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UTAFITI WA FASIHI SIMULIZI

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UTAFITI WA FASIHI SIMULIZI
#1
UTAFITI WA FASIHI SIMULIZI
M.M. MULOKOZI
LENGO LA MUHADHARA
Kueleza:
  1. UMUHIMU WA UTAFITI WA FASIHI SIMULIZI
  2. PANDE TATU KTK UTAFITI – Mtafiti, Mtafitiwa,
  3. MBINU NA VIFAA VYA UTAFITI
  4. UCHAMBUZI WA MATOKEO NA UWASILISHAJI
UMUHIMU
  1. Kupata taarifa muhimu kuhusu suala linalotafitiwa
  2. Kuongeza hazina ya maarifa katika uwanja unaohusika
  3. Kipima-joto cha hali, fikra, mitazamo, matajario na maudhiko ya jamii ya watafitiwa
  4. Kuchangia katika kujenga na kuendeleza fani za fasihi simulizi na fani nyinginezo.
 MDHAMINI
  1. Huainisha nyanja za kufanyia utafiti na aula za utafiti
  2. Huainisha watafiti
  3. Hutoa fedha na nyenzo za utafiti
  4. Hupokea matokeo ya utafiti.
MTAFITI
  1. Ndiye mtafuta taarifa
  2. Huamua madhumuni na kuweka malengo ya utafiti
  3. Huchagua eneo na watu wa kutafitiwa
  4. Huchagua wasaidizi wa utafiti
  5. Hujenga uhusiano na watafitiwa
  6. Hupokea, kuchambua na kuchakata data za uwandani
  7. Hutayarisha ripoti na mapendekezo yatokanayo na utafiti wake.
Swali: Je, mtafiti ni jasusi?
MTAFITIWA
  1. Ndiye mtoa taarifa
  2. Hujenga uhusiano na Mtafiti
  3. Huchagua taarifa za kumpa Mtafiti
MCHAKATO WA UTAFITI
  1. Utafiti wa maktabani/makavazini/mtandaoni
Utafiti wowote ule sharti uanzie hapo. SOMA kazi za watangulizi kuhusu somo/mada yako.
1.1 Nyaraka za asili (k.m. barua)
1.2 Nyaraka rasmi (k.m. Ripoti za serikali)
1.3 Nyaraka zisizokuwa asilia – k.m. vitabu
  1. Pendekezo la Utafiti
2.1 Ainisha mada ya utafiti – baada ya kusoma kazi kadha za watangulizi
      katika uwanja huo
2.2. Fafanua tatizo la utafiti – baada ya kusoma kazi kadha za kinadharia
       katika uwanja huo
2.3 Eeleza madhumuni na malengo ya utafiti
2.4 Eeleza nadharia tete zitakazoongoza utafiti wako
2.5 Jadili machapisho yaliyoshughulikia suala hilo na onesha dosari na
      mapengo yake.
2.6 Onesha namna utafiti wako utakavyorekebisha dosari na kuziba
       mapengo hayo, na matarajio yako
2.7 Eleza mbinu na njia za utafiti zitakazotumika, pamoja na usampulishaji
      wa watafitiwa au wa data iwapo utahitajika
2.8 Eleza nadharia ya/za kiuchambuzi utakazotumia kuchambulia data zako 2.9. Onesha ratiba ya utafiti
2.10.Onesha makisio ya bajeti ya utafiti; bajeti iwiane na shughuli
        zitakazofanyika
2.11 Weka orodha ya marejeo
2.12 Ambatisha maswali, vidadisi, na zana nyingine za utafiti
       utakazozitumia.
  1. Ukusanyaji wa Data
3.1. Vifaa vya msingi
 – Kalamu na karatasi, shajara
– kinasa sauti
– kamera ya picha tuli
– kamera ya video
– vingine (k.m. kionambali) kama vitahitajika.
3.2. Njia
– Mahojiano
– Faida na hasara zake
– Kushuhudia
-Faida na hasara zake
– Kushiriki
– Faida na hasara zake
 – Kutumia vidadisi/majedwali, n.k.
