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  MAZOEZI YA KUJIPIMA DARASA LA IV
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-07-2021, 11:18 AM - Forum: Mitihani - No Replies

BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUFUNGUA >>>>>>


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  MTIHANI WA PAMOJA KIDATO CHA NNE 2021 + (MAJIBU)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-07-2021, 11:09 AM - Forum: Maswali na majibu - No Replies


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  HADITHI: PESA ILIVYO
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-07-2021, 10:53 AM - Forum: Hadithi - No Replies


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  UAINISHAJI WA TANZU ZA FASIHI SIMULIZI KWA MUJIBU WA WATAALAM MBALIMBALI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-07-2021, 10:38 AM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

Maana:
Fasihi Simulizi ni nini?
Wataalamu mbalimbali wametoa maoni yao kuhusu maana ya FS. Miongoni mwao ni Finnegan (1970), Matteru 1979), Balisidya (1983), Okpewho (1992) na wengineowengi.
Ili kuweza kubaini maana ya FS ni vema kudurusu fasili zilizotolewa na wataalamu hawa. Lengo hasa ni kutaka kufahamu ubora na udhaifu wa fasili zao, hatimaye tuweze kuunda fasili muafaka zaidi kuhusu maana ya FS. *. F.S yaweza kuelezwa kwamba, hutegemea msaniiambaye huiumba kwa maneno katika tukio maalum (Finnegan, 1970) . Ni fasihi inayotegemea mdomo ktk kutolewa na kuenezwa kwake… (M.L.Matteru, 1979) .
Ni aina ya fasihi ambayo hutumia mdomo katika kuumbwa, kuwasilishwa na kusambazwa kwa waasikilizaji na watumiaji waake (Balisidya, 1983) *. F.S humaanisha fasihi itolewayo kwa neno la mdomo… (Okpewho, 1992) *. F.S ni kazi ya sanaa inayotumia lugha kazi hii ya sanaa huhifadhiwa kwa kichwa na kusambazwa kwa njia ya masimulizi ya mdomo… (M.Msokile, 1992) *. Ni fasihi inayotungwa au kubuniwa kichwani na kuwasilishwa kwa hadhira kwa njia mdomo na vitendobila kutumia maandishi (Mulokozi, 1996) *. Neno F.S linamaanisha hadithi za jadi, nyimbo, mashairi, vitendawili na methali ambavyo hutolewa kwa neno la mdomo (Bukenya na Wenzake, 1997) *. Sanaa hii iitwayo Fasihi, inaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa njia kuu mbili: kwa njia ya mdomo na kimaandishi. Ainaya kwanza, ambayo tunajihusisha nayo katika sehemu ya kwanza inajulikana kama F.S (Wamitila, 2003).
Fasili hizi hazigusii lolote kuhusu matumizi ya nyenzo za sayansi na teknolojia katika kubuni, kutongoa na kuhifadhi sanaa husika. Nyenzo kama vile, Radio, Video, DVD, VCD, Televisheni, Kompyuta na Wavuti….. kwa sasa zinatumika katika kutolea na kurekodia tanzu za F.S kamavile hadithi……
Katika F.S fanani na hadhira huwapo ana kwa ana: dhana ya kuwapo ana kwa ana pia inahitaji mjadala(uwezekano wa kuwa na ainambalimbali za hadhira)
UAINISHAJI WA TANZU ZA FASIHI SIMULIZI Utata umekuwa ukijitokeza katika uanishaji na ugawaji wa tanzu na vipera vya FS. Utata huu unatokea kutokana na kutofautiana kwa vigezo vinavyotumiwa na wataalamu mbalimbali katika ugawaji huu, kwani kila mtaalamu hutumia vigezovyake kulingana na matakwa ama mtazamo wake.
Hebu sasa tuwatazame baadhi ya wataalamu ambao wameainisha tanzu za FS, tukiangalia pia udhaifu na ubora wa vigezo walivyotumia.
A M .L. BALISIDYA (MATTERU) (1987) Anagawanya FS katika tanzu tatu ambazo ni NATHARI, USHAIRI na SEMI. Katika kila utanzu kuna vipera vyake mbavyo navyo vina vijipera pia. Uainishaji wake ni kama ifuatavyo:
(1) NATHARI A. Ngano · Istiara · Hekaya · Kwanini na kwa namna gani · kharafa B. Tarihi · Kumbukumbu · Shajara · Hadithi za historia · epiki C. Visasili · Kumbukumbu · Tenzi · Kwanini na kwa namna gani
(2) USHAIRI A. Nyimbo v Tahlili v Bembea v Tumbuizo v Ngoma v Mwiga v Watoto v kwaya B. Maghani v Majigambo v Vijighani v Shajara v tenzi
(3) SEMI    A. Vitendawili, Kitendawili,Misimu, mafumbo
B. Methali, Msemo,  nahau
C. Misimu , Utani .Masaguo , soga.
Upungufu wa uainishaji huu Katika uainishaji wake, baadhi ya tanzu hazionekaniama tunaweza kusema zimeachwa kabisa. Mfano visakale, ngomezi, Balisidya anauweka utenzi kuwa ni kipera cha visasili katika kundi la nathari. Hapa anaibua mjadala kwani kama tujuavyo kuwa utenzi katika FS huhusisha uimbaji pia. Hivyo swali la kujiuliza ni je utenzi ni nathari? Vilevile kuna kuingiliana kwa tanzu. Mfano kumbukumbu nakwanini na kwa namna gani ni tanzu ambazo zinajitokezakatika kundi zaidi ya moja.
M. M MULOKOZI (1989) Kwa upande wake Mulokozi anaainisha tanzu za FS katika makundi sita ambayo ni MAZUNGUMZO, MASIMULIZI, MAIGIZO, USHAIRI, SEMI, na NGOMEZI.
(1) MAZUNGUMZO – Hotuba, Malumbano ya watani, Ulumbi, Soga na mawaidha
(2) MASIMULIZI a) Hadithi – Ngano (Istiara, Mbazi, Kisa) b) Salua – kisakale, mapisi, tarihi,   kumbukumbu, kisasili
(3) MAIGIZO (tanzu zake hutegemea na shabaha na miktadha)
(4) USHAIRI a) Nyimbo · Tumbuizo · Bembea · Za dini · Wawe · Tenzi · Tendi · Mbolezi · Kimai · Nyiso · Za vita · Za taifa · Za watoto · Za kazi
(b) Maghani (ya kawaida, ya sifo- kivugo na tondozi) Ghani masimulizi – rara, ngano, sifo, tendi
(5) SEMI – methali, vitendawili, misimu, mafumbo, lakabu
(6) NGOMEZI – Za taarifa – Za tahadhali – Za mahusiano k.m mapenzi
Kwa upande wake Okpewho anaeleza kuwa uainishaji wa hadithi/ngano ni tatizo la muda mrefu. Hata hivyo anaeleza kuwa kuna vigezo/njia nne mpaka sasa ambazo zimetumiwa kuainisha hadithi/ngano.
Kwanza , kigezo cha unguli(protagonist of the tale), katika kigezo hiki kunajitokeza ngano zihusuzo wanadamu, ngano za wanyama, ngano za vichimbakazi, na ngano za miungu. Hata hivyo kigezo hiki kinaonyesha kuwa na matatizo.

