MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
JIFUNZE KISWAHILI

Welcome, Guest
You have to register before you can post on our site.

Username
  

Password
  





Search Forums

(Advanced Search)

Forum Statistics
» Members: 5,481
» Latest member: Kundlimatching
» Forum threads: 2,178
» Forum posts: 2,256

Full Statistics

Online Users
There are currently 46 online users.
» 0 Member(s) | 46 Guest(s)

Latest Threads
Buy Vilitra 60 Mg |【Get E...
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Kieth_winsett
04-24-2023, 11:45 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 0
How to take Cenforce50?
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Kieth_winsett
04-19-2023, 12:59 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 0
About the Vidalista 60 Mg...
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Kieth_winsett
04-04-2023, 04:07 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 0
What Is Vidalista 60?
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Kieth_winsett
04-03-2023, 10:49 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 0
How to take Cenforce 100 ...
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Kieth_winsett
03-29-2023, 02:37 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 66
How is Vidalista 10 Mg us...
Forum: Watunzi wa Kiswahili
Last Post: Kieth_winsett
03-27-2023, 01:26 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 117
Obtain Thesis Paper Assis...
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Minny02
03-24-2023, 03:01 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 200
SEO services for sports f...
Forum: Historia ya makabila ya kibantu
Last Post: Maria Poland
03-17-2023, 01:51 PM
» Replies: 1
» Views: 223
NUKUU ZA KISWAHILI DARASA...
Forum: Nukuu
Last Post: MwlMaeda
01-15-2023, 05:31 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 788
NECTA K4 2022
Forum: Mitihani
Last Post: MwlMaeda
01-15-2023, 05:25 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 403

 
  NADHARIA HULUTISHI/ HYBRIDITY THEORY
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-22-2021, 03:39 PM - Forum: Nadharia mbalimbali - No Replies

Nadharia hulutishi / HYBRIDITY THEORY

Iliasisiwa na Wanazuoni wa Kiafrika wenye mtazamo kuwa hata wageni wamechangia sana katika kukuza taaluma ya FS ya Kiafrika. Miongoni mwa waasisi na wafuasi hawa ni pamoja na M.M.Mulokozi, Johson na Ngungi wa Thiong Katika nadharia zote zilizotangulia, wakiwemo wana nadharia za Kitaifa kulikuwa na changamoto mbalimbali. Hata hivyo, changamoto hizo zilitofautiana kutoka kundi moja la wananadharia hadi lingine. Kwa kuwa changamoto za nadharia nyingine zilikwisha jadiliwa, hapa tutajadili na kugusia tu zinazohusiana na nadharia za kitaifa
· Walipinga kabisa mawazo ya wanazuoni wa Kimagharibi
· Walidai kuwa Wananadharia wa Kimagharibi hawakutoa jambo lolote la msingi kuhusu Afrika.
    
Kimsingi, wazo kuwa Wanazuoni wote na tena mawazo yote yaliyotolewa na Wageni hayafai katika taaluma ya FS ya kiafrika ni batili.
 · Huu ndio msingi wa kuibuka kwa Nadharia Hulutishi
· Nadharia hulutishi zinaleta uwiano wa kitaaluma na kuibua mjadala kuwa
·Ingawa kwa kiwango kikubwa mawazo ya Wanazuoni wa Kigeni yalitawaliwa na dosari kadhaa, si kila walichokinena kuhusu Afrika, hususani utamaduni na Fasihi ya Kiafrika ni kibaya.
·Kwa mujibu wa Mawazo ya Wananazuoni wa Nadharia Hulutishi, yaliyosemwa na Wageni yanahitaji kuchambuliwa na kufanyiwa ufafanuzi wa kina. Ndani mwake mna dosari na pia mna uzuri wa namna fulani. hayapaswi kupuuzwa kabisa.
·Katika utafiti na uchunguzi wa masuala yanayohusu FS ya kiafrika ni vema kuchanganya
– Mbinu bora kutoka kwa kigeni (F ya kigeni na mbinu zao)
– Mbinu bora kutoka kwa wenyeji (F ya Kiafrika kwa kutumia mbinu za kiafrika)
· Matokeoyake, ilipatikana aina fulani ya fasihi yenye sifa Mchanganyiko, ndio maan iliitwa nadharia Hulutishi

Print this item

  NADHARIA ZA FASIHI SIMULIZI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-22-2021, 07:36 AM - Forum: Nadharia mbalimbali - No Replies

