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  MBINU ZA UFUNDISHAJI WA KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 04:46 PM - Forum: Zana za kufundishia - No Replies


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  MTIHANI WA MUHULA WA I- DRS LA IV JUNI, 2021
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 04:34 PM - Forum: Maswali na majibu - No Replies


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  MWONGOZO WA MWALIMU WA KUFUNDISHIA ELIMU YA AWALI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 03:53 PM - Forum: Zana za kufundishia - No Replies


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  VITABU VYA REJEA KWA SOMO LA KISWAHILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 03:41 PM - Forum: Zana za kufundishia - Replies (1)

   

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  MTIHANI WA MOKU KIDATO CHA PILI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 12:17 PM - Forum: Mitihani - No Replies


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  JAMVI LA LUGHA: UFASAHA WA KISWAHILI (VIDEO)
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 12:14 PM - Forum: Majadiliano ya Wadau wa Kiswahili - No Replies

BOFYA HAPA KUTAZAMA >>>>

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  Maana nne za “Likikupata, patana nalo”
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 11:43 AM - Forum: Sarufi na Utumizi wa lugha - No Replies

Karibuni nilikuwa kwenye ziara kwenye mataifa mawili ya Kiarabu – Oman iliyo Ghuba na Morocco iliyo Afrika Kaskazini – ambayo yana tafauti nyingi baina yao, lakini pia yana mfanano mkubwa kwenye mtazamo wao kuelekea lugha ya Kiarabu. Watu wa mataifa yote mawili watakuambia sentensi moja inayofanana: “Kiarabu ni lugha kongwe na ya kihisabati!”

