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  UHAKIKI WA RIWAYA YA KULI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 12:09 PM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies


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  UCHAMBUZI WA TENDI TATU ZA KALE
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 12:03 PM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies

Ikisir
Tangu Finnegan (1970:108) alipodai kwamba, katika fasihi simulizi ya Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara ni nadra sana kupata Tendi, dai hili limeibua mjadala mrefu wa kitaaluma miongoni mwa wataalam mbalimbali wakiwamo: John William, Thomas A. Hale na Stephen Belcher ambao ndio waliodondoa baadhi ya beti katika tendi za Kiafrika na kuziweka pamoja katika kitabu kinachojulikana kwa jina la Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent. Mbali na hao, mtaalam mwingine ni Mulokozi (1999) ambaye naye anathibitisha upo wa tendi katika Afrika Mashariki kwa kukusanya pamoja tenzi tatu za kale katika kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Pia kuna mtaalamu mwigine Belcher (1999) ambaye naye alizungumzia tendi za Kiafrika katika kitabu chake kinachojulikana kwa jina la Epic Tradition of Afrika. Hivyo basi, ni wazi kwamba uchapishaji wa vitabu hivi ni matokeo chanya ya tafiti zilizofanywa na wataalamu mbalimbali na kuamua kukusanya na kuziweka pamoja kama mifano ya uwakilishi wa utamaduni wa tendi Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara kwa lengo la kufungua milango ya kutambulika zaidi.
1.0 Utangulizi Makala hii itajishughulisha zaidi na mapitio-hakiki ya vitabu viwili ambavyo ni, Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent na Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Katika mapitio hayo vipengele mbalimbali vitajadiliwa kama vile: fasili ya tendi, mpangilio wa tendi katika vitabu hivyo, waandishi wa vitabu husika, uhakiki: usuli wa yeli/manju, usuli wa kijamii-kihistoria, utendaji-uwasilishwaji, udhaifu/mapungufu, ubora wa kazi, ulinganisho na tendi nyingine, hitimisho na marejeo. Kwa kuanza na fasili ya tendi;
1.1 Fasili ya Tendi Miongoni mwa wataalam waliofasili dhana ya utendi ni pamoja na Bowra (1930) yeye anatumia fomula kuelezea maana ya utendi kuwa ni E = M + Ms yaani, (Epic = Mars + Muse/music). Hii ina maana kamba utendi ni mungu, muziki na vita (U = M + V). Hivyo basi, maana ya maelezo ya Bowra ni kuwa utendi ni tukio la kimuziki linalozungumzia vita kwa njia ya ushairi ulioandikwa. Mulokozi (1996) anasema, Tendi ni nyimbo ndefu za kimasimulizi au za mawaidha, nyimbo hizo zinahusu visa vya mashujaa. Wamitila (2006) anasema, Tendi ni aina ya utenzi ambao unazungumzia maisha na matendo ya shujaa au mashujaa wa jamii fulani. Kwa hiyo, kutokana na fasili hizi tunaweza kusema kuwa, utendi ni kama Saiklopidia au maktaba ya jadi ya historia ya jamii fulani ambayo kupitia tendi mbalimbali jamii inatambua historia yake katika vipindi mbalimbali, chimbuko lake, mashujaa wao pamoja na kujua mila na desturi zao pamoja na utamaduni.
2.0 Mpangilio wa tendi katika vitabu Johnson na wenzake (1997) katika kitabu chao cha Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent wanajaribu kukigawa katika sehemu kuu tatu. Sehemu ya kwanza wameweka tendi mbalimbali za Afrika Magharibi, sehemu ya pili wameweka Tendi za Afrika ya Kaskazini na sehemu ya tatu wanamalizia kwa kuweka tendi za Afrika ya Kati. Je mpango huu ni wakinasibu au kuna uzingativu wa jambo fulani? Je tendi za Afrika Mashariki zinatambulika miongoni mwa tendi za Kiafrika? Kwa nini hazijitokezi katika kitabu hiki? Wataalamu hawa wanadai kuwa, tendi hazipatikani kila mahali, kuna matokeo ya muunganiko wa jamii na mazingira ya kihistoria pamoja na utendaji wa namna mbalimbali. Tendi zilizokusanywa katika ukanda huu zina sifa zinazoingiliana/zinazohusiana miongoni mwazo ingawa si lazima ziwe na utamaduni pamoja na historia inayofanana. Pia hata katika Tenzi Tatu za Kale mwandishi naye amekigawa katika makundi makuu matatu au sehemu kuu tatu ambazo ni: sehemu ya kwanza inahusu Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo, sehemu ya pili mwandishi amehakiki Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi na sehemu ya tatu ni Utenzi wa Mwanakupona.
2.1 Waandishi wa vitabu husika Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent ni kitabu kilichoandikwa na kuhaririwa na John William Johnson (Indiana University), Thomas A. Hale (The Pennsylvania State University) na Stephen Belcher (The Pennsylvania State University). Pia Mulokozi (Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam) ameandika na kuhariri kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Wataalam hawa katika kukusanya na kuhariri tendi mbalimbali za Kiafrika walibaini nduni bainifu za tendi za Kiafrika na masuala majumui yanayopatikana katika tendi za Afrika na tendi za Ulaya kama tutakavyoona hapo baadaye. Johnson na wenzake wanasema kuwa, koja/diwani hii yenye dondoo 25 za tendi za Kiafrika ni ya kwanza na ya aina yake kutokea duniani na ni toleo la tatu katika mkururo wa tendi za Kiafrika zilizozinduliwa na “Indiana University Press”. Hii ni hatua muhimu sana iliyofikiwa katika kubadili fikra za kimagharibi kuhusu tendi katika muktadha wa kiulimwengu.  Hegel (1963) akinukuliwa na Johnson na wenzake (kashatajwa) anadai kuwa, Waafrika hawana Literature, hivyo ni wazi kamba hata historia hawana. Dai hili halina mashiko, kwani leo hii tunaona kwa kupitia tendi uibukaji wa vyote viwili historia na Fasihi ya Kiafrika ambavyo vilifunikwa na ujinga wa wazungu kwa muda mrefu sana. Lakini pamoja na hayo, bado wanahoji juu ya fasili ya fasihi simulizi.
