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  Wasifu wa Julius Nyerere
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-10-2021, 10:43 AM - Forum: Wasifu/Tawasifu - No Replies

[Image: wasifu.jpg]
[Image: Julius_Nyerere_cropped.jpg]
Mwalimu Julius Nyerere
Muda wa Utawala
26 April 1964 – 5 November 1985
Waziri Mkuu
Rashidi Kawawa (1972–77)
Edward Sokoine (1977–80)
Cleopa Msuya (1980–83)
Edward Sokoine (1983–84)
Salim A. Salim (1984–85)
Makamu wa Rais
Abeid Karume (1964–72)
Aboud Jumbe (1972–84)
Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1984–85)
aliyemfuata
Rais wa Tanganyika
Muda wa Utawala
9 December 1962 – 25 April 1964
Waziri Mkuu
Waziri Mkuu wa Tanganyika
Muda wa Utawala
1 May 1961 – 22 January 1962
Monarch
mtangulizi
Ofisi iliundwa
aliyemfuata
Waziri Kiongozi wa Tanganyika
Muda wa Utawala
2 September 1960 – 1 May 1961
Monarch
tarehe ya kuzaliwa
13 Aprili 1922
tarehe ya kufa
14 Oktoba 1999 (umri 77)
mahali pa kuzikiwa
utaifa
chama
ndoa
Maria Nyerere
watoto
7
mhitimu wa
Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh
Fani yake
Mwalimu
dini
tovuti
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere (Butiama, mkoani Mara, pembezoni mwa Ziwa Nyanza13 Aprili 1922 – LondonUingereza14 Oktoba 1999) alikuwa rais wa kwanza wa Tanzania, na mara nyingi anatajwa kama “baba wa taifa”. Kwa hakika aliiathiri kuliko yeyote yule. Ndiye mwasisi wa itikadi ya ujamaa na kujitegemea iliyotangazwa hasa katika Azimio la Arusha.
Kabla ya kuingia kwenye siasa alikuwa ni mwalimuKazi hiyo ndiyo iliyompatia jina ambalo lilimkaa maisha yake yote la “Mwalimu.”
Kwanza aliongoza Tanganyika toka mwaka 1961 hadi 1964 kama waziri mkuu, halafu kama rais; baada ya muunganowake na Zanzibar, aliongoza Tanzania kuanzia mwaka 1964 hadi mwaka 1985 kama rais.
Mwalimu Nyerere ni kati ya viongozi wachache wa Afrika ambao wameacha madaraka kwa hiari baada ya kutawala kwa muda mrefu, akiwa bado anapendwa na wananchi walio wengi.
Alipostaafu urais mwaka 1985 alirudi kijijini kwake Butiama ambako aliendesha shughuli za kilimo. Hata hivyo aliendelea kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake.
Kwa ruhusa ya makao makuu ya Kanisa Katoliki duniani, Jimbo Katoliki la Musoma linashughulikia kesi ya kumtangaza mwenye heri na hatimaye mtakatifu. Kwa sababu hiyo anaitwa pia “mtumishi wa Mungu“.
Maisha yake
Julius Kambarage Nyerere alizaliwa mwaka 1922 katika kijiji cha Butiama, wilaya ya Musomamkoa wa Mara, Tanzania (wakati ule: Tanganyika).
Alikuwa mmojawapo kati watoto 26 wa Nyerere Burito, chifu wa kabila la Wazanaki.
Alipokuwa mtoto Nyerere alichunga mifugo ya baba yake; katika umri wa miaka 12 aliingia shule akitembea kilomita 30 hadi Musoma.
Baada ya kumaliza shule ya msingi aliendelea kusomea shule ya wamisionari Wakatoliki huko Tabora.
Katika umri wa miaka 20 alibatizwa akawa Mkristo Mkatoliki hadi mwisho wa maisha yake.
Mapadri wakiona akili yake kubwa walimsaidia kusomea ualimu huko MakerereKampalaUganda kuanzia mwaka 1943hadi 1945.
Akiwa Makerere alianzisha tawi la Umoja wa Wanafunzi Watanganyika, pia alijihusisha na tawi la Tanganyika African Association (TAA).
Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ualimu alirudi Tabora akifundisha shule ya St.Mary.
Mwaka 1949 alipata [[skolashipu[[ ya kwenda kusoma kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha EdinburghUskotiUfalme wa Muungano, akapata M.A. ya historia na uchumi (alikuwa Mtanganyika wa kwanza kusoma katika chuo kikuu cha Uingereza na wa pili kupata shahada ya elimu ya juu nje ya Tanganyika).
Aliporejea kutoka masomoni, alifundisha Historia, Kiingereza na Kiswahili katika shule ya St. Francis iliyo karibu na Dar es Salaam.
Mwaka 1953 alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa chama cha Tanganyika African Association (TAA), chama ambacho alikisaidia kukijenga alipokuwa mwanafunzi katika chuo kikuu cha Makerere.