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  KILA KITU KINA UPANDE WAKE WA PILI KATIKA MAISHA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-07-2021, 10:32 AM - Forum: Je, wajua ? - No Replies

Tunaishi katika dunia ambayo watu wasio na pesa wanatafuta pesa ili wapate furaha, wakati huo watu wenye pesa wala hawana furaha na pesa zao.
Hii ni dunia ambayo maskini anakula chochote anachokipata akisononeka kuwa angekuwa na hela, labda angekula vizuri zaidi. Lakini yupo tajiri anayekula mchicha wa kutandika kwa sababu ya maradhi yanayoushambulia mwili wake.
Kuna mtu yupo hospitali anazungumza na daktari kwa siri amsaidie kutoa mimba, halafu kuna mwingine yupo chumba cha pili anamuomba daktari amsaidie mwaka wa saba huu hajapata mtoto.
Kuna mtu yupo sehemu fulani ya dunia anatia saini hati ya talaka kuwa haitaki tena ndoa yake. Lakini kuna mtu yupo kanisani amepiga magoti anamuomba Mungu ampatie mume.
Nimejionea sana kipindi nasoma, kuna wanafunzi wanatamani kusoma lakini wanaondoka shule kwa sababu wazazi wamekosa ada kama ilivyo kwa Watoto wa Mama N'tilie katika ile riwaya maarufu ya Emmanuel Mbogo, lakini kuna wanafunzi wanaondoka shule kwa sababu wazazi wanawataka wakasimamie biashara zao.
Kuna mtu sasa hivi anaandika barua ya kuacha kazi kwa sababu kazi yake imemchosha. Halafu kuna mtu anabadilisha bahasha ya kuhifadhi vyeti vyake, mwaka wa sita huu hana ajira.
Nimejifunza sana kutoka kwa watu maarufu. Kuna mtu sasa hivi anaumiza kichwa usiku na mchana atakuwaje maarufu afahamike na kila mtu mjini halafu yupo staa anayetamani kushuka kwenye gari aingie japo mtaani kuzurura lakini hana hiyo nafasi tena.
Kuna mzazi sasa hivi anatamani muda urudi nyuma ili akamfunze mtoto wake maadili, halafu kuna mzazi analia amempoteza mwanawe, baada ya kumlipia ada na kumpatia malezi mazuri kwa miaka yote, leo amekunywa sumu kwa sababu ya mpenzi aliyekutana naye mwaka jana.
Nilijionea nilipokuwa shule, kuna mwanafunzi analia kupata "C" akiamini amefeli sana lakini kuna mwanafunzi anayerisiti mwaka wa tatu sasa anaitafuta hiyo "C".
Hata ninapomaliza kuandika haya, kuna mtu anasoma akiamini hiki ni kitu chema kwake lakini yupo anayeona hili andiko ni ujinga na upuuzi tu.
Lakini ninachojaribu kusema hapa ni kuwa, kila kitu kina upande wake wa pili wa maisha. Unachoona bora kwako kwa mwingine kinaweza kuwa takataka. Kinachoweza kuwa takataka kwako kwa mwingine kinaweza kuwa bora. Kwa hiyo, tuishi maisha yetu tuliyopewa na Mwenyenzi Mungu.....?