– Faida na hasara zake
3.3 Kurekodi taarifa
Mbali na matumizi ya vifaa kama tepurekoda, tumia pia shajara na daftari kuandika yale yaliyo muhimu. Ripoti ya tukio iwe na yafuatayo:
– tarehe
– mahali
– muda
– majina ya wahusika (mtafiti, mtafitiwa/watafitiwa)
– Umri na jinsi ya mtafitiwa
 – malezo ya yaliyotendeka kwenye tukio hilo, malengo yake, na matokeo yake
– hali na hisia za wahusika
3.3 Muhimu
– Haja ya kuwa mnyenyekevu
– Usidokeze jibu kwa muulizwaji
– Usihubiri, sikiliza
– Usikemee au kuudhi muhojiwa
– Usivunje mila na kanuni za utamaduni wa wahusika
– Jitahidi ukubalike kwa jamii ya watafitiwa
– Usiridhike na taarifa au ushuhuda wa mtu mmoja; pata taarifa nyingi za watu mbalimbali kuhusu jambo lilo hilo ili uweze kuzilinganisha
– Chagua wakati unaofaa kulingana na utaratibu wa maisha wa wahusika (k.m. usiwe wakati wa kuandaa mashamba, au wakati usioendana na tukio unalotaka kulitafiti)
– Chagua msaidizi/mkalimani wa kufaa iwapo kuna haja
– Kuwa na shukrani kwa wanaokusaidia.
  1. Uchambuzi wa Data
4.1 Nukuu taarifa zote
4.2 Tafsiri taarifa unazohitaji (iwapo ziko katika lugha tofauti)
4.3 Tathmini data zote kwa makini (k.m. kwa kulinganisha na nyanja au vyanzo vingine, kama vile akiolojia, historia, sayansi, n.k.
4.4 Fanya uchambuzi wako kwa kutumia mbinu na nadharia ulizozichagua. Tumia pia fasili za watafitiwa au wanajamii inayohusika kama zipo.
4.5 Andika Ripoti na mahitimisho
4.6 Tayarisha Ripoti ya Fedha
4.7 Kabidhi Ripoti zote kwa Mdhamini/Msimamizi au yeyote anayehusika.
UTAFITI: UKUSANYAJI WA DATA MBINU ZA UTAFITI UKUSANYAJI WA DATA
  1. UKUSANYAJI WA DATA HUTAWALIWA NA MAMBO
4: a) Uwanja wa taaluma unaohusika
  1. b) Lengo/madhumuni ya utafiti
  2. c) Uwezo na nyenzo alizo nazo mtafiti
  3. d) Muda alio nao mtafiti
  4. VIFAA VYA UTAFITI (WA FASIHI NA LUGHA)
2.1 Vifaa vya Utafiti Hutegemea aina ya utafiti, lakini aghalabu baadhi ya vifaa hivi, kama si vyote, hutumika:
  1. a)     Shajara ya uwandani
  2. b)    Kalamu na karatasi za kuandikia kumbukumbu
  3. c)     Tepurekoda na vifaa vyake
  4. d)    Video/kamrekoda na vifaa vyake
  5. e)     Kamera na vifaa vyake
  6. f)      Kompyuta na vikorokoro (accessories) vyake
  7. g)     Vidadisi (hojaji) na dodoso
  8. h)    Vifaa vya kupimia/kuhesabia
  9. i)     Darubini, vionambali, n.k.
  10. NJIA KUU ZA UTAFITI
  11. a) Utafiti wa maktabani/ wa nyaraka
  12. b) Utafiti wa uwandani
  13. c) Utafiti wa maabarani/studioni
  14. UTAFITI WA MAKTABANI/NYARAKA
4.1 Nyaraka asilia (primary documents)
  1. a) Nyaraka rasmi/za kiserikali
  2. b) Nyaraka binafsi (barua, shajara, majalada, kumbukumbu, vyeti, n.k.)
4.2 Nyaraka fuatizi (secondary documents)
  1. a) Nyaraka rasmi/za kiserikali
  2. b) Nyaraka binafsi (vitabu, kumbukumbu, ripoti, magazeti,  n.k.)
  3. UTAFITI WA UWANDANI
Mbinu za utafiti:
  1. a) Kushuhudia (observation)
  2. b) Kushiriki (paticipation)
  3. c) Mahojiano (interviewing)
  4. d) Mijadala ya vikundi lengani
  5. e) Kutumia vidadisi na majedwali
5.1 Mbinu ya kushuhudia (observation)
Kushuhudia ni mbinu ya kuangalia tukio linapotendeka na kukusanya taarifa zake.