Mwaka 1954 alibadilisha jina la chama cha TAA kwenda chama cha Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), ambacho pia kilikuwa cha kisiasa zaidi kuliko TAA. Ndani ya mwaka mmoja chama cha TANU kikawa tayari chama cha siasa kinachoongoza nchini Tanganyika.
Uwezo wa Nyerere uliwashtua viongozi wa kikoloni akalazimika kuchagua kati ya siasa na kazi ya ualimu. Nyerere alisikika akijisemea kuwa mwalimu kwa kuchagua na mwanasiasa kwa bahati mbaya.
Alijiuzulu ualimu na kuzunguka nchi nzima ya Tanganyika kuzungumza na watu wa kawaida na machifu ili kuleta umojakatika kupigania uhuru. Pia alizungumza kwa niaba ya TANU katika Trusteeship Council na Fourth Committee ya Umoja wa Mataifa (UN) huko New York.
Uwezo wake wa kuongea na wa kuunganisha watu ulimwezesha kufanikisha Tanganyika kupata uhuru bila umwagaji wa damu.
Ushirikiano mzuri aliouonyesha aliyekuwa gavana wa wakati huo, Richard Turnbull, ulisaidia pia kuharakisha upatikanaji wa uhuru.
Nyerere aliingia katika bunge la kikoloni mwaka 1958 na kuchaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu mwaka 1960.
Mwaka 1961 Tanganyika ilipata uhuru wake na tarehe 9 Desemba 1961 Nyerere alichaguliwa kuwa waziri mkuu wa Tanganyika huru; mwaka mmoja baadaye akawa rais wa kwanza wa Jamhuri ya Tanganyika.
Nyerere alikuwa kiungo muhimu katika muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kutengeneza Tanzania mara baada ya mapinduzi ya Zanzibar mwaka 1964 yaliyomtoa madarakani sultani wa Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah.
[Image: Julius_Nyerere_1977.jpg]
Julius Nyerere akiwa mzee mnamo mwaka 1977.
Tarehe 5 Februari 1977 aliongoza chama cha TANU kuungana na chama tawala cha Zanzibar Afro Shirazi Party na kuanzisha chama kipya cha CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi) akiwa mwenyekiti wake wa kwanza.
Nyerere aliendelea kuongoza taifa hadi 1985 alipomwachia nafasi rais wa pili, Ali Hassan Mwinyi.
Aliacha kuongoza Tanzania ikiwa ni mojawapo kati ya nchi maskini zaidi duniani, ingawa yenye huduma za elimu na afya zilizoenea kwa wananchi wengi.
Hata hivyo aliendelea kuongoza CCM hadi mwaka 1990 na kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake.
Kwa mfano, inasadikika kuwa Nyerere alishawishi uteuzi wa Benjamin W. Mkapa kama mgombea wa urais mwaka 1995, ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa rais kwenye uchaguzi.
Nyerere alikaa muda mwingi kwake Butiama akilima shamba lake. Pamoja na haya alianzisha taasisi yenye jina lake; mwaka 1996 alionekana akiwa mpatanishi wa pande mbalimbali za vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe huko Burundi.
Tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999 aliaga dunia katika hospitali ya St Thomas mjini London baada ya kupambana na kansa ya damu.
Mafanikio na kasoro
[Image: 250px-Muungano.JPG]
Nyerere akichanganya udongo wa Zanzibar na Tanganyika wakati wa muungano mwaka 1964.
Mafanikio[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Kati ya mafanikio makubwa ya Nyerere kuna: kujenga umoja wa taifa kati ya watu wa makabila na dini tofauti, na hivyo kudumisha amani ya muda mrefu tofauti na hali ya nchi jirani, iliyofanya Tanzania iitwe “kisiwa cha amani”.
Pia kustawisha utamaduni wa Kiafrika pamoja na lugha ya Kiswahili, kushinda ubaguzi wa rangi, kutetea usalama wa taifakatika vita dhidi ya mvamizi Idi Amin wa Uganda.
Kutoa mchango kwa vyama vya ukombozi vya nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika kama vile: Zimbabwe (ZANU), Afrika Kusini(ANC na PAC), Namibia (SWAPO), Angola (MPLA) na Msumbiji (Frelimo).
Ukosoaji dhidi yake
[Image: 170px-Nyerere_2.jpg]
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Nyerere analaumiwa kwa siasa yake ya kiujamaa kuwa ilichelewesha maendeleo ya kiuchumi wa Tanzania. Siasa yake ya ujamaa ilishindikana kwa kiasi kikubwa baada ya mwaka 1976 kwa sababu mbalimbali za nje na za ndani ya nchi.
Baada ya kuona kuwa uchumi wa Tanzania hautaweza kusimama kwa siasa ya kijamaa na kuwa hataweza kuvumilia kuendesha nchi kwa siasa nyingine ambazo yeye hakuwa na imani nazo, Nyerere kwa hiari yake mwenyewe aliamua kustaafu nafasi ya urais kuanzia uchaguzi wa mwaka 1985 na kumwachia usukani Ali Hassan Mwinyi, aliyetawala kwa siasa ya uchumi wa soko huria.