Nadharia huchukuliwa kuwa dira ya kumwongoza mtafiti au mchambuzi kulikabili na kulielezea vyema jambo fulani kwa tazamao unaotazamiwa kuwa imara zaidi kuliko ule wa nadharia nyingine. Nadharia hutoa mwongozo katika utatuzi wa jambo fulani ambalo halijaweza kuhakikishwa ukweli wake. Ni mawazo, maelezo au mwongozo uliopangwa ili kusaidia kutatua au kutekeleza jambo fulani, kwa upande wetu jambo la kifasihi simulizi.
HISTORIA YA NADHARIA YA FASIHI SIMULIZI
Historia ya nadharia ya fasihi simulizi ilianza katika elimu ya ushairi, balagha n.k. ya Wagiriki toka karne ya 18. Katika karne ya 20 nadharia hii imekuwa ni mkabala mkubwa katika usomaji wa matini. Kuna nadharia mbalimbali za kifasihi kama vile Umuundo, Umarksi, Ufeministi nk. Hivyo, tunaweza kujumuisha kuwa nadharia ya fasihi simulizi ni chombo kinachotoa mwongozo kuhusu mwelekeo wa jamii fulani. Hii ina maana kwamba ni mwangaza unaoimulika jamii juu ya mazingira na fikra zake. Kwa hali hiyo basi, nadharia hii haina budi kuzibainisha sifa na ushirikiano wa jamii husika.
Kuingia kwa ukoloni mamboleo kumefanya fikra na maarifa kutoka nje zitukuzwe na kuabudiwa huku fikra za ndani zikidumazwa kila kukicha. Kwa kufanya hivyo nadharia hizi zimeweza kuleta mabadiliko katika nadharia asilia zilizokuwepo. Kwa mfano; utamaduni wetu wa asili kama vile ususi, ufinyanzi, jando na unyago, nk zimebadilika baada ya kuingia kwa ukoloni mamboleo. Hata hivyo, wahakiki wa Magharibi na Kiafrika wameangalia mambo mengi yaliyoikabili fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika kama tutavyoona katika nadharia za fasihi simulizi tutakazopitia.
Nadharia za Fasihi simulizi tutakazojadili katika kozi hii ni hizi zifuatazo:
Nadharia za kitandawazi
  • Nadharia
    ya Ubadilikaji Taratibu (Evolutionalism Theory)

  • Nadharia
    ya Msambao (Diffusionism Theory)

  • Nadharia
    ya Kisosholojia (Sociological Theory)