5.1.1 Namna za ushuhudiaji
  1. a) Uchunguzi na upimaji (k.m. katika jiografia, muziki) – Mtafiti awe na vifaa vinavyohitajika kwa kazi hiyo (k.m. rula, mizani, vipima-sauti)
  2. b) Ushuhudiaji fungemno (highly structured observation) – kwa kutumia mandhari yaliyodhibitiwa – kwa kutumia majedwali yaliyosanifiwa
  3. c) Ushuhudiaji funge (structured observation) – unatoa uhuru zaidi – huchanganya majedwali na mahojiano – mtafiti si mshiriki, lakini huangalia na kukusanya taarifa waziwazi – taarifa za ushuhudiaji husaidiana na taarifa za mahojiano na vidadisi
  4. d) Ushuhudiaji lengani (focused observation) – mtafiti huangalia tukio/tendo katika mazingira yake asilia bila majedwali. Taarifa hupatikana kutokana na kuzoeana na kuwa na mawasiliano ya muda mrefu na watafitiwa.
  5. e) Ushuhudiaji huru/ usiofunge (unstructured observation) – hufanywa kwa siri na mtafiti bila mtafitiwa kufahamu na bila mpangilio wa wazi.
5.1.2 Ukusanyaji wa taarifa za ushuhudiaji
  1. a) Majedwali: hujazwa na mtafiti au msaidizi wake
  2. b) Uandishi wa taarifa
Taarifa huandikwa wakati wa ushuhudiaji usio wa kificho. Taarifa hizo inabidi ziwe na mambo yafuatayo:
– tarehe
– mahali
– wakati
– mtu/watu wanaohusika
– vifaa
– maelezo ya lengo la shughuli
– maelezo ya mandhari
– mfuatano wa matukio
– ufafanuzi wa shughuli zilizofanyika
– hisia na ukereketwa wa wahusika
  1. c) Kupata taarifa za nyongeza
Taarifa za nyongeza zipatikane kutokana na:
– mazungumzo
– mahojiano
– nyaraka
– rekodi za kanda/video
– pichatuli
– chati, michoro na ramani
5.1.3 Tafsili ya taarifa (interpretation of data)
Tafsili ya taarifa za uwandani isitokane na hisia au mawazo ya mtafiti mwenyewe tu, bali itokane na kushirikisha watafitiwa wenye ufahamu wa mambo hayo.
5.1.4 Faida na mipaka ya utafiti wa kushuhudia
  1. a) Faida Humwezesha mtafiti:
– kukusanya taarifa kwa mpangilio mzuri
– kutaamali matendo na matukio ya kijamii moja kwa moja yanapotokea
– kuchunguza duru za shughuli au tabia katika mazingira yake asilia ya kijamii
– kuchunguza namna watu wanavyoishi na kufanya kazi bila kuingilia shughuli zao – kukusanya taarifa ambazo haziwezi kupatikana kwa njia ya mahojiano au mazungumzo
– ni njia inyomwezesha mtafiti kupata taarifa nyingi kwa gharama ndogo
  1. b) Mipaka/upungufu
– baadhi ya shughuli au matukio yanayochunguzwa hayawezi kufikiwa au kuonekana na mtafiti
– wakati mwingine, kuwapo kwa mshuhudiaji huweza kupotosha au kuathiri shughuli inayohusika
– njia hii hufaa zaidi kwa matukio ya wakati uliopo; haifai kutumika kuchunguza matukio yaliyopita/ya zamani
– njia hii haifai kwa kukusanya taarifa kuhusu mikabala, maoni, nia, maana, n.k.
– njia hii haifai kwa kuchunguza makundi makubwa ya watu
– huweza kuchukua muda sana, na haifai kwa kuchunguza mwenendo au mchakato kwa muda mrefu sana
5.1.5. Matatizo ya uhusiano kati ya mshuhudiaji na mshuhudiwaji
  1. a) Unawezaje kushuhudia bila kushuhudiwa?
  2. b) Utawezaje kuepuka “athari ya kuangaliwa”
– inayomfanya mtafitiwa kutotenda mambo kikawaida kutokana na kuwapo kwa mtafiti?
Baadhi ya njia za utatuzi
  1. a) Kama inawezekana, jifanye mshuhudiaji-mshiriki
  2. b) Pata imani ya wale unaowatafiti kwanza (hili huchukua muda)
  3. c) Chunguza bila kuonekana (utafiti wa siri)
–  hili nalo lina matatizo ya kiitikeli!