Katika hali ya kukubali ukweli, Nyerere katika tafrija ya kumwaga alitamka juu ya siasa yake upande wa uchumi: “Nimefeli. Tukubali hivyo.”
Kosa lingine ambalo wengine wanaona Nyerere alilifanya ni kumhadaa aliyekuwa Rais wa Zanzibar Mzee Abeid Amaan Karume kwa kuziunganisha Tanganyika na Zanzibar, na kuanza kupora mamlaka ya Zanzibar kidogokidogo. Kwa hivi sasa Wanzanzibari wengi wamechoka na Muungano huo, na wanataka uhuru wa nchi yao ili wapumue. Hata upande wa bara wananchi wengi wanalalamikia kutoweka kwa Tanganyika na serikali yake.
Pia kuna makundi ya Waislamu wanaomtuhumu kwa kuendesha kwa siri vita dhidi ya dini yao na kupendelea Wakristo katika utoaji wa elimu na madaraka,japo wasomi wengi kwa kipindi cha utawala wake walikuwa Wakristo.
[Image: 250px-Nyerere_bao_butiama.jpg]
Nyerere akicheza bao kwake Butiama, akitazamwa na mwandamizi wake katika urais Ali Hassan Mwini, mke wake Mama Maria, na kaka yake, chifu Burito.
Sifa zake
Pamoja na hayo, Nyerere bado anakumbukwa na Watanzania hasa wa hali ya chini kutokana na sera zake za kujali utu. Pia ataendelea kukumbukwa na Waafrika barani kote hasa kwa mchango wake mkubwa wakati wa harakati za kupigania uhuru katika nchi mbali mbali barani Afrika.
Ni mmoja wa viongozi wachache waadilifu waliokwepa kujilimbikizia mali pamoja na kutawala kwa miaka zaidi ya 24.
[Image: 220px-Nyerere_grave.jpg]
Kaburi la Nyerere kijijini Butiama.
Mwishoni mwa maisha yake Nyerere aliishi kama mkulima wa kawaida kijijini kwake Butiama. Alipatwa na kansa ya damu (leukemia) akafariki Uingereza wakati wa kutibiwa katika mji wa London tarehe 14 Oktoba 1999.
Alizikwa mahali pa kuzaliwa kwake, kijiji cha Butiama.
Heshima na Tuzo
Nishani[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Nishani
Nchi
Mwaka
Ref
[Image: 80px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png]
Nishani ya José Marti
1975
[Image: 80px-MEX_Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle_1Class_BAR.png]
Nishani ya Tai ya Kiazteki (Ukosi)
1975
Nishani ya Amílcar Cabral
1976
Nishani ya Eduardo Mondlane
1983
Nishani ya Agostinho Neto
1985
[Image: 80px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tam...bar%29.gif]
Nishani ya Masahaba wa O. R. Tambo (Dhahabu)
2004
Nishani ya Kifalme cha Munhumutapa
2005
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Nishani Ubora wa Lulu ya Afrika (Bwana tukufu)
2005
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Nishani ya Katonga
2005
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Medali ya Ukombozi wa Kitaifa
2009
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Medali ya Kampeni Dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari
2009
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Nishani ya Kikale cha Welwitschia Mirabilis
2010
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Nishani ya Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
2011
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Nishani ya Kitaifa cha Burundi
2012
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Nishani ya Jamaika
[url=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere#cite_note-10][10]
Tuzo
Kisha kufa
Machapisho ya mwl.Julius K. Nyerere
  • Freedom and Unity (Uhuru na Umoja): Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1952–1965 (Oxford University Press, 1967)
  • Freedom and Socialism (Uhuru na Ujamaa). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1965-1967 (1968)
    • Ndamo zimo: “The Arusha Declaration”; “Education for self-reliance”; “The varied paths to socialism”; “The purpose is man”; and “Socialism and development.”
  • Freedom & Development (Uhuru na Maendeleo). Mkusanyiko wa maandiko na hotuba, 1968-73 (Oxford University Press, 1974)
    • Ndani zimo mada za elimu kwa watu wazima; uhuru na maendeleo; kujitegemea; na miaka kumi ya uhuru.