Nadharia za kitaifa
- Nadharia Hulutishi
- Nadharia za Kitandawazi
 Ubadilikaji Taratibu (Evolutionalism)
Mfuasi wa nadharia hii ni Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ambapo hoja zake zilikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwa wanafunzi waliokuwa wakijifunza kuhusu utamaduni kama vile Edward Burnet Tylor (1832-1917) na James George Frazer (1854-1941). Wote hawa waliamini juu ya misingi anuwai kuhusu kanuni zinazoongoza asili na maendeleo ya utamaduni wa mwanadamu. Kundi hili liliona kuwa dhana ya ubadilikaji taratibu misingi yake mikuu ni viumbe hai. Wanaona kwamba viumbe hai vyote vinakuwa katika mchakato wa mabadiliko mbalimbali hadi kufikia maumbo vilivyonayo sasa. Wanaedelea kusema kuwa kuna kanuni ambazo ni muhimu sana zinazochangia makuzi ya kanuni za binadamu. Wakaona kuwa kuna ukoo, akili au asili au jamii moja ambayo imezagaa ulimwenguni kote, na kama uchunguzi utafanywa wa kuchunguza jamii mbili kiutamaduni katika kipindi kilekile cha mabadiliko, itabainika kuwa elimu zao zina tabia zinazofanana. Wanaendelea kusema kwamba, ili kuelewa jamii moja kwa ujumla ni vyema kulinganisha na jamii nyingine ya aina hiyo kwa kipindi kilekile cha ukuaji. Kwa mfano kuchunguza ngano za kijadi katika makabila mbalimbali ya Kusini kama vile uchawi na miviga na kulinganisha na jamii za Kiafrika.
Kwa ujumla katika nadharia hii tunabaini kuwa nadharia hii ilitawaliwa na mbinu linganishi (comparative methods). Kwa mfano Frazer (kazi yake ni The Golden Bough ambayo ilikuwa katika majuzuu 13), alitafiti sanaa jadi ya Waitalia. Katika utafiti wake yeye alijihusisha na kutafiti chimbuko la matambiko ya uchawi na dini huko Italia. Alichokuwa anataka kuthibitisha kuhusu jamii ya Waitalia ni kwamba asili ya dini inapatikana katika magical rites za mtu wa kale. Pamoja na watafiti wenzake, walikuja kama watawala na kuchunguza mila na desturi za Kiafrika ili kuzilinganisha na utafiti kama huo aliokuwa akiufanya huko kwao. Walitafiti na kuchunguza  jamii ndogo ndogo za Kiafrika na kisha kufanya ulinganishi. Kwa ujumla wataalamu hao walikusanya, walitathimni fani mbalimbali za Kiafrika kama vile ngano, nyimbo, vitendawili,
methali na aina nyingine, za FS katika jamii mbalimbali za Kiafrika.  Baadhi ya watawala wataaluma wa kikoloni walitafiti kuhusu fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika chini ya usimamizi wa Frazer ni pamoja na; John Roscoe ambaye alitafiti jamii ya Baganda- Uganda. Edwin Smith & Andrew Dale ambao walitafiti jamii ya Ila- Zambia. Reverend Henri Junod- Tonga, Afrika Kusini Robert Rattray- Akan-Ghana, pia Hausa- Nigeria PAmaury Talbot- Ekoi- Nigeria (Southeastern Nigeria)
H. Chatelain- Angola. Chatelain akichunguza kuhusu ngano za Angola na za Afrika kwa jumla, aligundua kuwa ngano za Kiafrika ni tawi toka mti mmoja wa ulimwengu.
Mwisho, wote kwa pamoja walihitimisha kuwa watu wa Afrika ni sawa na watu wengine popote pale ulimwenguni.
CHANGAMOTO
Dhana hii ya ubadilikaji taratibu iliathiri mbinu na matokeo ya utafiti wao kwa njia tofautitofauti kama vile:
·Kila kilichokusanywa katika fasihi simulizi kilihesabika kama masalia ya zamani au mabaki ya fasihi zilizotangulia.
·Kadri fani hizo zilivyorithishwa kwa njia ya mdomo toka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine ndivyo zilivyozidi kupoteza sifa mahsusi za ubora, zilichuja na kuchujuka
·Chochote kilichosalia lazima kitakuwa na dosari fulani tofauti na kitu halisi cha zamani
·Walijihusisha mno na maudhui na kamwe hawakujihusisha na sifa za kifani kama vile miundo na mitindo ya fani husika. Hii ni kutokana na ukweli kwamba lengo lao lilikuwa ni kufahamu hali halisi ya utamaduni wa jamii za watu wasiostaarabika na historia yao. Ili kuyafahamu haya waliona kuwa ni bora kupata muhtasari tu wa maudhui yanayojadiliwa ndani ya fasihi simulizi ya jamii husika na sio kujihusisha na fani ya fs hiyo
·Hawakuoa umuhimu wa fanani na mtambaji: “no creator, no author of such tales,…….as a product of joint or communal authorship.”
·Pia waliziona kazi za fasihi simulizi za Kiafrika kwamba hazina mwenyewe kwa kuwa ni mali ya jamii nzima. Walisema kwamba, ijapokuwa fasihi simulizi ni mali ya jamii, lakini sio kwa kiwango hicho walichokisema wao. Walisisitiza kuwa si kila mzungumzaji anaweza kuwa fanani wa fasihi simulizi. Wao walilipuuza suala la upekee wa muktadha.
HITIMISHO
Kimsingi, ilikuwa vigumu sana kupata matokeo sahihi katika uchunguzi ulioongozwa na misingi ya kiuibukaji. Hii ni kutokana na mbinu batili zilizotumika pamoja na kuongozwa na malengo muflisi na finyu kuhusu umbile la jamii za Kiafrika kwa jumla. Leo hii nadharia hii haitumiki tena katika mijadala ya fasihi simulizi. Wakoloni waliitumia kama njia ya kuhalalisha suala la uvamizi na ukoloni barani Afrika.

Print this item

  ONYA = ONESHA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-22-2021, 06:05 AM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

*ONYA = ONESHA*

        MBWENE!
Mbwene shumndwa na mbuzi, wachandamana pamoya
Na kuku mke na kozi, wana wao wachileya
Na mtu msi maozi, *akionya* watu ndiya
Hayano sikusikiya, niwene kwa mato yangu!

- _Diwani ya Muyaka bin Haji _(1940), uk. 66

Maana yake kwa nathari:

Nimeona fisi na mbuzi, wakiandamana  pamoja
Na kuku jike na kozi,*
wakilea watoto wao
Na mtu asiye na macho (kipofu), *akionesha* watu njia
Haya sikusikia, nimeona kwa macho yangu!

*Kozi ni aina ya ndege afananaye na mwewe.