3.0  Usuli wa manju/yeli Kwa ujumla tendi ni tungo ndefu ambazo huimbwa na mafundi fulani wanaojulikana kama mayeli na huwahusu mashujaa walioishi au wanaosadikiwa kuishi katika jamii fulani. Mfano mzuri ni utendi wa Sundiata/Sunjata wa jamii ya Wamande nchini Mali ambao uliimbwa na mayeli wa jamii hiyo kama vile Fa-Gigi Sisoko. Pia utendi wa Fa-Jigi ambao yeli wake ni Seydou Camara akisaidiana na mkewe ambaye alikuwa akipiga narinya-kifaa cha muziki, utendi wa Sonsan of Kaarta ulisimuliwa kwa kuimbwa na Mamary Kuyate’, huku wimbo ukiambatana na muziki, utendi wa Almami Samori Toure’ yeli alikuwa ni Sory Fina Kamara. Pia wasimulizi au mayeli wa utendi wa Wagadu ni Diarra Sylla ambaye aliandika mistari 257 na Jiri Silla ambaye naye aliandika mistari 800. Kwa pamoja waliweza kupata simulizi moja linaloeleza mambo yaliyowatokea watu wa Wagadu. Aidha utendaji katika tendi za Kiafrika huweza kutofautiana kutoka yeli mmoja kwenda mwingine. Sababu za utofauti huo huweza kuwa masuala ya mila na desturi za jamii husika, hivyo huweza kukuta yeli/manju husimulia hadithi yake ya kiutendi kwa kuzingatia taratibu za jamii hiyo. Licha ya hayo, vilevile yeli huyohuyo huweza kusimulia hadithi ileile ya kiutendi kwa namna tofauti tofauti kulingana na muktadha. Katika tendi za Kiafrika mayeli walikuwa ni watu walioheshimika sana katika jamii husika, kwani wao ndio waliojua historia na tamaduni za jamii na ndio wanaopitisha historia ya jamii kutoka kizazi kimoja kwenda kingine. Mfano, Johnson na wenzake wanatuambia kuwa, katika jamii ya Wamande yeli (Sara) alikuwa mwanamke wa heshima sana na hata alipokufa mwaka 1989 ng’ombe 15 walitolewa sadaka wakati wa sherehe za maziko yake.
3.1  Usuli wa kijamii-kihistoria Kama tulivyosema hapo awali utendi ni kama saiklopidia ya jamii fulani kwani umesheheni masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii ikiwemo historia pamoja na mila na desturi za jamii mbalimbali. Mfano, tendi zote za Kiafrika kama vile wa Bamana Segu, Sonsan of Kaarta, Almami Samori Tuure’, Musadu, Fa-Jigi na Son-Njara kwa kuzitaja chache, zote zinaelezea masuala ya kijamii-kihistoria kama vile: matukio ya kivita, kidini-hija, asili ya koo mbalimbali, mila na desturi za jamii ya Wamande kama vile: masuala ya matambiko, salamu nk. Ndio maana utendi kama wa Sundiata umesimuliwa katika nchi za Ghana, Sudan, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Mali na Mauritius nk. kama njia mojawapo ya kurithisha amali za jamii hiyo. Vilevile utendi wa Wagadu ni simulizi maarifu sana katika historia ya Soninke’kuanzia wakiwa wamoja kabla ya kuanguka kwa ufalme na kusambaratika katika maeneo mbalimbali ya Sahel, Senegal na Ghana.
4.0  Utendaji-uwasilishwaji Tendi nyingi za Kiafrika hutumia mbinu mbalimbali katika uwasilishaji wake. Mfano huweza kusimuliwa kwa njia ya kinadhari au kwa njia ya ushairi/nudhumu yaani kuimbwa kama vile utendi wa Hambodedio and Saigalare,  Fa-Jigi huwasilishwa kwa kuimbwa na manju pamoja na mkewe ambaye husaidia kupiga kifaa kiitwacho narinya (nanga), pia utendi wa Sara wa jamii ya Maninka uliimbwa na Sara pamoja na kaka yake Yamuru Jabate’. Katika utendi huu unajitokeza urudiaji rudiaji wa korasi, mfano;
5. Chorus:       Ah! Sara is sung for those of one voice. Don’t you see it? Sira Mori: Sara! Sara is sung for those with promises. Don’t you see it? Pia mwandishi anafafanua kuwa, tendi simulizi za Afrika mara nyingi katika uwasilishwaji wake huambatana na uigaji wa matendo ya watu pamoja na muziki kutoka kikundi cha waimbaji na hadhira. Vilevile, mwandishi anaibua hoja juu ya mjadala ulioongozwa na Lucy Duran juu ya uwepo wa suala la ujinsia katika tendi. Japokuwa anakiri kwamba, mjadala haupo wazi sana kutokana na vyanzo visivyorasmi kushindwa kutofautisha kati ya sifa ziimbwazo na wote wanaume na wanawake na simulizi za kitamaduni katika utawala wa wanaume. Duran anadai kwamba, wanawake wataimba utendi mzima kama hakuna wanaume wa kuimba. Hata hivyo hakuna utendi wa mwanamke ulioonekana katika machapisho. Hoja hii inahitaji ushaidi wa kitafiti zaidi. Aidha katika mapitio haya inajibainisha wazi kuwa, tendi simulizi za Kiafrika hazina mpaka halisi unaotenganisha tendi, visasili, ngano, visakale, maghani, nyimbo, n.k. Kwa mfano Utendi wa son-Jara, una kisakale cha Biblia; masimulizi ya uumbaji wa Mungu kwa Adamu na Eva. Lakini katika tendi za kimagharibi tunaona mpaka uliodhahiri. Hivyo tunaona kwamba, tendi nyingi zinazohusu mashujaa huingiza sifa nyingi za visasili, visakale, maghani au hata ngano ndani yake. Kwa mfano, utendi wa Fumo Liyongo, Wagadu, Lihanja, Mwindo, nk. sifa hii huonesha kwamba, tendi huchota visa vya sanaa jadi nyingine kutoka tamaduni zenye tendi simulizi. Kwa mfano, Fumo Liyongo, Mwindo, Rukiza, Sundiata, n.k. ni miongoni mwa mashujaa wenye sifa sawa na mashujaa wengine wa kiutendi ulimwenguni kama vile, Gilgameshi na wengineo. Tenzi Tatu za Kale ni kitabu cha fasihi chenye baadhi ya tungo mashuhuri za zamani, zilizokusanywa na kuhifadhiwa pamoja. Tungo hizo ni pamoja: Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo, uliotungwa na Muhamadi Abubakar Kijumwa mwaka 1913, Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi uliotungwa na Sayyid Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasiri na Utenzi wa Mwanakupona uliotungwa na Mwanakupona Binti Mshamu kwa ajili ya binti yake aliyeitwa Mwana Hashima binti Mataka. Mwandishi wa kitabu hiki amebainisha vipengele mbalimbali vya utendi vinavyojitokeza katika Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo. Anaeleza kwamba, Fumo Liyongo ni utendi unaohusu matukio muhimu ya kihistoria na kijamii, hueleza kuhusu ushujaa wa shujaa. Anamwona Fumo Liyongo kama shujaa anayependwa na watu. Sifa hii pia tunaiona hata katika tendi nyingine za Kiafrika. Kwa mfano: Utendi wa Sundiata unaakisi historia na utamaduni wa jamii, huelezea matukio ya kishujaa na mashujaa. Pia hata Utendi wa Lihanja nao anawakilisha chimbuko la taifa la Wamongo. Aidha, mwandishi anadondoa baadhi ya sifa za tendi za Kiafrika kwa kuhusianisha na shujaa Liyongo.