  1. d) Jaribu kuwapo bila kuvutia nadhari ya washiriki
  2. e)  Wakati wa kutafsili data yako, zingatia athari ya kuwapo kwako wakati wa kuikusanya
5.2 Utafiti kwa kushiriki Utafiti huu unahusu kwenda kuishi na kushiriki katika shughuli za wale unaowatafiti/ unazozitafiti
5.2.1 Manufaa ya njia hii
  1. a) Hukuwezesha kuwafahamu vizuri watu na shughuli unazotaka kuzitafiti, na pengine kukubaliwa na hao unaowatafiti
  2. b) Kutokana na tajiriba unayoipata kwa kuangalia na kushiriki, unapata ufahamu wa undani wa yale unayoyatafiti
5.2.2 Mipaka
  1. a) Utafiti wa kushiriki huweza kuhitaji muda mrefu zaidi kuliko ule alio nao mtafiti b) Si mara zote unaweza kushiriki katika shughuli unayoitafiti:
Mifano
– shughuli ya siri au mwiko
– shughuli haramu/ya kuvunja sheria
– shughuli isiyokubalika kijamii
– shughuli ya hatari
– shughuli inyodai sifa za kipekee kutoka kwa mtafiti (ambazo hana)
– mtafiti
-mshiriki huweza kuona ugumu kukaa kando na kuichunguza shughuli inayohusika kwa uhuru bila kuelemea upande fulani
  1. MAHOJIANO
6.1 Mahojiano ni nini?
Ni majibizano ya ana kwa ana (au ya simu, kidijitali/barua pepe), kati ya watu wawili au zaidi kwa lengo la kukusanya taarifa au maoni kuhusu suala fulani la kiutafiti lililoainishwa
6.2 Mambo ya kuzingatia wakati wa mahojiano
  1. a) Uchangamfu – usioneshe uhasama au chuki
  2. b) Kutoelemea upande fulani
  3. c) Jieleze kikamilifu ueleweke wewe ni nani na una nia gani – onesha vitambulisho na vibali iwapo kuna haja
  4. d) Kujenga muamana
– mhakikishie mhojiwa kuwa mahojiano ni siri baina yenu wawili
– anza na maswali ya jumla kabla ya kuingilia maswali mahsusi
– maswali nyeti yaulizwe baadaye kabisa mkishazoeana
– mwishoni muulize mhusika kama ana swali au ombi
  1. e) Muktadha wa kijamii: mila, utamaduni na maadili ya mahali panapohusika
– kuhoji mtu wa jinsi, umri, cheo tofauti
– miiko (k.m. kuhesabu watu, watoto)
– kanuni za maingiliano (jinsi, tabaka, ngazi za madaraka)
– uvaaji
  1. f) Muktadha wa tukio
– ulinge wa mahojiano (wa ndani, wazi kwa kila mtu)
– madhanio ya mhojiwa kuhusu madhumuni ya mtafiti
– madhanio yako kuhusu mhojiwa
– tabia, mwenendo na heba za wahusika
6.3 Mambo ya kuepuka
– kukusanya habari usiyoihitaji
– kutafuta taarifa ili kuhalalisha msimamo au imani yako
– ushabiki
– kudokeza majibu yanayotarajiwa
– tamaa ya kujua kila kitu mpaka kuvuka malengo yaliyokusudiwa
– kuonesha “ubosi”
– kuwa rasmi mno, kutosikiliza vizuri maelezo, kukatisha maelezo bila kujali hisia za mzungumzaji, n.k.
6.4 Mambo yanayoathiri wahojiwa
  1. a) Athari hasi
– kazi nyingi
– aibu ya kuonekana kuwa mjinga
– kutovutiwa na maudhui ya mahojiano
– kutovutiwa na mwenye kuhoji
– hofu (ya matokeo)
– ukosefu wa motisha (kifedha?)