Na hivi karibuni nilipokuwa nikiandikiana humu na mwenzetu, Bi Kawthar, kuhusu jambo jengine, niliunukuu wimbo huu  maarufu uliotumiliwa neno "kuonya" kwa maana ya "kuonesha":

U muongo,
Basawera u muongo
Kuna kijiti kimoja kikasimamisha jengo?,
Huna pau huna mvinde huna ng'ongo,
Nenda ukakate miti nije *nikuonye* jengo.

- Abdilatif Abdalla
Hamburg, Ujerumani
21 Julai, 2021

Print this item

  KUHUSU KUONA/KUONYA na KUONESHA/KUONYESHA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-21-2021, 07:22 PM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - Replies (3)

KUHUSU KUONA/KUONYA na KUONESHA/KUONYESHA

Nawaomba radhi wanaukumbi kwa kuwarudisha nyuma kwenye mazungumzo ya juzi, kuhusu haya maneno yaliyoko hapa juu.

Nianze kwa kuungama. Katika baadhi ya nyakati hutolewa maoni hapa, ambayo nami hutamani niongeze yangu, lakini hujizuia na kujiambia niyapishe yapite. Wakati mwingine huyapisha kwa kuogopea nisije nikaonekana najifanya kuwa ni mjuvi (mjuaji) mno! Lakini mara nyingine hushindwa kujizuia.

Mwenzetu, Bwana (au ni Bibi?) Nii Adjetey, aliomba aelezwe tafauti kati ya "kuonesha" na "kuonyesha." Wa kwanza aliyemjibu akaashiria kwa ufupi tu kwamba "kuonesha" latokana na "ona"; na "kuonyesha" latokana na "onya." Na wenzetu wengine wawili wakafuatia kwa kutoa mifano ya matumizi ya maneno hayo, na kuelezea kwamba "ona" lina maana sawa na "tizama" (tazama); na kwamba "onya" lina maana ya kukanya/kuadibu/kukataza. Nakubaliana na hayo.

Nitakalo kuongeza ni kwamba mbali na kuwa "onya" lina maana hiyo iliyoelezwa, pia lina maana ya "onesha" - ambayo naamini ndiyo maana yake ya asili. Katika lugha ya Kiswahili kuna maneno machache ya vitenzi vilivyomalizika kwa silabi -na, ambavyo vikibadilishwa katika hali ya kusababisha, silabi hiyo ya mwisho hugeuka na kuwa -nya.

Kwa hivyo, basi, ukinionya kitu huwa unanionesha kitu hicho. Waweza pia kumsikia mtu akisema kwamba Fulani alikuja hapa akaruonya vituko!

Na ukiwa mgonjwa, halafu ukala dawa ikakuponya, dawa hiyo huwa imekusababisha wewe kupona.

Tukija katika mambo ya uganga, waganga wanapofanya ya kufanya ili kugonya k'oma, huwa wanaisababisha mizimu kugona, yaani kuilaza au kuituliza. Katika Kiswahili cha kale - na hadi leo katika lugha za Mijikenda - neno "kugona" lina maana ya "kulala." Ndipo kwa wale walio na mke zaidi ya mmoja hutakiwa wagawanye ugoni kwa siku sawa sawa - ukilala siku mbili kwa mke wa kwanza, basi na kwa mke wa pili iwe ni siku mbili pia. Na kutokana na neno "kugona" ndipo tukapata neno "ngono", ambalo twalijua maana yake.

Miongoni mwa maneno yanayofuata kanuni hiyo ni "kana" (=kataa; kutokubali). Kwa hivyo, unapomkanya mtoto huwa unamkataza asifanye jambo fulani, aghlabu jambo ovu au la hatari. Pia neno "dangana" ((= kutokuwa na hakika ya jambo, au kutoujua ukweli wa jambo, au kutatizika na jambo). Kwa hivyo, unapomdanganya mtu huwa unamsababisha asiujue ukweli wa jambo fulani.

Basi, kwa ufupi, neno "onya" lina maana ya kusababisha mtu kuona, kutahadharisha, kukataza, kuadibu. Na "kuonesha" na "kuonyesha", au "maonesho" na "maonyesho", hiyo ni mibadala; hakuna tafauti ya maana.

Baadaye leo, inshaAllah, nitajaribu kutoa maoni yangu kuhusu neno "tasiliti", lililoulizwa maana yake.

- Abdilatif Abdalla

Print this item

  SHAIRI: FUKARA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-21-2021, 07:04 PM - Forum: Ushairi - No Replies

Fukara

Fukara hapati konde,  jembele likatumika
Mazao humo apande, kwa wingi yakapatika
Lake kuzoga umande, na nguvuze kumtoka
Mwishowe kwenda upande, mgongo ukakatika.