Anamwelezea shujaa huyu kuwa, ni mtu mwenye nguvu za kimwili. Mfano kitendo cha kubeba mizigo ya kujaza chumba kiliwashangaza Wagalla, kupuliza panda na kusua nk. Pia ni rijali. Mfano, Wagalla walimwomba sultani awaruhusu wapate mbegu yake. Licha ya nguvu za kimwili pia alikuwa na nguvu za kisirihi. Mfano, udhaifu wake ulikwa kitovuni, hivyo haikuwa rahisi kudhurika kwa namna yoyote ile isipokuwa kwa kuchumwa sindano kitovuni.  Vilevile alikuwa na mshikamano na jamii yake ndio maana hata aliweza kusaidiwa na mama yake pamoja na kijakazi Saada pindi alipokuwa kifungoni. Hatimaye alifaulu kutoroka. Sifa hizi alizonazo Liyongo pia zinajitokeza hata katika tendi nyingi za Kiafrika, kwa mfano Mwindo anasaidiwa na shangazi yake, mjomba pamoja na watu wengine kwenda kulipiza kisasi kwa baba yake. Pia mbali na sifa hizi, mashujaa wengi wa Kiafrika huzaliwa kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida. Kwa mfno, katika Utendi wa Jeki la Njambe’ Inono shujaa Njambe’ Inono kabla ya kuzaliwa anaongea tumboni akielekeza mahali atakapozaliwa. Baada ya kuzaliwa anarudi tena tumboni, halafu baadaye anataka kuzaliwa kwenye chupa. Mfano, …So they began to go back with waves. It was then that a voice spoke from Ngrijo Epee Tungum’s womb: “Ina! Sit down in the water and give birth to me!” Mulokozi (2002) katika utafiti wake kuhusu tendi za jamii ya Wayaha hasa Utendi wa Rukiza anaungana mkono na mawazo ya Johnson japokuwa anaongeza kuwa, shujaa wa Kiafrika sharti awe ni msaada kwa watu wake na hivyo: (USHUJAA: Ushakiri+Sihiri+Watu) Hivyo basi, tunaweza kusema kuwa, Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo una sifa fawafu kama ilivyo katika tendi nyingine za Kiafrika. Kwanza ni masimulizi ya kinadhari yenye uunganifu, pili nudhumu, yaani ni utungo wa kishairi, tatu ni simulizi linalohusu matukio muhimu ya kijamii-historia na mwisho huelezea kuhusu ushujaa. Fauka ya hayo, mwandishi wa Tenzi Tatu za Kale amejadili pia Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi kuwa ni miongoni mwa tenzi mashuhuri sana katika lugha ya Kiswahili na ulichipuka kutokana na jadi ndefu ya tenzi za Kiswahili mjini Pate. Utenzi huu ulitungwa na Sayyid bin Ali bin Nasiri mwaka 1800-1820 unahusu matukio mbalimbali yaliyotokea katika jamii ya Waswahili wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki, kwa mfano, mgogoro hasa wa kuanguka kwa mji wa Waswahili kulikosababishwa na uvamizi wa Wareno. Kihalisia ni kweli mambo hayo yametokea. Kwa hiyo utenzi huu una dhima ya kihistoria katika jamii ya watu wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Pia unawakilisha utamaduni wa jamii ya Waswahili wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki kutokana na lugha iliyotumika ambayo ni Kiswahili kilichochanganyika na Kiarabu kwa kiasi fulani, utamaduni wa watu hao, miji iliyotajwa ambayo ni Pate, Kilwa, Lamu na  Mombasa. Vilevile katika Tenzi Tatu za Kale kuna Utenzi wa Mwanakupona ni utenzi wa kimawaidha uliotungwa na Mwanakupona Binti Mshamu kwa ajili ya binti yake aliyeitwa Mwanahashimu binti Mataka mwaka 1858. Utenzi huu unaonekana kuwakilisha vyema tungo za utamaduni na maonyo ya wakati huo. Lakini pia aligusia kwa vijana wengine wa kike wapate kuusoma utenzi huu ili nao wapate maonyo hayo (Ubeti wa 94 na 95). Utenzi huu unaonekana kuibadilisha jamii ya uswahilini baada ya kuona kuwa unafaa hasa kwa malezi ya kijadi kwa watoto wa kike kwa kuwafunda. Yawezekana Jambo hili ndilo linaloufanya utenzi huu uonekane kuwa msaada wa jamii hata leo hii. Kihistoria, tunaelezwa kuwa huu ni utenzi wa kale uliokuwa unaendana na mazingira ya wakati huo. Mwandishi aliuandika kwa kuilenga jamii ya wakati ule hasa kwa kufuata mila na desturi za jadi za wakati huo kama vile: heshima ya ndoa, wanawake kuwekwa utawani, kutoonesha sura zao mbele ya watu, kumtukuza mume kama Mungu wao wa pili. Pia unaonekana kuwa ulikuwa ni utenzi wa tabaka tawala.
5.0  Udhaifu katika kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale na Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent. Pamoja na kwamba, Utenzi wa Mwanakupona una baadhi ya sifa za utendi kama vile: unudhumu, uunganifu, unahusu masula ya kijamii mfano, mafundisho katika jamii, mianzo na miisho ya kifomula, nk. bado hatuwezi kuuingiza kwenye kumbo la tendi kwani unakosa baadhi ya sifa za msingi za kitendi kama vile: masuala ya kishujaa na mashujaa, matendo ya kivita nk. Vivyo hivyo hata katika Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi pia unakosa sifa hizo za msingi. Kimsingi Utenzi wa Inkishafi na Mwanakupona hazizungumzii suala la ushajaa wala shujaa zaidi ya kumwona mwandishi akitamalaki kwa kiasi kikubwa kama kwamba yeye ndiye shujaa. Swali la kujiuliza Mwandishi anawezaje kuwa shujaa? Kama ni shujaa ruwaza yake ni ipi? Anafuata kanuni za shujaa wa namna gani? Wa Kijadi/Kiafrika au Kimagharibi, au Kiarabu? Hoja hii haihusiani na kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale lakini inafaa kujiuliza maana wengine huweza kufikiri kwamba, mwandishi ni shujaa kutokana na tajiriba aliyonayo, mfano mtunzi wa Utendi wa Mwanakupona.   