Maneno kwenye lugha hii yana maana za kuchanuwa kama ndimi. Kadiri wendavyo mbele, huchomoza maana nyengine kama hisabati za Aljebra na kisha kuungana mwishoni kama hisabati za maumbo.
Nami – kwa fakhari kama yao – nikamuambia mmoja wao pale Marrakesh kuwa Kiswahili ni “lugha ya kimantiki!” Na nilimaanisha. Hata kwa hiki Kiswahili kiitwacho “sanifu” (ambacho ni kipya sana kulinganisha na Viswahili vya kale kwenye upwa huu wa Bahari ya Hindi), basi ukiangalia matumizi yake ya misamiati, utakuta bahari kubwa ya mantiki. Baada ya yote, hisabati na mantiki ni ndimi za tawi moja la ilimu ya falsafa.
Hapa nina mfano wa mantiki kwenye lugha yetu ya Kiswahili kwa kutumia huu msemo “Likikupata, patana nalo!” Nitafafanuwa angalau maana nne zinazokuja kichwani haraka haraka, na kila moja imeungana na kushonana sio tu na mwenziwe, bali pia na utamaduni, mtazamo na tafsiri ya mambo kwenye ulimwengu wa Mswahili. Maana zotenne ninazozifafanuwa hapa zimebebwa na neno “patana”, na kwenye maana zote hizo, hikima yake ni kubwa sana.
La kusisitiza kabla ya kusonga mbele, ni ukweli kwamba kufasili misemo ya lugha fulani, kunampasa mwenye kufanya hivyo, awe kwanza anaujuwa vyema utamaduni wa wenye lugha hiyo na sio kuijuwa misamiati ya lugha yenyewe tu.
Kupatana kwa maana ya kufahamiana
Maana ya kwanza ya neno hilo ni “kufahamiana” kama vile tunaposema “Juma anapatana na Halima, ndiye mtu wake!” Katika maana hii, Mswahili anapokuambia “Likikupata patana nalo”, huwa anakusudia kuwa ukikabiliwa na tatizo, kitu cha kwanza ni kulifahamu hilo jambo “nalo likakufahamu”, ukalijuwa, likakujuwa – mukapatana wewe nalo.
Nilikuja kujuwa baadaye nilipokuwa nasoma taaluma ya Saikolojia chuoni kwenye mada ya “Utatuzi wa Matatizo” kwamba kujihusisha na tatizo na kujipa muda wa kulifahamu, basi huwa hatua kubwa mno kwenye utatuzi wake, maana wapatanao ndio wafahamianao na wafahamianao ndio wawezanao! Kwa falsafa yao, tangu hapo kale Waswahili walishaujuwa ukweli huu.
Kupatana kwa maana ya “kushikamana”
Maana ya neno “patana” kwenye msemo huu ni ile inayokusudia “kushikamana”. Katika udogo wangu, nakumbuka, nilikuwa na marafiki zangu wawili wakubwa – Hafidh na Seif. Mmoja anapotoka kwenda kucheza alikuwa akiwapitia wenziwe majumbani kwao, na kauli ambayo mama yangu mara nyingi ilikuwa ikimtoka akielezea utokaji na matendo yetu ilikuwa ni: “Sasa majichwa yashapatana hapo, basi wataingia hapa usiku!”
Mama yetu alikuwa hamaanishi tu kuwa kila mmoja kati ya mimi na Seif na Hafidh kampata mwenzake, bali pia kwamba tunashikamana kwelikweli na la mmoja na la wote.
Tafsiri nyengine ya hali hii huambiwa ni “kuendana” ama “kulandana” na mote humo huwekea mkazo kwenye maana ya awali ya kushikamana, na kwa pamoja zinaelezea mantiki iliyomo kwenye msemo wetu huu kwa Waswahili. Kwamba wahenga waliliangalia jambo (tatizo) linalompata mtu kwenye kiwango cha kulidogosha na kulifanya kiwango chake mtu.
Hata kama ni kubwa kiasi gani, tatizo hilo unapaswa kulishusha kwenye makamu yako, muangaliane usoni, mutazamane, muendane, mulandane. Usilikubwishe kama dunia, maana si kubwa hivyo, “kubwa ni lijalo” wasemavyo kwenye msemo mwengine. Hivi ndivyo Mswahili hasa anavyoyaangalia matatizo yaliyopo mbele yake, kama wasemavyo Waswahili wa Pemba: “Shida ndiyo ichekwayo!”
Kupatana kwa maana ya “kutafuta njia ya kati na kati”
Maana ya tatu ya neno “patana” ni ile iliyomo kwenye utamaduni mkongwe kabisa wa Waswahili wa huko huko “kupatana” kwenyewe.
Miongoni mwa shughuli kuu za wenyeji wa pwani ya Afrika Mashariki, ambao ndio Waswahili wenyewe, ni biashara na, kwa sababu hiyo, wana utamaduni maalum, mkubwa na mkongwe wa kuuza na kununua. La kupatana ni mojawapo ya yaliyomo kwenye utamaduni huo, ambapo muuzaji hukuanzia bei ya juu kabisa, nawe mshitiri ukaanza ya chini kabisa ya kitu munachotaka kuuziana na halafu wawili nyinyi munafika bei ya katikati ambayo haina madhara kwa mwenye mali wala haikuumizi mnunuzi.
Sanaa hii imo kwenye taaluma za kisasa za utatuzi wa matatizo (kwa majina tafauti), baina ya pande mbili zinazokinzana, ambapo miafaka au maridhiano hufikiwa. Kusaka njia ya kati na kati kumehimizwa sana hata kwenye imani ya kidini inayofuatwa na Waswahili – Uislamu, ambapo kwenye moja ya hadithi za Mtume Muhammad (S.A.W) inasemwa: “Ubora wa mambo ni wastani wake, yaani katikati yake” (Afdhalul umuur, auswaa’tuhaa)
Mswahili anapokumbwa na jambo, anahimizwa na wahenga wake kukabiliana nalo kwa njia ya muafaka na maridhiano, kusaka njia ya kati na kati, na ambayo wakati mwengine huchukuwa muda mrefu kabla ya suluhisho lake, lakini linapopatikana huwa kweli suluhisho la kudumu.
Matokeo ya mantiki hii ni kuwa kuna misemo mengine mingi inayoisaidia, kama vile: “Uji mmoto hupembwapembwa kwa ncha ya ulimi”, “Polepole ndio mwendo”, “Bandu bandu humaliza gogo” na kadhalika.
Kupatana kwa maana ya “kukabiliana”
Maana ya mwisho kwa leo ya neno hilo imo kwenye mshindo wa ujasiri walionao Waswahili mbele ya mambo yanayowapata, nayo ni “kukabiliana” ama “kuandamana” na jambo lenyewe. Uswahili haimaanishi ugoigoi wala unyonge mbele ya changamoto za maisha, bali unamaanisha ushujaa na ukakamavu kwa kiwango chochote cha busara ambacho mtu anaweza kuwa nacho.
Katika maana hii, wahenga wanamtaka mwenye kupatwa na jambo kuinuka na kulikabili jambo hilo pamba-mbavu, jua na mvua, usiku na mchana, mpaka atakapolifikisha ukomo wake.
Ndio maana ya kutakiwa apatane nalo, yaani naye alipate. “Mtenda mtende” husemwa kwenye msemo mmoja, ambao nao unashadidia nukta hii ya “andamana” na jambo lenyewe. Kwa mfano, Mswahili anaposema “Fulani kanipata kwelikweli!” huwa anakusudia huyo fulani amemuumiza au amemtenda jambo, kisha naye huapa: “Lakini muache, naye nitampata!” kwa maana ya kwamba naye atakuja amtende kama alivyotendwa yeye.
Kwa hivyo, nawe “Likikupata, patana nalo”.