Fukara yake faraja, ni  mate kumdondoka
Watu wakikidhi haja, kwa minofu ya kuoka
Harufu kwake zikaja, na pua ikatanuka
Hata roho ikataja, lini kwake itafika.

Jirani akifurahi, siku ya pili kufika
Yeye hana masilahi, amekosa chakupika
Ishafika asubuhi,  na macho yashamtoka
Ni lipi kwake sahihi, kama mja kutumika?

Fukara hana rafiki,  moyoni alomuweka
Wakwasi hawamtaki, kuombwa wameshachoka
Anofaidi ni dhiki, na mazonge kuzongeka
Mwishowe hufanya chuki, na hasadi kujengeka.

Ufukara ukizidi, nchi itasawajika
Sababu ya uhasidi, na mali zitageleka
Nyoyo zikataradadi, furaha itafutika
Zitadamiri biladi, thamaniye itashuka.

Enyi wenye karatasi, ambazo zahesabika
Fanyeni haraka basi, mambo yasije chafuka
Ufukara ni utesi, heshima utatupoka
Nawaita wangu mbasi, tutoweni pasi shaka.

Ali Ben Othman
Zanzibar
21/7/2021
3:50

Print this item

  NADHARIA YA MSAMBAO “DIFFUSIONISM THEORY”
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-21-2021, 01:43 PM - Forum: Nadharia mbalimbali - No Replies

Nadharia ya Msambao (Diffusionism Theory) Iliongozwa na mawazo na ushawishi wa Grimms na Thompson
Ni nadharia iliyopingana na nadharia ya ubadilikaji taratibu tuliyoona hapo juu. Wana ubadilikaji taratibu waliamini kuwa;
Ikiwa ngano mbili kutoka katika jamii mbili tofauti zimeonyesha kufanana kwa namna fulani za kimuundo au kimaudui ni kwa sababu wanadamu ulimwenguni kote wanamkondo mmoja wa mawazo na kufikiri kwao ni kwa namna moja, na kwamba ngano hiyo inasawiri hatua sawa za maendeleo ya kiutamaduni katika jamii husika.
Tofauti na wanaubadilikaji, wanamsambao wangeamini kuwa; Pale ambapo kufanana kwa namna hiyo kutatokea, sababu ya msingi ya kuwapo kwa mfanano huo ni kuwa katika kipindi fulani hapo zamani sana jamii hizo mbili ziliwahi kukutana kwa namna fulani, makutano baina ya jamii hizo yalisababisha hali ya kuazimana kwa baadhi ya mila na tamaduni (mawazo) mojawapo ya jamii husika. Watafiti hawa waliangalia mila na desturi za jamii zilivyokuwa zikikua na kusema kuwa zilikua kutokana na msukumo wa asili na lugha za Ulaya. Walikubaliana kwa sehemu kubwa kuwa asili ya mila, desturi na aina nyingine za utamaduni zinapatikana India, na walitaka kutafiti ni kwa kiasi gani utamaduni huu wa Indo-European ulikuwa umesambaa duniani.
Wana msambao nao walitumia mbinu ya ulinganishi kama walivyofanya wanaubadilikaji taratibu. Kazi ya utafiti ilihimizwa na wajerumani ambao ni Jacob na Wilhelm Grimm ambao walikusanya ngano nyingi kutoka India na kutoka katika nchi yao. Jacob na Wilhelm Grimm: Walitafiti ngano kutoka India na Afrika, na walihitimisha kwamba, kuna kufanana kwa ngano za India na Ulaya. Wakatoa maamuzi ya kwamba, hadithi za Kiafrika ni chimbuko kutoka kwa wazazi wenye asili na utamaduni wa India na Ulaya. Hivyo, dhana yao hiyo waliifikia kutokana na kuifanyia kazi dhana potofu, kwani kila bara lina utamaduni, mila na desturi zake. Aidha waliliona bara la Afrika kama bara ambalo halijastaarabika.
Stith Thompson:  Yeye aliwaunga mkono akina Jacob na Wilhelm. Katika kitabu chake cha The Folktale (1946:438) anapendekeza kuwa panapotokea kufanana kati ya ngano/hadithi za Ulaya na za Afrika, zinaweza kuelezewa kuwa huenda hadithi/ngano hizo zililetwa na Wazungu wakati wa utumwa. Mawazo yao kwa ujumla ni kuwa;
Utamaduni
unaweza kusambaa tu kutoka katika jamii imara na maarufu tena yenye nguvu kuelekea kwenye utamaduni wa jamii iliyo kinyume chake “from superior to an inferior people)
Ikiwa kulikuwa na kufanana kwa namna yoyote katika ngano zilizopatikana Afrika na Ulaya kwa mfano, lazima moja kati ya jamii hizo ni dhaifu kuliko nyingine,  na jamii dhaifu….Afrika, ilihali jamii imara… ulaya
Yote haya yangeweza kuelezwa tu kwa misingi ya ukweli kuwa jamii za Ulaya zilileta mambo hayo Afrika kutokea Ulaya kipindi cha biashara ya Watumwa (Thompson 1946:438)
Tafiti ziliendelea kufanyika baada ya Jacob, Grimm na Thompson ambapo bara la Afrika lilionekana kuwa bara lenye giza na hivyo kukaonekana haja ya kuanzisha dini ya Kikristo na teknolojia ya Ulaya barani Afrika ili Afrika iondokane na giza hilo.
Kwahiyo tunaweza kuona namna kila kitu cha Afrika ikiwemo fasihi simulizi yake vilivyodidimizwa na watawala hawa wa kikoloni.
Upungufu Tunaweza kusema kwamba, ingawa walijitahidi kuipa hadhi fasihi simulizi kwa kusisitiza upekee wa muktadha, hawakuchunguza kwa undani sifa za kisanaa za fasihi simulizi. Pia walijishughulisha na muhtasari tu wa simulizi walizochunguza, na hivyo ni dhahiri kwamba kuna vipengele vingine muhimu vya Fasihi Simulizi ya Kiafrika ambavyo havikutiliwa maanani..
Hitimisho
Bado tafiti za namna hii hapa Afrika zinaendelea lkn mkabala na malengo ni tofauti. Ule upendeleo uliokuwepo hapo zamani sasa umeondoka. Sasa wanajihusisha na kutafiti msambao wa ngano na vipengele (units) vyake ndani ya tamaduni mbalimbali, katika bara la Afrika.  Kama vile asili ya ngano za Kiafrika zinazosimuliwa katika Marekani ya Kusini na Kaskazini.