  • Ujamaa – Essays on Socialism’ (1977)
  • Crusade for Liberation (1979)
  • Julius Kaisari, Tafsiri ya mchezo wa William Shakespeare unaoitwa Julius Caesar
  • Mabepari wa Venisi, Tafsiri ya mchezo mwingine wa William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice
  • Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Mathayo, Tafsiri ya kishairi ya Injili ya Mathayo
  • Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Marko, Tafsiri ya kishairi ya Injili ya Marko
  • Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Luka, Tafsiri ya kishairi ya Injili ya Luka
  • Utenzi wa Enjili Kadiri ya Utungo wa Yohana, Tafsiri ya kishairi ya Injili ya Yohane
  • Utenzi wa Matendo ya Mitume, Tafsiri ya kishairi ya Matendo ya Mitume

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  Mdahalo Juu ya Matumizi ya Lugha ya Kiswahili Katika Nyanja Mbalimbali
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-10-2021, 10:06 AM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

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  SHAIRI: UPAMBAUKAO HUTWA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-10-2021, 08:04 AM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

UPAMBAUKAO  HUTWA
(KWAHERINI!)
 
Upambaukao hutwa, na kutwapo huwa giza
Mtana hupetwapetwa, ukanyang’anywa mwangaza
Nyoyo zikawa kukotwa, japo mwezi waangaza
Laliza hili laliza!
 
Na sisi ule mtana, uliotupambauza
Ulotupa kujuwana, na mengi kuyafanyiza
Leo waanza kununa, mitima kuiumiza
Laliza hili laliza!
 
Hikumbuka tangamano, vyema tulivyolikuza
Mi nanyi ‘kawa mfano, wa lulu katika shaza
Kisha leo saa hino, hiona twalikatiza
Laniliza! Laniliza!
 
Hikumbuka ukarimu, na wema wenu nduguza
Jinsi mulivyonikimu, myaka saba hatimiza
Nahisi najidhulumu, Tanzania kuipeza
Ndipo hamba laniliza!
 
Ingawa ‘menilazimu, na nyinyi kujiambaza
Yondokayo ni sehemu, sehemu najibakiza
Moyo wangu umo humu, Tanzania ‘tausaza
Japo hivyo – laniliza!
 
Ni yangu matumaini, kwenu nayapendekeza
Kwamba hwenda si jioni, nuru ingajipunguza
Pengine wingu angani, ndilo lilojitandaza
Litakoma kutuliza?
 
Na iwapo si hakika, hili nalowaambiza
Jambo moja liso shaka, tusoweza lipuuza:
Utwao hupambauka, hauwezi ukaiza
Hapo halitatuliza!
 
 
Abdilatif Abdalla
Dar es Salaam:
Septemba 8, 1979
 
____________________
Shairi hili nililitunga kuwaaga Watanzania nilipokuwa naondoka Tanzania, baada ya kufanya
kazi Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, kwa miaka sabaa.
Lilichapishwa katika Lugha Yetu, jarida la Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa  (BAKITA), Toleo la 35/36 (1979-1980), na katika magazeti ya Uhuru, Ngurumo na Mzalendo.

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  MTIHANI WA UTAMILIFU MKOA WA PWANI KISWAHILI -1 – 2019
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-10-2021, 07:59 AM - Forum: Mitihani - No Replies


.pdf   UTAMILIFU-MKOA-PWANI.pdf (Size: 1.06 MB / Downloads: 30)

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  FANI NA MAUDHUI KATIKA FASIHI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-10-2021, 07:19 AM - Forum: Fasihi kwa ujumla - No Replies