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  SIFA ZA MLUMBI
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 11:33 AM - Forum: Hadithi - No Replies

Ulumbi ni uwezo wa kipekee wa kuzungumza mbele ya hadhira. Mtu mwenye uwezo huo wa kipekee wa kuzungumza jukwaani huitwa mlumbi. Walumbi husifika sana kwa kuzungumzia mambo yanayoathiri jamii.

Sifa za Mlumbi

  1. Ana uwezo wa kushawishi watu kuhusu ujumbe anaopitisha.
  2. Huwa mkwasi wa lugha anayeifahamu vizuri lugha yake.
  3. Hutumia lugha ya kuvutia na kumakinisha hadhira
  4. Anaifahamu sana hadhira yake na maswala yanayoiathiri.
  5. Ni kiongozi.
Umuhimu wa Ulumbi katika jamii

  1. Kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu mambo yanayowakabili.
  2. Kuunganisha watu watekeleze jambo fulani kwa pamoja
  3. Kuburudisha

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  Lugha 5 zinazozungumzwa zaidi Afrika
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 10:02 AM - Forum: Kiswahili Kimataifa - No Replies

Kwa Afrika lugha zinazozungumzwa ni  kati ya 1500 mpaka 2000 lakini kati ya hizi Kuna Lugha zinazozungumzwa zaidi. Umewahi Kujiuliza Kiswahili ni Lugha ya ngapi kuzungumzwa zaidi?

Kwa mujibu wa mtandao wa AnswersAfrica hizi ndizo lugha tano zinazozungumzwa zaidi Afrika.


1. KIARABU
  • Kiarabu ndiyo Lugha inayozungumzwa zaidi barani Afrika ni Lugha inazongumzwa zaidi katika nchi za Afrika ya kaskazini na Baadhi ya maeneo karibu na Jangwa la Sahara, Kiarabu huzungumzwa kwenye nchi kama Tunisia, Misri, Morocco, Algeria na Sudan Kaskazini,Chad, Djibouti  na Libya salamu ya Kiarabu kwa kusema Mambo Au Hello  ni AL SALAAM A’ALAYKUM
 
2.KISWAHILI
 
  • Lugha yetu ya ASILI kabisa Hii ambayo karibu kila mtanzania huzungumza maana ndiyo lugha ya Taifa, Kiswahili ni Lugha ya pili kuzungumzwa zaidi barani Afrika ni Lugha ambayo tafiti mbalimbali zinaonyesha ni Lugha inayokuwa kwa kasi.
  • Kiswahili huzungumzwa zaidi katika nchi za Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda na nchi nyingine kama Rwanda, Burundi, kaskazini mwa msumbiji, kusini mwa somalia na Congo mashariki.Kiswahili ndiyo mama wa maneno maarufu kama Hakuna matata, Simba na safari. mambo ya kwataunit.com Tunakupa Unachohitaji.
 
3.HAUSA
 
  • Ni Lugha ya tatu kuzungumzwa zaidi Afrika inazungumzwa zaidi Afrika ya Magharibi  inajulikana pia kama Haoussaa,Habe, abakwariga Kihausa kinazungumzwa kwenye nchi kama Nigeria, Chad, Togo, Niger, Ghana, Benin na Burkinafaso,. Kusema Hello kihausa ni SANNU.
 