Imenukuliwa mtandaoni.

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  Utafiti wa Lugha ya Kiswahili
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-06-2021, 07:12 PM - Forum: Maendeleo ya Kiswahili - No Replies

Katika mojawapo ya makala zangu, nimewahi kueleza kuwa mojawapo ya njia za kukiimarisha Kiswahili ili kiwe kweli ni tunu ya taifa ni lazima serikali itoe fedha za kutosha za kufanya utafiti lengo likiwa ni kuimarisha msamiati na istilahi za Kiswahili na hatimaye kuchapisha kamusi za istilahi za taaluma mbalimbali. Tunaweza kufanya hivyo kwa kutumia hazina iliyopo katika lugha zetua za asili zikiwamo lugha za Kibantu na pia zile ambazo siyo za Kibantu. Eneo jingine la utafiti ni katika lahaja za Kiswahili kama Kimvita, Kiamu, Kimtang’ata, Kipemba, Kitumbatu, nk.
Nilitoa mifano ya maneno ambayo yamesanifiwa na Bakita katika kipindi cha nyuma ambapo maneno ya asili kama ya lugha za makabila yetu yamsanifiwa na kuingizwa katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Orodha ya msamiati na istilahi imetayarishwa na kusanifishwa na kuchapishwa na Bakita katika vijitabu vilivyojullikana kama ‘Istilahi za Kiswahili’. Waandishi wa makala na vitabu wanatumia vijitabu hivi kujipatia tafsiri mbalimbali za kitaaluma kwa Kiswahili.
Utayarishaji wa orodha ya maneno ya kitaaluma yaliyosanifiwa ni sehemu tu ya utafiti katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Yako maeneo mengine ya utafiti wa Kiswahili kama vile maandishi ya zamani yaliyoandikwa na mabigwa wa Kiswahili ambayo yako katika nyaraka za zamani. Baadhi ya nyaraka hizi ambazo zimefichika bado hazijachapishwa. Tunao mfano wa mwandishi nguli wa Kiswahili kama Sheikh Shaaban Robert aliyeandika vitabu vingi vya fasihi ya Kiswahili. Vitabu hivi vimetumika kama vitabu vya kiada katika shule na vyuo tangu wakati wa uhuru na hadi sasa. Pia imefahamika kwamba nyaraka nyingi ambazo bado hazijachapishwa zinaweza kutayarishiwa  vitabu baada ya kuhaririwa. Ziko nyimbo na majigambo mengi kutoka katika lugha za asili na pia lahaja za Kiswahili kama Kipemba, Kitumbatu, Kimtang’ata, Kimvita, Kiamu, n.k. ambazo ni hazina kubwa ya lugha ya Kiswahili.
Eneo jingine la kufanyia utafiti ni katika ufundishaji wa Kiswahili katika shule za msingi, sekondari na vyuo vya elimu ya juu. Ufundishaji unaambatana na upatikanaji wa vitabu. Hata hivyo, uandishi wa sasa  wa vitabu ni wa kulipua kwani hauzingatii fasihi na sarufi ya Kiswahili. Wako waandishi wanaorubuniwa na wachapishaji ili waandike vitabu na kuvisambaza shuleni kama vitabu vya kiada. Vitabu hivi havihakikiwi na taasisi husika hivyo vinakuwa chini ya viwango kitaaluma. Utayarishaji wake hauzingatii misingi ya sarufi na fasihi  wala  mitalaa iliyotayarishwa ili kulingana na kiwango cha taaluma ya wanafunzi. Inatakiwa kuwe na umakini mkubwa unaotakiwa katika matumizi ya lugha   iliyo sanifu na yenye mada sahihi  tofauti na ilivyo  sasa ambapo  yako makosa mengi katika vitabu hivi. Hali hii inaonyesha kuwa waandishi na wachapishaji wanalipua katika kazi zao na kujipatia fedha nyingi ambazo si halali.
Mbali na umakini katika utayarishaji wa vitabu, eneo jingine ni uteuzi na utayarishaji wa wanachuo kuwa walimu weledi wa kufundisha shule za msingi na sekondari. Walimu wanapaswa kuwa hodari katika masomo yao hasa katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo wanaochaguliwa kujiunga na vyuo wanatakiwa wawe wamefaulu daraja la kwanza, la pili au la tatu. Iwe ni mwiko kumchagua mwanafunzi aliyefeli somo la Kiswahili au aliyefaulu daraja la nne. Inaonekana kuwa tumeanzisha daraja la nne kama danganya toto. Wanaopata  daraja la nne wamefeli na hawawezi kuchaguliwa kuendelea na mafunzo ya aina yoyote.
Nakumbuka  katika kipindi ukoloni cha miaka ya 1950 -1960, Daraja la Nne halikuwapo bali kulikuwa na ‘General Certificate of Education (GCE)’ na waliopata daraja hilo walisomea ualimu Daraja B ijapokuwa walikuwa wamemaliza darasa la XII.
Eneo jingine la kukiimarisha Kiswahili ni kuwa na wataalamu wa lugha mikoani. Katika kipindi cha miaka ya 1974 – 1990 walikuwapo maofisa lugha kwa kila mkoa na wilaya. Kazi yao ilikuwa ni kuhamasisha ukuzaji na kuratibu matumizi ya Kiswahili mikoani na wilayani katika shule na ofisi za serikali na mashirika ya umma. Maofisa lugha wa mikoa walikuwa ni wale waliosomea somo la Kiswahili katika Kidato cha Sita. Serikali Kuu iliwaajiri na kuwaandaa kwa kuwapa mafunzo mafupi ya mbinu za utafiti na uendelezaji wa Kiswahili. Baadaye kada hii ya wataalamu wa lugha ilifutwa. Ingekuwa jambo bora kama tungekuwa na kada hii tena ambayo itaandaliwa vizuri zaidi na kupewa utaaluma na vifaa vya utafiti. Baada ya kuchaguliwa, Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili (TATAKI) wangepewa jukumu kuwa la kuwanoa vilivyo. Kwa kufanya hivyo, tanzani kweli itakuwa ni chimbuko la lugha hii na mahali pa kujifunza Kiswahili.