Print this item

  NADHARIA YA SOSHOLOJIA “SOCIOLOGICAL THEOY”
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-20-2021, 04:51 PM - Forum: Nadharia mbalimbali - No Replies

Nadhari ya Sosholojia (Sociological Theory)

Mihimili ya Nadharia hii

(1) Umahsusi na sio umajumui

Ilikuwa mahususi zaidi kuliko nadharia zilizotangulia: badala ya kujikita katika taaluma ya sanaa jadi kwa ujumla (maumbile ya mwanadamu na utamaduni wa mwanadamu) kama walivyofanya wanadharia wa zamani, nadharia ya usosholojia ilijikita katika jamii peke yake. Hii ilikuwa baada ya kugundua dosari zilizofanywa hapo kabla; dosari za kutoa matamko ya juu juu na ya kijumla zaidi

Kauli hizo mara nyingi zilitupilia mbali vipengele fulani vya maisha kmv lugha na mienendo mingine….. hakika viliitofautisha jamii moja dhidi ya nyingine. Kwao, tofauti zilizokuwepo baina ya jamii moja na nyingine zilikuwa na maana zaidi kuliko kufanana kulikokuwepo.

Kwa hiyo wanasosholojia waliazimia kuchunguza kila jamii kwa wakati na nafasi yake, kwa kurekodi kila kilichopatikana katika jamii husika (sanaa jadi yao). Wataalamu mbalimbali walioongoza jitihada hizi ni pamoja na hawa wafuatao:

Bronislaw Malinowski na A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (Uingereza) hawa walichunguza jamii mbalimbali katika Pasifiki, na waliandika mengi
kuhusu jamii hizo. Jamii hizo ni pamoja na visiwa vya Trobriand na Andaman mutawalia

Franz Boas (Marekani) huyu alichunguza jamii za wenyeji wa Marekani

Wapo pia wataalamu wengi waliofanya utafiti wao, na kuandikia kuhusu jamii za Kiafrika ambao ni pamoja na hawa wafuatao

i. E.E. Evans-Pritchard………Nuer (Sudani)
ii. Geoffrey Lienhardt……..Dinka (Sudani)
iii. William Boscom…….Yoruba (Nigeria)
iv. S.F. Nadel………..Nupe (Nigeria)
v. Marcel Griaule……….Dogon (Burkina Faso)

Ingawa hata kabla ya wataalamu hawa, kulikwishakuwepo wataalamu wengine waliotafiti na kuandika kuhusu FS ya kiafrika lakini wataalamu hao waliongozwa na mawazo ya kiubadilikaji taratibu zaidi.