FANI NA MAUDHUI KATIKA FASIHI
FANI: huu ni ufundi wa kisanaa autumiao msanii katika kutoa ujumbe wake kwa hadhira iliyokusudiwa. Katika fani kumegawanyika vipengele mbalimbali kama vile wahusika, mitindo, muundo, mandhari, matumizi ya lugha, kufaulu na kutokufaulu kifani. Vipengele muhimu vinavyoangaliwa ni hivi vifuatavyo:
Mtindo; hii ni mbinu ya kipekee kifani na kimaudhui, zinazotofautisha msanii mmoja na mwingine. Kwa mfano, katika riwaya ya “Barua Ndefu kama hii” iliyoandikwa na Mariama Ba ametumia mtindo wa kirafiki kuanzia mwanzo hadi mwisho. Kwa mfano, barua ya Ramatulayi kwa Dauda Dieng na barua kwa Aisatu.
Vilevile katika tamthilia ya “Nguzo Mama” na Penina Muhando, ametumia mitindo mbalimbali kwa lengo la kuipendezesha kazi yake na kuifanya iwe na mvuto zaidi kwa hadhira yake. Kwa mfano, ametumia mtindo wa kimonolojia (uk.3, 5, 13), vilevile ametumia mtindo wa majibizano mfano katika uk. (36, 37) Pia ametumia nyimbo (uk.2, 3).
Muundo; huu ni mpangilio wa kiufundi anaoutumia mwandishi katika kupangilia kazi yake. Mwandisha katika tamthilia ya “Ngoswe Penzi Kitovu cha Uzembe” na tamthilia ya “Nguzo Mama” zimetumia muundo wa moja kwa moja. Kwa mfano, katika “Nguzo Mama” mwandishi ameanza kuonesha jitihada za akina mama katika kusimamisha nguzo mama na anaonesha udhaifu uliojitokeza na jinsi walivyoshindwa kuisimamisha nguzo. Yote hii ilitokana na kukosa umoja, ushirikiano na kutothaminiana. Tamthilia hii imegawanywa katika sehemu nne ambazo zimeoneshwa kama onesho la kwanza hadi la nne.
Vilevile Mariama Ba katika riwaya ya “Barua Ndefu kama hii” ametumia muundo rejeshi kwani amechanganya matukio lakini yenye mtiririko mzuri. Alianza na kifo cha Modu halafu akaelezea jinsi Modu na Ramatulayi walivyokutana na kupendana na hatimaye kuoana.
Pia muundo waweza kufasiliwa kama mpangilio na mtiririko wa kazi ya fasihi, kwa upande wa visa na mtukio. Katika riwaya ya “Pesa zako zinanuka” mwandishi ametumia muundo changamano. Hii ni kwa sababu ndani ya muundo huu kuna masimulizi ya moja kwa moja na kuna urejeshi ndani yake.
Wahusika; hawa ni watu au viumbe ambavyo mwandishi wa fasihi huwatumia ili kufanikisha ujumbe kwa jamii husika. Katika kazi ya fasihi mwandishi huwagawa wahusika katika makundi mawili yaani wahusika wakuu na wahusika wadogo.
Wahusika wakuu ni wale ambao wanajitokeza kuanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho wa kazi ya fasihi. Wahusika wadogo ni wale wote ambao wanajitokeza sehemu mbalimbali katika kazi ya fasihi kwa mfano, mwanzoni mwa kitabu hadi mwishoni mwa kitabu.
Mandhari; hii ni sehemu ambayo matukio ya hadithi au masimulizi hutokea. Mandhari huweza kuwa halisi au ya kufikirika.
Maudhui; Maudhui katika kazi ya fasihi ni jumla ya mawazo yote yanayozungumzwa pamoja na mtazamo wa mwandishi juu ya mawazo hayo. Maudhui hujumuisha mawazo pamoja na mafunzo mbalimbali yaliyomsukuma msanii hadi akatunga na kusanii kazi fulani ya kifasihi. Vipengele vya maudhui ni pamoja na dhamira, migogoro, falsafa ujumbe na msimamo.
Dhamira; hili ni wazo kuu au mawazo mbalimbali yanayojitokeza katika kazi ya fasihi. Senkoro anataadharisha maana hii isichanganywe na maudhui kwani dhamira ni sehemu tu ya maudhui na aghalabu dhamira kuu ndio hujenga kiini cha kazi ya fasihi. Dhamira zimegawanyika katika makundi mawili, kuna dhamira kuu na dhamira ndogondogo. Kwa mfano, katika riwaya ya “Pesa zako zinanuka” na Ben Mtobwa dhamira kuu ni uhujumu uchumi, magendo, ulanguzi na rushwa ambapo mwandishi ameonesha kuwa hiki ni kikwazo kikubwa kinachochangia kutokuwa na maendeleo katika jamii.
Zipo pia dhamira ndogondogo kama vile mapenzi, nafasi ya mwanamke, uteteaji wa haki za binadamu, matabaka, nafasi ya mwanamume katika jamii na dhamira hizi ndogondogo zimebebwa na ile dhamira kuu.
Migogoro; ni mivutano na misuguano mbalimbali katika kazi za fasihi. Migogoro inaweza kuwa kati ya wahusika, familia zao, matabaka yao, au hata katika nyadhifa mbalimbali.
Vilevile migogoro yaweza kuwa ya kiuchumi, kijamii, mogogoro ya nafsi, na migogoro ya kisiasa ambayo hujitokeza katika mitazamo tofauti kulingana na mtiririko wa visa na matukio yanavyopangwa na mwandishi.
Riwaya ya “Pesa Zako Zinanuka” na Ben Mtubwa imeonesha migogoro mbalimbali iliyojitokeza. Kwa mfano, kuna mgogoro wa kijamii, huu unajitokeza baina ya watu au kikundi cha watu katika jamii. Katika riwaya hii mgogoro huu unajitokeza kati ya Kandili na Dora. Suluhisho la mgogoro ni kuwa Dora aliamua kuishi yeye peke yake na mtoto wake wakipambana na maisha ya kila siku.