– mahusiano binafsi na mhojiwa
  1. b) Athari chanya
– kuvutiwa na mwenye kuhoji
– kuvutiwa na maudhui
– ufahari (kuonekana unahusiana na asasi au mtu anayefanya utafiti)
– wajibu (kuonekana kuwa raia mwajibikaji)
– upweke
– matarajio ya tunzo (fedha au zawadi)
– mahusiano binafsi na mhojiwa
6.5 Matatizo ya kiutekelezaji
  1. a) fedha
  2. b) usafiri
  3. c) hali ya hewa/tabianchi (muda wa utafiti uzingatie mambo haya)
  4. d) usampulishi (sampling): nani wahojiwe, kwa nini na lini?
– sampuli kutegemea fursa (opportunity sample)
– wale ambao ni rahisi kuwahoji
– sampuli nasibu (random sample)
– sampuli nasibu tabakishi (stratified random sample)
– hukuwezesha kupata aina ya watu unaowahitaji
– sampuli
-kusudio (purposeful sample)
– sampuli-mgawo (quota sample)
– sampuli
-tajwa (snowball sample), n.k.
6.6 Aina za mahojiano
  1. a) Mahojiano funge (structured interviews)
– hujikita katika jedwali/ hojaji zilizotayarishwa kabla
– hufaa kama maswali mengi yasiyohitaji mjadala mkubwa yataulizwa
  1. b) Mahojiano nusu-funge (semi-structured)
– jedwali hutumika, lakini huacha mwanya kwa maswali mengine
  1. c) Mahojiano huru (unstructured)
Haya ni mahojiano ya kina zaidi, na huhitaji ujuzi na umakinifu katika kumwongoza mhojiwa kutoa taarifa zinazohitajika
– mahojiano huweza kuwa sanifu au huru
– njia itakayoteuliwa kutumika itategemea lengo
 6.7 “Mahojiano” dhidi ya “Hojaji” Uamuzi wa kutumia njia ya usaili au hojaji hutegemea mambo yafuatayo:
  1. a) Aina ya suala linalotafitiwa
  2. b) Aina ya utafiti
  3. c) Malengo ya utafiti
  4. d) Aina za maswali yanayoulizwa
  5. e) Walengwa (k.m. wasiojua kusoma na kuandika, wasomi, n.k.)
6.8 Faida za mahojiano
  1. a) Hukuruhusu kuuliza maswali ya papo kwa papo na kufahamiana na mhojiwa
  2. b) Hukuruhusu kuuliza mhojiwa maswali ya binafsi na ya ikirari (factual)
– yeye ni nani
– anafikiria nini, ana maoni gani
– anahisi nini, n.k.
  1. c) Hukusanya tabasuri na tafsili za wahusika kuhusu matukio yanayotafitiwa
  2. d) Huwaruhusu wahojiwa kuelezea misukumo na sababu za mienendo yao
  3. e) Hukuwezesha kuuliza maswali tokezi au ya nyongeza
6.9 Hasara/mipaka ya mbinu ya mahojiano
  1. a) Taarifa inayopatikana kwa kawaida huelemea upande mmoja
  2. b) Wahojiwa wengine hushindwa kujieleza kutokana na haya au sababu nyinginezo
  3. c) Njia hii hutegemea uhusiano unaojengeka kati ya mtafiti na mhojiwa; muulizaji mbaya huibua muulizwa mbaya
  4. d) Njia hii hutawaliwa na muktadha mahsusi
  5. HOJAJI
8.1 Hojaji ni nini?
Orodha (kwa maandishi) ya maswali au mambo yanayohitaji kujibiwa au kuelezewa na wahojiwa kwa lengo la kukusanya taarifa. Hivyo hojaji ni zana ya kukusanya na kurekodi taarifa.
8.2 Manufaa ya Hojaji
  1. a) Ina gharama ndogo na ni rahisi kutumia
  2. b) Huweza kupelekwa kwa wahojiwa wengi
  3. c) Ni rahisi kuchanganua (iwapo imebuniwa kwa makini na ustadi)
  4. d) Huweza kuibua taarifa nyingi katika muda mfupi
  5. e) Huhifadhi usiri (hasa kama haitaji majina)
8.3 Upungufu/hasara ya kutumia Hojaji
  1. a) Hutegemea uaminifu wa wahojiwa (kwa vile hakuna fursa ya mahojiano ya ana kwa ana)
  2. b) Mwitiko wakati mwingine huwa mdogo
  3. c) Huweza kukabiliwa na matatizo ya kiutekelezaji (k.m. huduma hafifu za posta au intaneti)
  4. d) Haziwezi kujazwa na watu wasiojua kusoma na kuandika
  5. e) Hakuna fursa kwa mtafiti kuweza kufafanua maswali yake kwa mhojiwa
  6. f) Hakuna fursa kwa mhojiwa kufafanua majibu yake
8.4 Namna ya kuandaa Hojaji
  1. a) Uwe na hakika kuhusu lengo lako: ni nini hasa unataka kukifahamu na kwa nini?