(2) Mkazo katika Utendaji -Tofauti na ilivyokuwa kwa wananadharia wa nadharia zilizotangulia ambao hawaku…. “They were not interested in studying the performers of oral tradition” wanasosholojia waliweka msisitizo katika kuchunguza PERFORMERS/watendaji wa fani mbalimbali za FS. Kutokana na msisitizo wao huu imebainika kuwa Fanani wa FSwanaujuzi na ustadi wa kiutendaji katika sanaa husika (ubunifu wao ni mkubwa sana).Jambo hili… limetusogeza mbele kidogo ktk kuielewa FS Wanasosholojia walidiriki na kuthubutu kudokeza kuhusu sifa za ndani za kimtindo katika FS ya kiafrika

(3) Msisitizo juu ya dhima ya Fasihi Simulizi katika jamii

Tofauti na ilivyokuwa imedhaniwa hapo mwanzo kuwa FS ni mabaki tu ya zamani na kwamba hayakuwa na umuhimu wowote katika maisha ya jamii katika zama za kisasa, wanasosholojia waliamini kuwa uamilifu wa FS uko hai na haufi na kwamba unabadilika kulingana na maendeleo ya jamii husika. Dhima hizo ni pamoja na DHIMA ZA KIJAMII ZA FS…KWA MUJIBU WA WANASOSHOLOJIA


Fasihi Simulizi ni kama Encyclopedia ya hekima za jamii husika :Hii ni kwa mujibu wa Bascom 1959 ambaye alifanya utafiti katika Poetry of Divination katika jamii za Wayoruba wa Nigeria FS ni nyenzo muafaka ya kurekodia hatua mbalimbali za maendeleo ya jamii husika. Aylward Shorter 1969…..the tales of origin katika jamii ya Wakimbu Tanzania

FS inasaidia na imeendelea kusaidia kuimarisha ‘authority of statement or a custom in situation kama vile katika mahakama au contests for Chieftaincy. J.C. Messenger…..Anang of Nigeria 1958, J.B. Christenseu……Fante of Ghana 1958. Hawa walichunguza Methali katika jamii
zilizotajwa

CHANGAMOTO ZAKE…….Pamoja na uzuri uliotajwa bado kuna changamoto kadhaa


Given far less time to illuminating and analyzing the artistic properties of African OL

They have published tale, in flat, unimpressive prose,  eliminating features of oral style (repetition and exclamation) They have done few carefully analyses of techniques of the original language that appealed to the audience of the tale in the first place

The circumstances surrounding the performance of the tale (ushiriki wa hadhira, matumizi ya ala za muziki, nk) not reported

Hata pale ambapo wamejaribu kuuleza vyema muktadha huu, umuhimu na nafasi yake katika kufanikisha au kukwamisha ngano husika haujaelezwa

Ilikuwa vigumu sana kwa kutumia mbinu zao kuona ni kwa vipi ngano kwa mfano inaweza kuwa fasihi

Pia kutokana na mbinu yao ya kusisitiza umuhimu wa FOLKLORE katika utamaduni wa watu, wataalamu kmv BOSCOM NA BEN-AMOS walisisitiza kuwa “Any judgement of a folk text must be based on the views of the society from which the text come”Wazo hili ni zuri sana lkn, ikiwa kazi za fs ya kiafrika zitaeleza mawazo ya wageni na si ya wenyeji, kmv boscom na amos, ni kwa sababu sanaa hizo zina sifa fulani fulani ambazo zinaenda na kueleza mambo fulani yaliyo mbali na dhana ya uzuri kwa waafrika. Mazingira km haya yakitokea, ni jukumu la mwandishi, ikiwa kweli wanaelewa vyema lugha husika, kufafanua sanaa husika na sifa za sanaa hiyo ilimuradi wageni waikubali sanaa husika na waipokee. Kwa hiyo mkabala wa MUKTADHA WA KIJAMII waliokuwa nao wanasosholijia ulikuwa FINYU SANA….. changamoto ya kiuhakiki ktk kazi za kifasihi

HITIMISHO
Hata kabla ya wataalamu hawa kufanya uchunguzi wa kisosholojia, walishakuwepo wataalamu wa mwanzo  ambao walifanya uchunguzi wa kisosholojia. Tofauti kubwa ni kuwa wale wa mwanzo waliongozwa na mawazo ya kiuibukaji waliongozwa na kuhamasishwa na ….kizazi cha Franzer.

