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FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NI IPI?

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FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NI IPI?
#1
FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NI IPI?
Kabla ya kueleza maana ya fasihi ya Kiswahili ni muhimu kujadili msingi wa kuibuka kwa hoja au mjadala huu. Mjadala huu unaweza kutazamwa kwa kuzingatia kuibuka kwa hoja mbili muhimu kwa nyakati mbili tofauti. Katika kipindi cha kwanza, hoja ya msingi ilikuwa ni katika kujibu swali la Waswahili ni kina nani hasa? Baadhi ya wataalamu walisema kuwa Waswahili ni kabila mahususi linalopatikana katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Hivyo basi, kama kuna kabila la Waswahili hivyo basi, fasihi ya Kiswahili ni fasihi inayohusu kabila hili. Kundi jingine ni lile ambalo lilikiona Kiswahili kuwa kama sawa na Kitanzania. Hawa wataalamu walipinga
madai ya kukiona Kiswahili kuwa kama kabila hivyo basi wakakipatia Kiswahili mipaka
ya kitaifa. Hii ilitokana na ukweli kwamba Tanzania ilikuwa imetangaza rasmi
kuwa Kiswahili kitakuwa ni mojawapo ya lugha zake rasmi na ndiyo itakayokuwa
lugha ya taifa. Kwa muktadha huu, fasihi ya Kiswahili inatazamwa katika mipaka
ya Kitanzania kutokana na fasihi ya Kiswahili kupatikana kutokana na fasihi za
makabila mbalimbali mapana ya Kiswahili zaidi ya mipaka ya kitaifa. Lugha ya Kiswahili
kwa muda mrefu imetumika nje ya mipaka ya Tanzania. Hii ina maana kwamba
imezungumzwa na watu ambao si Watanzania.
Kundi linguine ni la wataalamu walioitazama
lugha ya Kiswahili kama iliyovuka mipaka ya Afrika Mashariki. Katika kundi hili
lugha ya Kiswahili inatazamwa kama lugha ya kimataifa nan i lugha ya kila
mmoja. Katika mazingira kama haya fasihi ya Kiswahili ilifungamanishwa na lugha
yenyewe ya Kiswahili bila kuifungamanisha na jamii mahususi.
Kipindi cha pili kinahusiana na
hoja inayohusiana na mjadala wa fasihi ya Kiafrika ni ipi? Je, mtu anapotumia
lugha ya Kiingereza, kwa mfano hiyo fasihi, itaitwa bado kuwa ni fasihi ya
Kiafrika? Kuna mgawanyiko mkubwa miongoni mwa wataalamu wa Fasihi ya Kiafrika
juu ya suala hili. Kuna baadhi wanasisitiza kuwa haiwezekani ukatumia lugha ya
Kiingereza au Kifaransa nab ado ukaitazama kuwa hii ni fasihi ya Kiafrika. Wanasisitiza
umuhimu wa kutumia lugha za Kiafrika. Wataalamu hawa wanaenda mbali zaidi na
kuuliza je, kwa mfano, mtu akiandika kazi ya fasihi kwa kutumia lugha mojawapo
ya Kiafrika, lakini kazi hiyo ikibeba utamaduni wa Kiingereza, itaitwa kuwa
hiyo ni fasihi ya Kiingereza? Mawazo kama haya, yamesababisha leo istilahi kama
vile “Literature in Englisha,” ikiwa na maana kwamba Fasihi katika Kiingereza. Hii
ikimaanisha kwamba fasihi husika haimaanishi kuwa ni ya Kiingereza bali ni
fasihi nyingine yoyote inayopatikana katika lugha ya Kiingereza.