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  FAFANUA MAANA YA FASIHI SIMULIZI KWA KUREJELEA MAONI YA WATAALAMU TOFAUTI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-06-2021, 07:00 PM - Forum: Nukuu - No Replies

BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUFUNGUA >>>>>


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  Did you know how the morpheme “Kwa” is used in Swahili?
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-05-2021, 08:02 AM - Forum: Sarufi na Utumizi wa lugha - No Replies

1. To show reason
Mfano: Eg.
Aliadhibiwa kwa uzembe wake
He was punished for his laziness

2. To show means/mechanism/Tool.
Mfano: Eg -Alisafiri kwa gari
He travelled by car

3. To show places/direction.
Mfano: -Eg.
Baraka anaishi kwa kaka yake
Baraka lives to his brother

4. To show ratio
Mfano: – Eg.
Gawanya sita kwa mbili
Devide six by two
Wazee kwa vijana
Elders for youths

5. To indicate manner/adverbial
Mfano: Eg. -Anatembea kwa maringo.
He is walking majestically

By Mwl. Zacharia

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  Nafasi ya Kiswahili kama Lugha Rasmi nchini Kenya: Majukumu na Changamoto
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-04-2021, 09:21 PM - Forum: Maendeleo ya Kiswahili - No Replies

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  BLA 1217: SOCIOLINGUISTICS IN KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-04-2021, 09:17 PM - Forum: Maswali na majibu - No Replies

BLA 1217: SOCIOLINGUISTICS IN KISWAHILI
MJARABU
MAAGIZO: JIBU MASWALI YOTE
BOFYA HAPA CHINI KUFUNGUA MAJIBU >>>>


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