Pia katika Tenzi Tatu za Kale, mwandishi amechanganya pamoja Tendi na Tenzi na kuziita zote kwa pamoja TENZI TATU ZA KALE, yaani Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo na Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi pamoja na Utenzi wa Mwanakupona. Je, kigezo gani kimetumika? Kama mwandishi alilenga kuzishughulikia kazi zote tatu ndani ya kitabu kimoja, basi angepaswa kukwepa neno hilo ili kuepuka kuchanganya dhana mbili zinazotofautiana, badala yake angeziita TUNGO TATU ZA KALE. Nadhani msamiati huu ungekuwa fawafu kabisa kwa kazi zote tatu. Mkanganyiko mwingine tunaouona ni kwamba, mwandishi hakuweka bayana kuwa Utenzi wa Inkishafi ni utendi au ni utenzi, maana baadhi ya sehemu ndani ya kitabu ameita Utenzi na sehemu nyingine ameita Utendi. Mfano, ukurasa wa 73 anasema; “Utenzi wa Inkishafi unapata nguvu yake kutokana na lugha tukufu na taswira anazotumia mtunzi…” ilhali katika ukurasa wa 77, mwandishi anasema; “Inkishafi ni Utendi wa Kiafrika…” Hivyo tunaona kwamba, hapa mwandishi anawaweka wasomaji katika hali ya sintofahamu kipi ni kipi! Pia suala jingine la kujiuliza kuhusu Tenzi Tatu za Kale ni kwamba, je huo ukale anaousema mwandishi unaanzia wapi na unaishia wapi? Je tunawezaje kubaini mipaka ya ukale na usasa? Kwani ukale unaanza lini na unaisha lini? Aidha, mwandishi hajaonesha bayana mkabala au nadharia iliyomwongoza katika ubatizaji wa tungo hizi na kuziita TENZI TATU ZA KALE? Je ameangalia lugha iliyotumika au mambo yalisheheni katika tungo hizo? Suala la udhaifu pia linajitokeza hata katika Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent. Inaonekana kuwa, mwandishi hakufanya utafiti wowote katika Afrika Mashariki ndio maana hakuna chochote kilichoelezwa kuhusu tendi za Afrika Mashariki. Hii inawapa picha wasomaji kwamba, Afrika Mashariki hakuna tendi ilhali tunajua kuwa, Afrika Mashariki kuna tendi na wapo watafiti wabobevu waliofanya tafiti za tendi sehemu mbalimbali za Afrika Mashariki kama vile: Mulokozi, Mbele, Kagame, nk. Kosa kama hili tunaliona pia hata kwa Belcher (1999) katika Epic Traditions of Africa. Belcher amechunguza baadhi ya tendi za Afrika hasa tendi za Afrika Magharibi na Afrika ya Kati na kugundua kuwa zinamfanano katika baadhi ya vipengele. Hii inadhihirisha kwamba, katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki wataalamu wa tafiti katika uwanja huu ni wachache sana, hivyo kuna haja ya wataalamu chipukizi kumakinikia katika uwanja huu.
6.0   Ubora wa kazi hizi Mbali na mapungufu ya hapa na pale, pia tutakuwa wachoyo wa fadhila kama hatutaona ubora uliosheheni katika kazi hizi. Kwa mfano, Johnson na wenzake katika kitabu chao cha Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent wamefanya kazi nzuri sana katika kuzitambulisha tendi mbalimbali za Kiafrika kwa ulimwengu mzima ili hata wale waliopotoshwa na Finnegan waweze kubadili mtizamo wao. Pia wamesaidia kuonesha ufanano mkubwa uliopo katika tendi za Kiafrika hasa katika baadhi ya mambo kama vile manju au mayeli, japokuwa kuna utofauti za kimsamiati lakini dhima yake ni ileile. Kwa mfano wanajulikana kwa majina kama: gewel, gawlo, jali, jeli, mabo, gesere, jesere, nk. Vilevile mwandishi wa Tenzi Tatu za Kale amefaulu sana katika kutoa maana mbadala za maneno au msamiati mgumu uliotumika ili kuwarahisishia wasomaji kuelewa kwa urahisi ujumbe unaokusudiwa katika tungo zote tatu. Licha ya hayo, utangulizi na maelezo ya mwandishi wa Tenzi Tatu za Kale yamenisaidia sana kama mwanafasihi chipukizi hasa kujua maudhui ya tungo hizi tatu na pia kujua namna bora ya kujenga hoja zenye mantiki na maelezo yenye mtiririko fawafu.
7.0 Hitimisho Kwa ujumla tunaweza kuhitimisha makala haya kwa kusema kuwa, wataalamu hawa wamejitahidi kwa kiasi kikubwa kutuonesha namna tendi simulizi za Kiafrika zinavyoakisi historia ya jamii husika katika utamaduni, mila na desturi, mahusiano na mshikamano wa kijamii. Vilevile wote kwa pamoja wametuonesha kuwa, utendi pamoja na hadithi mbalimbali za mashujaa huwa na ruwaza inayofanana ambayo hutuwezesha kupata muundo wa msingi wa tendi ambao ni wa kimajumui. Mulokozi (kashatajwa) ameainisha sifa za shujaa wa tendi za nanga kama ifuatavyo: Anatoka tabaka la juu au la kawaida, shujaa huwa ni jasiri, anatumia sihiria, anakuwa rijali, hutegemea nguvu za wahenga au mizimu na anahitaji msaada wa umma. Ukiangalia tendi nyingi katika Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent ruwaza za mashujaa wa Kiafrika kwa kiasi kikubwa zinalandana na ruwaza za mashujaa Gilgamesh na Enkidu katika utendi wa Gilgamesh. Mwandishi Sandars (1960), haoneshi kuzaliwa kwa Gilgamesh na Enkidu. Utendi huu unawaonesha mashujaa hawa wakiwa tayari watu wazima kama vile kwa Fumo Liyongo. Gilgamesh ameanza kuelezewa tayari akiwa kiongozi wa mji wa Uruk wakati Enkidu ameanza kuelezewa tayari akiwa anaishi porini na wanyama.
Maelezo haya yanajidhihirisha katika kigae/kibao cha I & II na katika kitabu uk. 61. Kigae/kibao cha I na kitabu (uk. 61)  I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was a man to whom all things were known; this was the king who knew the contries of the world. He was wise, he was misteries and knew secret things, he broughy us a tale of the days before the flood Kibao/kigae cha II Then he, Enkidu, offspring of the mountains,who eats grasses with the gazelles,came to drink at the watering hole with the animals, with the wild beasts he slaked his thirst with water.
MAREJEO
  • Belcher, S. (1999), Epic Traditions of Africa, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
  • Finnegan, R. (1970), Oral Literature in Africa. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
  • Johnson, J. W. na wenzake, (1997), (Ed.), Oral Epics from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent, Bloomington, Indianapolis University Press.
  • Mulokozi, M. M. (1996), Fasihi ya Kiswahili, Dar es Salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.
  • (1999), (Mha.), Tenzi Tatu za Kale, Dar es Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi  wa Kiswahili.
  • (2002), The African Epic Controversy:historical, Philosophical and Aesthetic Perspectives on Epic Poetry and Performance. Dar es salaam,  Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
  • Wamitila (2006) Kamusi ya Ushairi, Nairobi: Vide-Muwa Publishers Ltd.
  • Sandars N. K (1960), The Epic of Gilgamesh. Cox & Wyman Ltd: Great Britain.