4.KIINGEREZA
 
  • Kiingereza ni Lugha ambayo inashika nafasi ya 4 kuzungumzwa zaidi Afrika ni Lugha ambayo ilienea zaidi Afrika kutokana na Ukoloni ila kwasasa imekuwa Lugha ya Kufundishia kwenye Taasisi mbalimbali za Kielimu Afrika.
 
5.AMHARIC
 
  • Ni Lugha Ngeni kidogo kwa watu wengi ila ndiyo Lugha ya 5 kuzungumzwa zaidi Afrika, Ni Lugha ambayo kwenye eneo kubwa la Janga la Sahara Huzungumzwa, ni lugha ya pili kuzungumzwa baada ya kiarabu Kaskazini mwa Afrika inajulikana pia kama amarigna, amarinya, kuchumba, hii ndiyo lugha ya taifa ya Ethiopia,  Kusema Hello Kwenye luha ya AMHARIC ni SALAM.

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  DHANA NA MAANA YA UJUZI WA LUGHA
Posted by: MwlMaeda - 07-30-2021, 07:52 AM - Forum: Sarufi na Utumizi wa lugha - No Replies

Maswali ya msingi tunayoweza kujiuliza ni kuwa, “mjua lugha ni nani?” na “kujua lugha ni nini?”

