pigwa-pigana-pigika n.k

  • Ngeli za nomino mf. Mtu (A-YU), kazi (i-)

  • Matamshi ya neno

  • Elekezi au sielekezi. Mfano: Apiza kt  [ele], Anguka kt  [sie]

  • Mifano ya matumizi
b) Taarifa za kileksia zinazopatikana katika kamusi
Matinde (2012:275-281) anaeleza taarifa zifuatazo za kileksia ambazo zinapatikana katika kamusi ya lugha.
  • Mpangilio wa vidahizo

  • Kategoria za maneno

  • Umoja na wingi

  • Upatanisho wa kisarufi

  • Uelekezi wa vitenzi

  • Maana ya vidahizo

  • Tahajia za maneno

  • Mifano ya matumizi

  • Methali, nahau na misemo

  • Timolojia ya leksimu

  • Michoro/ picha

  • Matamshi
DHIMA ZA KAMUSI
  • Huonesha tahajia sahihi za maneno

  • Huonesha maana za maneno

  • Huonesha matamshi sahihi ya maneno

  • Huonesha asili ya neno

  • Humsaidia mtumiaji kujifunza lugha za kigeni

  • Huonesha alama na vifupisho mbalimbali katika lugha husika.
                     Marejeleo
Massamba. D.P.B.(2004 ). Kamusi ya isimu na falsafa ya lugha. Dares salaam: TUKI
Masebo . J. A. & Nyangwine. N. (2012). Kiswahili kidato cha tatu na nne . Dares salaam: nyambari nyangwine publishers
Matinde. R. S. (2012). Dafina ya lugha. Isimu na nadharia. Kwa sekondari, vyuo va kati na vyuo vikuu. Mwanza : Serengeti bookshop.
TUKI (1990).kamusi sanifu ya isimu na lugha. Dares salaam: Tuki na Educational publishers and distributors ltd.
Wamitila. K. W. (2003). Kamusi ya fasihi, istilahi na nadharia. Nairobi: Focus publishers ltd.

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  ISTILAHI SANIFU ZA HALI YA HEWA, UVIKO -19 NA MAZINGIRA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 05:19 PM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUFUNGUA >>>>>


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  VISAWE NA MAANA ZAKE
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 05:12 PM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUFUNGUA >>>>>


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  ISTILAHI ZA KORONA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 05:01 PM - Forum: Kamusi - No Replies

BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUFUNGUA >>>>>>>



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  Swali la mofolojia ya Kiswahili
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 06-27-2021, 04:48 PM - Forum: Maswali na majibu - No Replies

Jibu maswali yafuatayo kwa hoja na mifano madhubuti

(a)[b] [/b]Kwa kutumia mifano toa maana ya mofimu ya utendeka.

(b) Taja alomofu zinazojitokeza
© Unda kanuni ya utokeaji wa alomofu hizo


BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUSOMA MAJIBU


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