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  MBINU ZA KITANZIA ZA KI-ARISTOTLE KATIKA TAMTHILIYA ZA FUMO LIONGO NA SUNDIATA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 12:01 PM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies


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  WAZARAMO WALIITAWALA ZANZIBAR KABLA YA MWARABU
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 11:44 AM - Forum: Je, wajua ? - No Replies

WAZARAMO WALIITAWALA ZANZIBAR KABLA YA MWARABU

Na Maalim Kondo Bungo

Historia zinazofutwa kwa kuficha ukweli ndiyo hizi, kumezuka gumzo mitaani kwa ndugu Hasa A Kingo Mzaramo wa Msanga kuteuliwa kuwa Jaji kule nchini Marekani
Si jambo la kushangaza sana kwani kabila la wazaramo wana mengi waliyowahi kuyafanya makubwa na yenye historia kubwa hapa ulimwenguni
Zanzibar kabla ya kupinduliwa na Waarabu mwishoni mwa karne ya 17 au mwanzoni mwa karne ya 18
Hapo nyuma walitawala watawala weusi akiwemo wa mwisho aliyepinduliwa na Waarabu alikuwa akiitwa Mwinyimkuu ni mzaramo mwenye asili ya Bagamoyo wenyeji wa Zanzibar wanajua eneo la mji mkongwe upo msikiti hasaa unaojulikana wa Mwinyimkuu na pembeni yake kuna Hoteli inayodaiwa ndiyo ilikuwa Ikulu yake.
Ikumbukwe tu Zanzibar uisilamu ulikuja zamani sana kabla Waomani hawajaingia kutawala, uisilamu uliingizwa na Waarabu wa Yemen ambao hawakutaka mambo ya utawa wao ni biashara na Dini tu.
Na walikuja ukanda huo wa Zanzibar na Bagamoyo, kule Bagamoyo wa Yemeni walipewa majina kama Shomvi na Guo kutokana na biashara zao za kuuza chumvi na Nguo wakitembeza mitaani huku wakinadi (Shonvi Shonvi) wakimaanisha Chumvi Chumvi hata kizazi chao walichozaa na waafrika kiliendelea kuitwa Wamashomvi na ukisikia Mzaramo anaitwa Shonvi imetokea huko.
Kwa Zanzibar ilikuwa maamkizi ya wazee wetu mbele ya Mwinyimkuu ni kumwambia: Mwinyi yeye anaitikia Muungwana baada ya kupinduliwa na Waarabu kutoka Oman mwinyi alikuwa mnyonge sana kiasi wafuasi wake walikuwa wakimtembelea wakimwambia: mwinyi yeye akawa anaitikia: mwinyimkuu Said akimkusudia Said Barghash aliyempindua.
Salamu hii inaendelea mpaka leo baadhi ya miji ya pwani hususan uzaramoni Bagamoyo na Kisarawe.
Neno shikamoo na marhaba yalililetwa na mzungu gavana wa Tanganyika na Said Said mtawala wa Zanzibar.
Siku walipokutana Gavana alimpa mkono Sultani Said Said Sultani alipoushika mkono wa Gavana akawa anautikisa Gavana akawa anasema (shake more) akimaanisha tikisa zaidi Sultani akawa anamjibu akitamka (marhabba) kwa maana ya karibu au makaribisho mema wale watu weusi wapambe wa Sultan Said Said wakainasa hiyo ikawa na wao wakija asubuhi wanampa mkono huku wakitamka shake more Sultan anawaitikia vile vile marhabba marhabba, shake more kwa matamshi ya wazee wetu ndiyo ikawa shikamoo na Marahaba ikawa kila unapokutana na mkubwa au kiongozi unamtamkia Shikamoo naye anakuitikia marahaba.