Hawa wa baadaye walijihusisha na kuhamasika zaidi na HISTORIES OF THE CULTURES THEY STUDIED. Pia waliongozwa na kuhamasishwa na mawazo ya Malinowski. Pia hawa wa baadaye walitilia mkazo matumizi na uamilifu wa sanaa jadi za kiafrika  katika jamii SOCIETAL FUNCTIONS OF OL


Hata hivyo, bado wataalamu hawa hawakufanikiwa au hitimisho lao halikuendana na tathimini ya karibu na kina kuhusu material walizozikusanya. Hii ni kwa sababu hawakuwa na ujuzi wa kutosha katika lugha za jamii za kiafrika

Print this item

  NADHARIA ZA MAANA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-20-2021, 04:31 PM - Forum: Nadharia mbalimbali - No Replies


.pdf   NADHARIA ZA MAANA.pdf (Size: 130.65 KB / Downloads: 0)

Print this item

  Bainisha athari za lugha za asili (vilugha/vernacular language) katika Kiswahili
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-20-2021, 02:55 PM - Forum: Maswali na majibu - No Replies

Swali: Bainisha athari za lugha za asili (vilugha/vernacular language) katika lugha ya Kiswahili sanifu


.pdf   Swali-Bainisha-athari-za-lugha-za-asili-katika-lugha-ya-Kiswahili-sanifu.pdf (Size: 240.98 KB / Downloads: 10)

Print this item

  Wahusika Katika Fasihi Andishi
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-20-2021, 02:44 PM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

Fasihi Andishi hutumia wahusika wanadamu, kinyume na Fasihi Simulizi ambayo hutumia wahusika changamano (watu, wanyama, mazimwi n.k). Kunazo aina kadhaa za wahusika katika kazi ya fasihi andishi kama vile: tamthilia, riwaya na hadithi fupi.
Aina za Wahusika
Wahusika Wakuu: hawa ni wahusika ambao wanahusishwa na takribani visa vyote katika riwaya/tamthilia. Wahusika huhusishwa kutoka mwanzo hadi mwisho.
Aghalabu mhusika mkuu hafi isipokuwa katika trejedia/simanzi au hufa kifo cha ushujaa.
Wahusika Wasaidizi: hawa ni wahusika wanaosaidia kujenga mhusika mkuu. Hutokeza mara nyingi katika hadithi.
Wahusika wasaidizi wanaweza kuwa na visa vyao. Kwa mfano marafiki na aila za wahusika wakuu.
Wahusika Wadogo: ni wahusika ambao wanafanya kazi ndogo sana katika fasihi kama vile kujenga maudhui au mandhari. Wahusika hawa wakitolewa,
riwaya/tamthilia inaweza kuendela bila kubadilika sana. Kwa mfano mwenye duka ambalo mhusika alinunua kitu fulani.
Wahusika Bapa â‡’ hawa ni wahusika wasiobadilika kutoka mwanzo hadi mwisho. Kwa mfano, mhusika mbaya anabakia kuwa mbaya kutoka mwanzo hadi mwisho.
Sifa za wahusika bapa huweza kutambulika mwanzoni mwa hadithi/riwaya. Wahusika bapa hawawakilishi sifa halisia za binadamu. Nia yao ni kujenga tabia moja tu.
Kuna aina mbili za wahusika bapa:

Wahusika bapa-sugu – huoenyesha msimamo wao kulingana na masimulizi ya msanii.

Wahusika bapa-vielelezo – msimamo wao hutambulika kulingana na majina yao. Msanii hutumia mbinu ya majazi au lakabu kuwapatia wahusika majina yanayolingana na sifa zao.
Kwa mfano: Mhusika Rehema ni mwenye huruma na neema kutoka mwanzo hadi mwisho.
Wahusika Duara: mhusika duara hubadilika kitabia katika fasihi. Hawana msimamo thabiti. Hubadilika kulingana na maudhui na mazingira. Kwa mfano, msichana aliyeanza kama mpole na mwadilifu anapobadilika na kuwa mtovu wa nidhamu, kahaba na asiyeshirikiana na mtu yeyote.
Wahusika Wafoili: huwa katikati ya wahusika bapa na wahusika duara. Wanaweza kuchukua msimamo fulani katika maswala fulani lakini pia wanaweza kubadilisha msimamo huo wakati mwingine kulingana na hali. Wahusika hawa hutegemea wahusika duara na wahusika bapa ili kutoa sifa zao. Kwa mfano, wakiishi na mhusika bapa, wanaweza kuchukua msimamo wa mhusika huyo lakini wakikaa sana na mhusika mwengine, wanabadilika. Wahusika hawa aghalabu huwakilisha uhalisi wa binadamu.

Print this item