Pia kuna mgogoro wa nafsi, huu unajitokeza kati ya mtu na nafsi yake. Katika riwaya ya “Pesa Zako Zinanuka” mgogoro huu unajitokeza kwa Dora na nafsi yake katika uk.81.
Kwa ujumla suluhisho la migogoro yote ni jamii kuwa na haki na usawa kuondoa chuki, kuondokana na uvivu, kushirikiana katika kuwafichua wale wanaotumia mali ya umma kwa kujinufaisha wenyewe.
Ujumbe; mwandishi anapoandika kazi yake huwa na ujumbe ambao hutaka uifikie jamii aliyoikusudia. Ujumbe katika kazi fasihi ni mafunzo mbalimbali ambayo hupatikana baada ya kusoma kazi ya fasihi. Katika kazi ya fasihi dhamira kuu hubeba ujumbe wa msingi na dhamira ndogondogo hubeba ujumbe ambao husaidia kuujenga au kuupa uzito zaidi ujumbe wa msingi.
Msimamo; katika kazi ya fasihi, mawazo, mafunzo na falsafa ya msanii hubainisha msimamo wake kuhusu masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii. Msimamo ni ile hali ya mwandishi kuamua kufuata na kushikilia jambo fulani. Jambo hili huweza kukataliwa na wengi lakini akalishikilia tu. Msimamo ndio huweza kuwatofautisha wasanii wawili au zaidi wanaoandika kuhusu mazingira yanayofanana. Kwa mfano, katika tamthilia ya “Pesa zako zinanuka” mwandishi anamsimamo wa kimapinduzi kwani amejadili matatizo yanayochangia kukwama kwa ujenzi wa jamii mpya.
Pia anaonesha njia au suluhisho la matatizo hayo. Matatizo hayo ni kama vile: uhujumu uchumi, wivu, magendo, usaliti na mmomonyoko wa maadili.
UHUSIANO WA FANI NA MAUDHUI
Fani na maudhui ni dhana mbili ambazo hazitenganiki. Kuna mitazamo miwili ambayo inajaribu kutazama uhusiano wa fani na maudhui katika kazi za fasihi andishi. Mitazamo hiyo ni ya kidhanifu na kiyakinifu.
Katika mtazamo wa kidhanifu wapo wataalam mbalimbali ambao wametoa maelezo yao kuhusu uhusiano wa fani na maudhui katika kazi za fasihi andishi.
Tukianza na Bi. Materu, yeye anasema fani na maudhui ni kama mwili na nguo hivyo anatoa maoni kuwa fani na maudhui ni dhana ambazo zinaweza kutenganishwa kama vile mwili unavyoweza kutenganishwa na nguo. Bi. Materu anasema maudhui ni mwili ambao ndilo umbo la ndani la kazi ya fasihi, wakati nguo ndio fani ambayo ni umbo la nje la kazi ya fasihi.
Fauka ya hayo Mtaalam mwingine ni Penina Muhando (Mlama), anasema kuwa fani na maudhui ni kama sahani na chakula. Sahani yaweza kutengwa na chakula pale ambapo chakula hicho kitaondolewa. Penina Muhando anasema, chakula ndio maudhui yaani umbo la ndani la kazi ya fasihi na sahani ndio fani ambayo ni umbo la nje la kazi ya fasihi. Hivyo yeye anaona kuwa fani na maudhui ni dhana mbili ambazo zinaweza kutenganishwa na bila athari yoyote.
Naye T. Sengho anasema kuwa fani na maudhui ni kama chungwa na ganda, akiwa na maana kuwa chungwa ndio maudhui na ganda ndio fani. Hapa T. Sengho anatoa msimamo kuwa fani na maudhui vinaweza kutenganishwa bila ya athari, kwani chungwa linaweza kutengwa na ganda lake.
Mtaalam mwingine anayeegemea mtazamo wa kidhanifu anasema kuwa fani na maudhui ni kama kikombe na chai. Huyu ni Mtaalam F. Nkwera ambaye anasema kuwa chai ndio maudhui na fani ndio kikombe. Hapa F. Nkwera anataadharisha kuwa chai inaweza kunywewa kwenye kikombe na kikombe kubakia kitupu, hivyo fani yaweza kutengwa na maudhui kama vile chai inavyoweza kutengwa na kikombe.
Katika mtazamo wa kiyakinifu, Senkoro anasema kuwa fani na maudhui ni sawa na sarafu. Hapa anamaanisha kuwa fani na maudhui ni dhana mbili zisizoweza kutenganishwa kama vile pande mbili za sarafu moja.
Senkoro F. E. M. K. anasisitiza kuwa fani na maudhui havitenganishiki bali hutegemeana ili kazi ya fasihi iweze kuwa bora zaidi. Kazi ya fasihi ambayo maudhui yamezidi fani huwa chapwa au fani ikizidi maudhui, kazi hiyo ya fasihi huwa chapwa, hivyo maudhui na fani ni dhana ambazo hutemeana. Fani na maudhui lazima vilingane na kushabihiana ili kazi yenyewe iweze kuwa bora na yenye mvuto zaidi.
Mtazamo mwingine unadai kuwa fani na maudhui hulinganishwa na roho na mwili ambapo haiwezi kutenganishwa na mwili kwani kwa kufanya hivyo athari itakayotokea ni kwamba mwili hautaweza kufanyakazi ipasavyo pasipo roho.
Vilevile tunaweza kufananisha fani na maudhui kama gari na injini. Hii ni dhana ambayo inajidhihirisha kuwa gari haliwezi kutenda bila injini, hivyo ni kuweza kuthibitisha kuwa fani na maudhui ni dhana mbili zisizotenganishwa kwani huleta athari zinapotenganishwa na vilevile fani na maudhui hutenda kazi pamoja.