Niwatakie siku Njema

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  UHAKIKI WA NGOSWE (SLIDES)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 11:42 AM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies


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  UHAKIKI WA ORODHA (SLIDES)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 11:38 AM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies


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  UCHAMBUZI WA TAMTHILIYA YA KIFO KISIMANI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 11:21 AM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies


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  UHAKIKI WA TAMTHILIYA ZA MSTAHIKI MEYA (2009) NA KIGOGO (2016)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 11:15 AM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies

TATHIMINI YA MAUDHUI KATIKA TAMTHILIYA ZILIZOTEULIWA KUTAHINIWA KATIKA SHULE ZA UPILI NCHINI KENYA: MSTAHIKI MEYA (2009) NA KIGOGO (2016).


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  MOTIFU YA SAFARI NA MSAKO KATIKA “MARIMBA YA MAJALIWA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 11:10 AM - Forum: Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi - No Replies

MOTIFU YA SAFARI NA MSAKO KAMA MWEGA MKUU WA DHAMIRA KATIKA “MARIMBA YA MAJALIWA”
“Marimba ya Majaliwa ni hadithi iloyoandikwa na Edwini Semzaba mwaka (2008) ambayo inaelezea kuhusiana na marimba ya Majaliwa iliyopotea. Mwandishi ameonyesha jinsi Majaliwa alivyokuwa anatafuta marimba yake mpaka akaipata. Majaliwa alisafiri kwa kutumia njia mbalimbali kama vile ungo, fagio, na maumbo ya samaki akizunguka Tanzania nzima akisaka marimba ya nyuzi ishirini (20). Alianza Mafia, akaenda Zanzibar, Tanga, Moshi na Arusha, Iringa, Mwanza, Kigoma, na miji mingine mingi. Na Kongoti bingwa wa Taifa wa Marimba akimchenga kila mara huku akinga’nga’nia Marimba ya Majaliwa ili amzuie kushinda na ashinde yeye na bila Marimba yenye nyuzi ishirini (20) hakuna ushindi.
Katika mada hii tutaanza kuelezea maana ya fasihi, fasihi ya watoto, na maana ya motifu, na maaana ya dhamira. Kisha katika kiini cha swali letu tutachambua motifu mbalimbali  za safari na msako kama zilivyo jitokeza katika kitabu. Baada ya hapo kuonyesha dhamira mbalimbali. Wataalamu mbalimbali wameelezea maana ya fasihi.
Mulokozi (1996:3) akimnukuu Egletoni (1983:20-21), anasema fasihi ni sanaa ya lugha yenye ubunifu bilakujali kama imeandikwa au laa.
Mulokozi mwaka (1996), anasema ni sanaa ya lugha inayoangalia maisha na mazingira halisi. Anaendelea kusema kuwa ni sanaa ya lugha yenye ufundi wa hali ya juu ili kuweza kuwasilisha mawazo aliyonayo mtu kwa njia inayoweza kuathiri kwa kutumia sanaa hiyo  kimaandishi au  kimazungumzo.
TUKI (2004), wanasema mtoto ni mtu mwenye umri mdogo, katika maana hii hajatueleza umri huo ni wa kuanzia miaka mingapi hadi miaka mingapi lakini kutokana na maana hii Mulokozi (2008:338), anasema fasihi ya watoto na vijana ni ile fasihi inayorejelea matini au kazi ambazo kimsingi hadhira yake ni watoto na vijana, na hii ni kati ya umri wa miaka 0-10 na 11-17.
Hivyo fasihi ya watoto na vijana huhusisha kazi zinazowahusu bibadamu kati ya miaka 0-17. Na kazi hizo zaweza kuwa riwaya, Hadithi fupi, Tamthilia au Ushahiri.
Motifu- Ni dhana/jambo au kipengele kinachojirudiarudia katika kazi ya fasihi. Ambacho kinaweza kuwa cha kifani au kinaudhui. Mfano; Motifu ya safari.
TUKI (2004), dhamira ni kiini cha jambo au habari iliyosimuliwa ama kuandikwa hasa katika fasihi
Madumulla (2009), Dhamira ni wazo kuu katika kazi ya fasihi. Kwa ujumla wote wanazungumzia jambo au  wazo kuu katika fasihi, Hivyo tunakubaliana na fasihi zote hapo juu.
Kuanzia mwanzo hadi mwisho wa kitabu tunaona Majaliwa alisafiri sehemu mbalimbali hadi kufikia kiwango cha kuzunguka nchi nzima huku akimsaka Kongoti ili aweze kuirejesha Marimba yake. Safari ya Majaliwa ilianzia Mafia mkoani Pwani. Hii ni baada ya kuchukuliwa Marimba yake na watu ambao awali hakuwafahamu na baadaye walikimbia kichakani (ukurasa wa 2). Kwa kuwa marimba nguvu zake ziliambatana na nguvu ya kuzimu, usiku wa manane marehemu bibi yake mzaa mama alimjia ndotoni na kumwambia Majaliwa kuwa, Kongoti Nachienga ndiye aliiba Marimba yake kwa wasiwasi wa kushindwa wakifika Dodoma kwenye mashindano ya marimba ya kitaifa. Katika upande wa kuzimu babu yake Majaliwa mzaa baba yake yupo upande wa Kongoti (ukurasa 3)