Hoja za kundi hili zina faida na
hasara zake katika ustawi wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili na lugha ya Kiswahili kwa
ujumla. Faida kuu katika hoja hii ni pamoja na kuhamasisha watu wajivunie
Uafrika wao pamoja na utamaduni wao. Kwa kufanya hivyo, hadhi ya Kiswahili miongoni
mwa Waafrika itazidi kuongezeka, na watu watafurahia Uafrika wao, pamoja na
utamaduni wao, ikiwa ni pamoja na lugha ya Kiswahili na fasihi yake. Hasara kubwa
kwa mwelekeo huu, ni pamoja na kupitia upya kazi mbalimbali ambazo kwa muda
mrefu zimetambulika kuwa ni kazi za fasihi ya Kiswahili, lakini kumbe kiasili
zimetoka katika makabila mbalimbali au nyingine zimetoka katika mataifa mengine
na kuingia katika fasihi ya Kiswahili, kwa njia ya tafsiri.
Kabla ya kutoa maoni ya nini
kifanyike, ni muhimu kutalii hoja za wataalamu wanaoona hakuna haja ya kuachana
na lugha za kigeni. Wataalamu hawa wanasisitiza kuwa wanaweza kuanndika katika
lugha za kigeni kama vile Kiingereza, Kifaransa na Kireno na bado kazi husika
zikabaki kuwa za Fasihi ya Kiafrika. Wametoa hoja nyingi za sababu ya ugumu wa
kuachana na lugha hizi za kigeni. Sababu hizi ni pamoja na suala la mazoea (hii
ndio lugha waliyoizoea kuitumia katika uandishi). Pia suala la gharama nalo
linatajwa katika kufanikisha utekelezaji wa mpango wa kuachana na lugha hizo za
kigeni. Jambo linguine ni idadi kubwa ya wasomaji katika jamii zao wenye
umilisi katika lugha hizo ambao wataathirika pale lugha husika zitakapoachwa.
Jambo la msingi linalosisitizwa
na watu hawa ni katika kuzingatia utamaduni wa Kiafrika katika kazi hizo za
fasihi. Hii inamaana kwamba kazi hizi ni lazima zijibainishe na Uafrika. Hoja hii
ina mashiko hata kwa maendeleo ya fasihi ya Kiswahili na Kiswahili kwa ujumla. Faida
ya hoja hii ni kutokana na kutambua zaidi suala la utamaduni na ujumi wa watu
wa jamii husika kujitokeza katika kazi husika ya fasihi. Kwa mantiki hiyo, hata
fasihi ya Kiswahili kwa namna ilivyosasa inazingatia hoja za mtazamo huu. Fasihi
ya Kiswahili imenufaika kwa muda mrefu kutoka katika fasihi simulizi ya jamii
mbalimbali za Kibantu Afrika Mashariki na nje ya Afrika Mashariki. Pia imenufaika
kutoka katika fasihi simulizi za jamii nyingine mbalimbali za Kiafrika na hata
nyingine ambazo si za Kiafrika. Fasihi ya Kiswahili pia imenufaika kutoka
katika fasihi andishi za mataifa mengine kwa njia ya tafsiri ya kazi mbalimbali
za fasihi zilizo katika lugha nyingine.
Faida nyingine ya mtazamo huu ni
pamoja na kuendelea kutoa fursa ya fasihi ya Kiswahili kuendelea kutafsiriwa
katika lugha za mataifa mbalimbali. Pamoja na hivyo, kwa upande mwingine,
fasihi ya Kiswahili nayo inaendelea kunufaika kutoka katika fasihi za jamii
mbalimbali. Pamoja na faida hizi, ni muhimu kuhakikisha kuwa kazi
iliyotafsiriwa au nyingine yoyote ambayo imeandikwa kwa Kiswahili ni lazima
izingatie masuala ya kijamii na kiutamaduni ya jamii pana ya watumiaji wa lugha
ya Kiswahili.
 
Wallace, K.M (2017) Misingi ya Ufundishaji na Ujifunzaji wa Fasihi Karne ya 21. Heko Publishers Ltd. Dar es
Salaam.
Mwl Maeda
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