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  WAZANZIBARI SITA MAARUFU
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-09-2021, 01:52 PM - Forum: Wasifu/Tawasifu - No Replies

TIPPU TIP

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Akiwa ametiwa ila sana na “magazeti ya wavumbuzi,” shujaa huyu jasiri wa kizanzibari ambaye jina lake hasa aliitwa Hamed bin Mohammed Marjebi alijulikana zaidi kama Davy Corocket au Francis Drake wa Afrika ya Mashariki kuliko mfano wa mwanafunzi mtundu ambaye tabia zake zilizompa umaarufu zaidi ni vile kuwa na ugomvi wa mara kwa mara na wavumbuzi wa kidini kutoka Ulaya wa wakati ule.Aliwatumikia Sultani wake kwa zaidi ya miaka 50, huku akibeba bendera na ustaarabu wao katika kila pembe ya mipaka yao.
 

Katika nyakati tafauti, alifanya kazi kama mvumbuzi, kiongozi, mfanyabiashara, askari mwanadiplomaisa, hakimu na gavana. Aliwatumikia jumla ya Sultani 8 wakati wa maisha yake baadaye akastaafu na kubakia nyumbani kwake katika Mji Mkongwe. Alifariki mwaka 1905 akiwa hakuwahi kuhalifu kazi zote alizopewa na watawala wake.





        SITI BINTI SADI.

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Akiwa Nyota wa kwanza mkubwa wa kurikodi Taarab tokea miaka ya mwanzo ya santuri, Siti aliweza kuifanya Taarab kuwa maarufu kutokana na muziki wake mtamu na nyimbo za mapenzi zilizobeba ujumbe wa nguvu za kijamii na uchambuzi wakisiasa. Jambo moja lililoifanya kazi yake kuwa ya kiharakati ni vile kuimba kwake kwa kutumia lugha ya watu wa kawaida. Baada ya kuishi kwa muda mrefu katika mitaa ya Ng’ambo mjini Zanzibar, baadaye Siti alitembelea nchi mbali mbali za Afrika ya Mashariki akiimba na kuuza rekodi zake. Lililompa umaarufu zaidi miongoni mwa watu ilikuwa ni muziki mpya uliorekodiwa katika lugha yao wenyewe. Baada ya wasomo wanadai kuwa rekodi hizi za zamani zilichangia sana kuieneza lugha ya Kiswahili.
 

Akiwa mtoto wa watumwa, Siti alianza maisha kwa akali ya kitu, lakini kwa juhudi yake mwenyewe na sauti yake ya ajabu, aliweza kwanza kuimba taarabu ya kawaida, baadaye katika makasri na kumsifu Mfalme, na hata kuimba kwa Kiarabu. Baadaye aliigeuza midundo na mifumo ile ya kishairi na kuwa katika vinanda vya kawaida. Matokeo yake, Taarab ya Kiswahili ilimfanya awe Nyota na yeye kuifanya taarab iwe aina ya sanaa ambayo bado ni maarufu visiwani na isiyokosekana katika harusi na sherehe zote za Kizanzibari ..


BARGHASH BIN SAID

[Image: Barghash.jpg]
Huyu ni Mfalme wa Tatu wa Zanzibar, aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka 1870 mpaka 1888. Mama yake alikuwa mtumwa (aliyewachwa huru kwa kuzaliwa yeye), Sultani wengi wa Zanzibar walikuwa watoto wa wanawake watumwa. Baba yake, Seyyid Said bin Sultan, alikuwa mfalme mlowezi wa Sultan wa mwanzo wa Zanzibar. Barghash anasifika kwa ujenzi wa miundo mbinu ya Mji Mkongwe, ikiwemo maji ya bomba, vituo vya polisi, barabara, bustani, hospitali na majumba mengi ya kiutawala kama vile Beit el Ajaib.
 
Pengine alikuwa Sultan wa mwisho kuweka kipimo cha uhuru wa kweli dhidi ya udhibiti wa Wazungu.Alishauriana na “Washauri” kadhaa wa kizungu ambao walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa, lakini alibaki kuwa mtu imara waliyepambana naye kumdhibiti alipambana na wanadiplomasia kutoka Uingereza, America, Ujerumani, Ufaransa na Ureno na mara kwa mara aliweza kuiangusha kitaalau nchi moja baada ya nyengine katika kinyang’anyiro cha kabla ya Ukoloni. Ni mtoto wake, Khalid, ambaye katika mchuano wa kurithi ufalme, alishindwa katika Vita vifupi kabisa katika histora.



SHEIKH ABDALLA SALEH FARSY

[Image: SHEIKH_ABDULLAH_SALEH_AL-FARSY2.jpg]
Alikuwa ni mfano wa karne ya Ishirini, katika safu ndefu ya Ulamaa wa Kiislam kutoka Zanzibar. Mchango wake maarufu katika uislamu ni kuchapisha QUR’AN TAKATIFU, yenye kurasa 807, ambayo ni tafsiri ya mwanzo kamili inayokubalika katika lugha ya Kiswahili Sheikh Abdulla Saleh Farsy vile vile alikuwa kabobea katika sarufi ya Kiarabu. Akiwa katika umri wa miaka ya ishirini, alikuwa anaandika mashairi kwa kiarabu, jambo linaashiria ukubwa wa kiwango cha elimu ambacho ulamaa wa Zanzibar walikuwa wanasambaza nyakati zile.
 