Safari ilianza rasmi usiku wa manane kisiwa cha Mafia katika ufukwe wa kilindoni wa Bahari ya Hindi. (uk.5). Walisafiri huku bibi yake akiwa katika umbo la samaki (nguva na papa) (uk.5) hadi Zanzibar (uk.7-10). Akiwa huko Majaliwa aliendelea kumsaka Kongoti bila mafanikio (uk.11). Majaliwa anaendelea na safari kuelekea Tanga. Wanatumia aina mbalimbali za usafiri kama Ungo, Ufagio, Chai maharage, na basi mfano (uk.21,22 na 105). Majaliwa anakumbana na misukosuko mbalimbali baharini hatimaye anafika Tanga, lakini juhudi zake hazimpi mafanikio (sura ya 7-11). Majaliwa baada ya kusikia kwamba Kongoti alikuwa anaelekea Kilimanjaro alianzisha safari ya kuelekea huko ili aweze kuitwaa marimba yake sura ya (11-17) kwa usafari wa basi (uk.46). Kutokana na misukosuko mbalimbali Majaliwa anachelewa. Kilimanjaro alikuta mashindano yamekwisha na Kongoti sasa anaelekea Arusha. Majaliwa naye ili kuisaka marimba yake aliamua kumsaka Kongoti lakini pasipo na mafanikio yoyote.
Baadaye Majaliwa alisafili kwenda Singida (sura 26-27) baadaye Kondoa kwenda Tabora (sura ya 27-30) Pia Tabora kwenda Shinyanga. Katika safari zote hizo Majaliwa hakufanikiwa kutwaa marimba yake lakini hakukata tamaa aliendelea na safari ya msako ukurasa 239.
Majaliwa anaendelea na safari kutoka Shinyanga kwenda Mwanza baada ya kufika alishuka kwenye ndege na kupanda daladala kuelekea Mwanza (uk.131) baada ya hapo Majaliwa alisafiri kuelekea Butihama baadaye kurudi Mwanza kwa kujionea maeneo mbalimbali ya kihistoria (uk.138-140) Wakiwa katika usafiri wa meli Majaliwa alivamiwa na Kongoti. Akapambana naye ili airejeshe marimba yake lakini Marimba ile ilitumbikia ziwani (uk.141) Bibi yake alipotokea akamwelezea kisha akayafuatilia na kumwambia kuwa hayakuwa yenyewe. Wakatembelea sehemu mbalimbali za kihistoria za Mwanza meli ilifika Kemondo Bukoba kagera ambapo palikuwa na mashindano pia na Kongoti angekuwa miongoni mwao alisafiri sehemu mbalimbali za karagwe kwa basi kutokana na ulinzi mkali aliondoka kutembelea sehemu mbalimbali za kihistoria (uk.151)
Majaliwa aliendelea na safari ya kuelekea Kigoma (uk.155) ambapo alitembelea sehemu mbalimbali za vivutio vya watalii baadaye mashindano yalifanyika hoteli ya Lake Tanganyika ambapo alipata nafasi ya kufanya ufunguzi na hakupata pesa nyingi hapo usiku walisafili kwa ungo kupitia Mbozi na milima ya mrengi baadaye Mbeya ambapo mashindano yalifanyika Kileleni lodge ambapo alitumia njia mbalimbali na kuipata marimba lakini haikuwa yenyewe (uk.175) safari ya usiku ilikuwa ni kutembelea maeneo mbalimbali ya kihistoria kuamkia Iringa ambapo Kongoti angetumbuiza kwenye maadhimisho ya shujaa Mkwawa (uk.187) Baadaye Kidatu Njombe, Rudewa hadi Manda. Baadaye Mji wa Tunduma Mola tena Mwanjerwa alisikia Kongoti bado anapiga marimba aliamini kuwa bado ana marimba yake (uk.197)
Safari ya Majaliwa huko Mbeya kwenda Songea kwa basi la Scandinavia (uk.198) Mashindano ya Ruvuma Lindi na Mtwara, pia wakiwa Ruvuma walitembelea sehemu mbalimbali za kihistoria (uk.200-205), Baadaye Ndanda, Newala, Mtwara, Mnazi bay, Lindi (Tengeru) (uk.205) Baadaye ukumbi wa mkorosho mpya ambapo mashindano yalifanyika lakini majaliwa hakupata nafasi ya kumsogelea Kongoti (uk.208) kwa usafiri wa Ufagio walienda Rufiji hadi Mafia, Mkuranga, Dar es salaam, Temeke, Mwenge, Lugalo, Bagamoyo na sehemu mbalimbali za Dar es salaam (uk.211).
Kutoka Dar Es Salaam alifunga safari yake hadi Morogoro (uk.212) kwa usafiri wa basi baada ya kupita sehemu mbalimbali Majaliwa alifanikiwa kuikuta Marimba Mjini Morogoro akiwa katika harakati za safari ya kuelekea katika shindano la kitaifa huko Dodoma ilikuwa baada ya kubadilisha marimba katika sinia la ukaguzi hapo tena Majaliwa alianza kujiandaa kusafiri kwa basi kwenda Dodoma kwenye mashindano ya kitaifa pamoja na misukosuko ya kukatika kwa daraja (uk.230) Baadaye aliingia Dodoma kwa kupitia Chamwino Dodoma Mjini baadaye Milimani ambapo mashindano yalifanyika hoteli ya Milimani huko Dodoma na kuibuka Mshindi wa kuwabwaga wenzake wote pamoja na adui yake Kongoti na kukamilisha ndoto zake za kuwa bigwa wa Taifa.
Maana ya ujasiri Kwa mujibu wa TUK (2004), hali ya kukabili jambo hofu uhodari na ushujaa. Ujasiri ni dhamira kuu katika kitabu hiki ambayo imejitokea katika motifu zote na misako ambayo imeandikwa katika kitabu hiki Majaliwa ameonesha kuwa jasiri kuanzia mwanzo wa hadithi pale anapoanza kutafuta marimba yake iliyoibwa akisaidiwa na bibi yake. Hili limeonekana katika sehemu mbalimbali mfano:- katika ukurasa wa 72 sura ya 17 ambapo majaliwa anapambana na dereva taski baada ya kutaka kumwibia majaliwa pesa zake wakati wakimtafuta kongoti aliyekuwa kwenye pikipiki.
“Majaliwa akiwa ameshika jiwe lake la rubi alimpiga nalo Yule dereva kwenye macho yake yote mawili mara mbili”
Mfano mwingine ni pale majaliwa alipopambana na kongoti mlenzi wakinyang’anyana marimba majaliwa alikuwa mtoto mdogo lakini aliweza kukabiliana na kongoti ambaye alikuwa mtu mzima. Hili limeoneshwa katika ukurasa wa 141 sura ya 34.
“Nalianza kukamatana na kuangushana na ingawa alikuwa mtoto tu, uchungu wa kudhulumiwa marimba yake ulimjaza ari na akachuana kishujaa”  