 
Katika hali ya kawaida imekuwa ni mazoea mtu kusema “mimi ninajua lugha” au “hawa hawajui lugha”. Lakini je, ni nini hasa kujua lugha? Kujua lugha ni ule uwezo wa kutambua na kubainisha sauti pekee za lugha, kujua namna sauti hizo zinavyoungana, kujua namna maneno yanavyowezwa kuundwa na kugawanywa, kujua namna maneno yanavyounga na kutengeneza tungo, kujua maana ya maneno na misemo mbalimbali ya kugha husika na kuweza kutumia lugha hiyo katika muktadha wa mawasiliano. Kwa maelezo hayo tunakuwa tumejibu swali la kuwa kujua lugha ni nini. Swali la mjua lugha ni nani hapa linakuwa si tata tena kwani mtu anayekuwa na sifa zote hizo hapo juu tunasema huyu ni mjua lugha. Hoja kuwa lugha ni mfumo inamaanisha kuwa lugha ina muundo unaohusisha viambajengo mbalimbali. Viambajengo au vipashio hivi ni sauti, neno na sentensi. Kwa pamoja, vipashio hivi hushirikiana kuunda tungo zenye maana na kama tungo hizo hazina maana au kama haziwasilishi ujumbe wowote basi tunasema haziwi lugha. Viambajengo hivi, hushughulikiwa na tanzu tofautitofauti za isimu muundo. Tanzu hizi ni fonetiki na fonolojia ambazo hushughulikia sauti za lugha, mofolojia ambayo hushughulikia maumbo ya maneno na jinsi lugha inavyounda maneno yake, sintaksia ambayo hushughulikia namna sentensi zinavyoundwa na kanuni zinazotawala uundwaji wake na semantiki ambayo hushughulikia maana katika viwango vyote vya lugha tulivyovitaja. Kwa ujumla tanzu hizi zote zinahusiana kwa ukaribu, zinashirikiana, na kukamilishana.
Fasili iliyozoeleka na pengine inakubalika na wataalamu wengi wa lugha ni kuwa Isimu ni elimu ya sayansi ya lugha. Ni uchunguzi wa kisayansi na wa kimantiki kuhusu vipengele na sifa mbalimbali za lugha. Swali ambalo tunaweza kujiuliza ni kwamba; “Kwa nini isimu ni sayansi?” Verma et al (1989:29), wanasema kuwa isimu ni sayansi kwa kuwa hufuata na kutumia mbinu za kimsingi za utafiti wa kisayansi. Mbinu hizo ni kama vile uchunguzi uliodhibitiwa, uundaji wa mabunio,uchanganuzi, ujumlishi, utabiri, urekebishaji au ukataaji wa mabunio na majaribio na uthibitishaji.
Kwa hatua hizi, tunathubutu kusema kuwa isimu haichunguzi lugha kiholela tu bali kwa mwelekeo maalumu. Katika kuchunguza lugha, wanaisimu hutumia misingi ya kisayansi kama zifanyavyo sayansi nyingine. Misingi hii ni kama vile: Uwazi Dhana hii inamaanisha kuwa maswala katika isimu huelezwa kwa udhahiri usio na utata wowote. Hoja huelezwa bila kuleta vuguvugu lolote la kimaana hii ni kinyume na mawasiliano yasiyo ya kisayansi.
Utaratibu Habwe na Karanja, (2003) wanaeleza kuwa utaratibu na uwazi ni dhana zinazokaribiana sana. Bila kuwa na uwazi ni vigumu kuwa na utaratibu na kinyume chake. Utaratibu ni kufanya jambo kwa mpangilio mzuri wenye kubainika. Utaratibu unaweza kuhusisha wakati, idadi, umuhimu na hata ukubwa.
Urazini Mtafiti hatakiwi kughosha hisia zake na kuzitumia kueleza jambo fulani. Hii inamaanisha kuwa mtafiti hatakiwi kuruhusu hisia zake kuathiri utafiti wake wa kisayansi hata kama suala la mguso linatafitiwa. Katika utafiti, kitu cha msingi ni data na matokeo ya uchunguzi yanayotokana na data zilizotumika. Utetezi wa matokeo vilevile lazima utokane na hatua madhubuti za kisayansi na kiutafiti.
Habwe na Karanja, (2003) wanasema kuwa, katika kushughulikia na kuelewa lugha mwanaisimu hujikuta akiwa na kazi ya kutimiza majukumu ya kueleza maana na asili ya lugha, kuchambua muundo wa lugha, kueleza uhusiano kati ya lugha na asasi nyingine za mwanadamu na kuibua nadharia mbalimbali za lugha.
Umilisi na utendaji Umilisi (langue) ni ujuzi alionao mjua lugha kuhusu lugha yake. Ni ujuzi alio nao mjua lugha ambao upo katika ubongo wake. Ujuzi huo huhusu kanuni zinazotawala lugha hiyo husika. Ujuzi huu humwezesha kutambua sentensi sahihi, zisizo sahihi na kupambanua sententi zenye utata. Ujuzi huo humwezeha kupuuza makosa ya kiutendaji katika mazungumzo kama vile kuteleza kwa ulimi, kukatisha sentensi n.k. (Rubanza, 2003).
Utendaji (parole) ni kile asemacho mjua lugha katika muktadha wa mawasiliano ikiwa ni pamoja na makosa ya kiutendaji ya bahati mbaya na yale ya kukusudiwa. Vilevile tunaweza kusema ni udhihirikaji wa ujuzi wa lugha alionao mjua lugha.
Uamilifu na urasmi Uamilifu au utumizi (functionalism) ni elimu inayohusu muundo wa lugha kwa kurejelea kazi zake za kijamii katika mawasiliano. Inamchukulia mtu binafsi kama kiumbe-jamii na kuchunguza namna anavyojifunza lugha na kuitumia katika mawasiliano na
wanajamii wenzake. Urasmi (formalism) ni elimu ya maumbo dhahania ya lugha na mahusiano yake ya ndani. Huzingatia maumbo ya lugha kama uthibitisho wa kimalimwengu bila kuzingatia namna jamii inavyowasiliana.
Uelezi na elekezi Uelezi ni mtazamo ambao huelezea ukweli wa lugha jinsi ilivyo na inavyotumika na jamiilugha husika. Na siyo namna inavyotakiwa kutumika. Isimu elezi haiweki kanuni ngumu au sheria ngumu zozote zinazotokana na mawazo ya mtu juu ya lugha fulani bali huelezea lugha kwa kuangalia namna lugha hiyo inavyojidhihirisha yenyewe. Huelezea sheria na kanuni ambazo mzungumzaji mzawa ameziweka kichwani na zinazoakisi uwezo wake wa lugha. Kwa kifupi, haielezi wala kuagiza namna mtu anavyotakiwa kutumia lugha bali namna lugha ilivyo na inavyotumika na wamilisi wa lugha hiyo. Uelekezi ni mtazamo unaojaribu kuweka kanuni za usahihi wa namna watu wanavyotakiwa kutumia lugha.

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