Sheikh Abdulla aliteuliwa kuwa Mkaguzi Mkuu wa shule za msingi za Unguja na Pemba mnamo mwaka 1949, Mkuu wa Shule ya Lugha ya Kiarabu mwaka 1957 na Kadhi Mkuu wa Zanzibar mwak 1960. Aliondoka visiwani baada ya Mapinduzi ya 1964 na akafia Omani Novemba 9 mwaka 1982.



TARIA TOPAN

[Image: Taria_Topan2.jpg]
Mfanya biashara, “mwana mfalme” wa kihafidhina, ambaye alijipatia utajiri wa mailioni kutokana na biashara ya karafuu na mamilioni mengine zaidi wakati alipokuwa anafanyakazi kama mkusanyaji Ushuru wa Forodha katika bandari ya Unguja na Pemba. Katika dhamana ile, alitakiwa kumlipa Sultani kiwango kikubwa kisichobadilika cha ada kila mwisho wa mwaka, kutokana na fursa aliyopata kwa kuteuliwa mkusanyaji mapato. Alipiga mahesabu na kuona kuwa angeliweza kukusanya pesa nyingi zaidi kuliko zile ambazo angelilipa, kama ikiwa biashara ingekwenda vyema. Na kwa wakati ule, biashara Zanzibar ilikuwa nzuri. Bei ya karafuu na viungo vyengine ilikuwa juu, mahitaji yalikuwa makubwa na bidhaa za viwandani ambayo vitu hivi zilifanyiwa biashara zilionyesha kushuka kupungua kila mwaka, kwa vile vitendea kazi na mbinu za kutendea kazi vilikuwa rahisi katika nchi za Magharibi.
 
Kwa utajiri wake huu, Topan aligeuka kuwa mfadhili Mkuu wa mji. Aliweka Wakfu na kujenga Kituo cha Afya kilichonakishiwa ambacho kipo Kaskazini kabisa mwa Bandari ya Mji Mkongwe. Vile vile alitoa “Wakf” vikataa vya ardhi vilivyokusudiwa kuwanufaisha wazee wasiojiweza.


NAHODHA “SMITH WA ZANZIBAR”

[Image: Capt_Zanzibar_Smith.JPG]
Yeye hakuwa Mzanzibari, lakini alikuwa rafiki wa mwanzo wa Kimarekani kuja Zanzibar. Alifanya biashara kwa mapana katika mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki kwenye miaka ya 1800. Akiwa mfanyabaishara kutoka Salem, Massachussets, aligundua kitu kilichomuunganisha na wafanyabiashara wa Zanzibar ambao Utajiri wao ulitokana na mfanya biashara mwerevu na wa kuaminika. Pamoja na manahodha wafanya biashara hawa, alifanyanao mapatano ya bei na kuweza kuwa marafiki haraka sana.
 
Wamarekani wao waliuza nguo za pamba (Mrekani) na kununua vipusa, viungo na sandarusi ambayo ilitumika kutengeneza vanishi kwenye viwanda vya New England. Kwa kufanya biashara na Marekani, kuliifanya Zanzibar kuwa kituo Kikuu cha Biashara katika maeneo haya.. Hata kufikia mwaka 1830, katika kipindi cha miezi 18, jumla ya vyombo 32 kutoka Amerika vilishatia nanga katika bandari ya Zanzibar.Mnamo mwaka 1836 kiwango cha biashara baina ya nchi mbili hizi ilihakikisha kuanzishwa Balozi za Amerika za kudumu katika Mji Mkongwe. William Smith alisafiri “kuzunguka pembe” ya Afrika mara nyingi katika safari ndefu za kutoka Amerika na visiwani kiasi cha kujulikana kama Smith wa Zanzibar katika pande zote za ikweta.

Chanzo >>>>>

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  NADHARIA YA FASIHI NA FASIHI YA KISWAHILI YA MAJARIBIO
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-07-2021, 09:53 PM - Forum: Nadharia mbalimbali - No Replies


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  SANAA, UBUNIFU NA JAMII KATIKA NADHARIA YA FASIHI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-07-2021, 08:05 PM - Forum: Fasihi kwa ujumla - No Replies


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  SWAHILI LITERATURE & THE CASE FOR KISWAHILI AS AFRICAN'S LINGUA FRANCA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-06-2021, 03:15 PM - Forum: Fasihi kwa ujumla - No Replies


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  JARIDA LA LUGHA YETU (BAKITA)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 11-06-2021, 03:12 PM - Forum: Taasisi za kukuza lugha - No Replies


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