Hivyo basi kwa kuangalia hiyo mifano tunaona majaliwa alikuwa jasiri na mwandishi alionesha hili kama dhamira kuu.
Dhamira nyingine ni Imani za kishirikina. Imani kwa mujibu wa Kamusi TUKI (2004), ni mambo anayoyakubali mtu kuwa ni ya kweli na anayopaswa kuheshimu, haswa katika dini, au itikadi. Ushikirina ni tabia ya kuamini mambo ya uchawi, mizimu, nk. Katika kitabu hiki dhamira ya imana ya kishirikina imejijenga sana katika motifu ya safari na msako iliyojitokeza katika kitabu hiki mfano katika kitabu hiki mwandishi alionyesha hili pale majaliwa alipokuwa anasafiri kwa njia ya kishirikina kama vile ungo, fagio, pia kuna wakati mwingine alikuwa anasafiri kutoka sehemu moja kwenda nyingine kwa kufumba macho na kufumbua. Mfano mwingine ni ule kusafiri kwa ungo imeoneshwa (uk.52), Bibi alimwambia Majaliwa apande kwenye Ungo.
“Bibi alimwambia mjukuu wake sasa na wewe panda kwenye ungo” .
Pia kusafiri kwa ufagio (uk.105) Majaliwa alimletea bibi fagio uliokuwa umeachwa kwenye takataka. “Haya panda nyuma” Kufumba na kufumbua wakajikuta wako angani. Dhamira nyingi ni Rushwa. Rushwa ni fedha au kitu cha dhamani kinachotolewa na kupewa mtu mwenye madaraka ya kitu fulani ili mpaji apatiwe upendeleo. Katika kitabu hiki rushwa ilijitokeza pale ambapo Majaliwa alimpa fedha kwa sababu hakuwa na kibali cha kuingia sehemu za utalii ili aweze kumwachia. Hili limeoneshwa uk.66
“Majaliwa alipoangalia saa iliyotundikwa ukutani na kuona ni saa tano, alibadilisha uamuzi wake na kuongeza dola moja, hapo askari hakusema kitu”.
Hilo pia limeoneshwa katika uk.213 sura ya 54.
Tamaa ni hamu kubwa ya kupata kitu au shauku au matarajio ya kupata kitu. Hili mwandishi pia amelibainisha kwa kuanza na Majaliwa ambaye yeye  alikuwa na tamaa ya kupata marimba yake iliyochukuliwa na kongoti kiasi cha kuamua kujitosa na kuanza kutafuta kwa kupitia hali  mbalimbali ingawa alikuwa ni mtoto. Tamaa pia imeoneshwa pale ambapo dereva teksi alitamani dola za Majaliwa alipokuwa anamwendesha mpaka akapata upofu kwa kupigwa na Majaliwa. Pia bibi alihadithia hadithi moja ambayo ilikuwa inaonyesha jinsi ambavyo tamaa ni mbaya uk.123-126.
“Bibi akamuuliza Majaliwa hadithi inakufundisha nini? Majaliwa anajibu Tamaa ni mbaya”.
Katika uk.72 dereva teksi aliona pesa za majaliwa na kuzitamani hivyo akampeleka porini. Dereva anamwabia, “toa pesa zote ulizonazo haraka”
Madhara ya kutokuwa mtiifu. Hili pia mwandishi amelionesha katika kitabu chake pale ambapo Majaliwa alikuwa anakiuka maagizo ambayo alikuwa anapewa na bibi yake na kupata madhara. Hili mwandishi amelionesha katika uk.50 ambapo bibi anamwambia majaliwa.
“siku zote utii ni bora”.
‘Si nilikukataza kula kitu chochote kupitia kinywani” Hapo ndipo Majaliwa akakumbuka alikula mayai kwenye tumbo la nyangumi.  Bibi akasema
“hilo ndilo kosa ndio maana Rubi haikufanya kazi yake nami nikakupa adhabu ya kuwa peke yako usiku wote wa jana.”
Pia Bibi alimwadithia Majaliwa Hadithi ya madhara ya kutokuwa mtiifu katika uk.169-171 ambayo ikimuelezea mvuvi ambaye alikosa utiifu na mwishowe akakosa utajiri kwa ajili hiyo.
Dhamira nyingine ni ile ya umuhimu wa kujua historia mbalimbali ya maeneo katika nchi. Hili mwandishi amelionesha wazi kwani limeoneshwa na kujengwa dhamira na motifu ya safari kwani katika safari ambazo Majaliwa alizifanya ndipo hapo aliweza kujua historia za sehemu mbalimbali alizosimuliwa na bibi yake.
Kwa ujumla kulikuwa na hisoria ya mapango ya Amboni Tanga, Kondoa Iringa, mji wa Tabora, hisotria ya ngome kongwe, Kaburi la Abeid Amani Karume, Wangoni. Makaburi ya watu waliokufa kwa ajili ya Treni, Meli iliyozama ya MV Bukoba na sehemu nyinginezo. Pamoja na kuwepo na dhamira hizo hapo juu zilizoelezwa kwa mapana na marefu kulikuwepo pia dhamira nyinginezo ambazo zilizokuwepo katika kitabu hiki.
Dhamira hizo ni pamoja na wizi, wivu, mashindano, kujikinga na ukimwi, chuki, nafasi ya mwanamke katika jamii, Ukombozi, Elimu, Ukatili, Umoja na mshikamano na hali ngumu ya maisha. Hivyo kwa ujumla tunaweza kusema kuwa mwandishi amefanikiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kujadili masuala mbalimbali yaliyoko katika jamii hasa jamii yetu ya Kitanzania.
MAREJEO
Madumulla, S. (2009), Riwaya yaKiswahili: Mature Educational Publishers Lited.
Mulokozi, M. M. (1996), Utangulizi wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, Dar es Salaam.
Semzaba, E. (2008), Marimba ya Majaliwa. E&D Publishers Limited: Dar Es Salaam.
TUKI (2OO4), Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili: Dar Es Salaam.
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  MIPAKA YA LUGHA KAMA HATUA ZA FALSAFA KATIKA MASHAIRI YA E. KEZILAHABI
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