  2. b) Maswali yawe mafupi (usiingize maswali yasiyohitajika, k.m. ya kiwasifu).
  3. c) Hojaji isizidi kurasa 10, na ikiwezekana isichukue zaidi ya dakika 15 kujaza
  4. d) Uliza swali sahihi kwa mhojiwa sahihi
  5. e) Epuka maswali ya kibinafsi au yanayodhalilisha au kuudhi (k.m. yahusuyo siri za binafsi)
  6. f) Epuka lugha ya jaziba
  7. g) Tumia lugha sahili
  8. h) Epuka lugha ya kitaalamu, ila kama unawahoji wataalamu wa uwanja unaohusika
  9. i) Swali lilenge jambo moja, lisiulize mambo mengi
  10. j) Usimweke mhojiwa katika hali ngumu akashindwa kukujibu (k.m. swali kama “je, sasa umeacha wizi?”)
  11. k) Usichanganye matakwa ya ikirari (factual) na yale ya tathmini katika swali lilelile
  12. l) Changanya mitindo ili usimchoshe mhojiwa
  13. m) Mpangilio
 – anza na taarifa za lazima kisha nenda kwenye taarifa zisizo za lazima
– anza na maswali yasiyoelemea upande mmoja
  1. n) Maelekezo kuhusu namna ya kujaza Hojaji yawe bayana
  2. o) Epuka maswali yanayodokeza jibu
  3. p) Zingatia mahitaji ya kiuchanganuzi; k.m. iwapo utatumia kompyuta kuchanganua data, ni vizuri Hojaji ikawa na mfumo unaokubalika kikompyuta, k.m. matumizi ya misimbo
  4. q) Mwishoni mwa Hojaji andika neno la Shukrani
  5. r) Kumbuka kuandika vizuri anwani yako (ya posta na anwani-pepe), na hata namba ya simu, kwenye Hojaji au barua utakayoambatisha
  6. s) Toa ahadi ya kutunza siri
  7. t) Toa ahadi ya kumpelekea mhojiwa “Muhtasari wa Matokeo ya Utafiti” iwapo atauhitaji
  8. u) Onesha tarehe na siku ya kutuma Hojaji na tarehe na siku ya mwisho ya kurejeshwa kwa Hojaji
  9. v) Onesha tarehe halisi ya kurejeshwa kwa Hojaji (k.m. Jumatano, 10/2/2010)
  10. w) Hakikisha kwamba Hojaji ni safi na inavutia
8.5 Namna ya kutunga maswali ya Hojaji
  1. a) Ikibidi maswali-funge yajaliziwe na maswali ya kujadili
  2. b) Wakati mwingine kauli funge (structured statements) ni bora kuliko maswali
  3. c) Maswali yanayodai maelezo, japo magumu, huweza kuibua taarifa nyingi zaidi
  4. d) Orodha: Huweza kutumika kwa kumtaka mhojiwa ateuwe mambo fulani kutoka katika orodha
  5. e) Maswali ya uteuzi wa jibu (multiple choice) sahihi huweza pia kutumika
  6. f) Kupanga kingazi (rating): k.m. kitarakimu (1-9)
  7. g) Udarajishaji (rankings): chagua njia inayofaa
  8. h) Skeli- Liketi (Likert Scales): zitumike kupimia mikabala, hisia, n.k.
Majibu huweza kupewa thamani za kitarakimu: kwa mfano: nakubali, sijaamua, sikubali, nakataa kabisa
8.6 Usambazaji wa Hojaji
  1. a) Kutumia posta
  2. b) Kupeleka kwa mkono (kama sampuli ni ndogo)
  3. c) Kutumia mawakala/wasaidizi
  4. d) Kama mwitiko ni hafifu, waandikie wahojiwa, wapigie simu au watembelee kama wapo karibu
  5. e) Hojaji zinazorejeshwa zirekodiwe vizuri na kuhifadhiwa
  6. f) Hojaji ziharibiwe iwapo hazihitajiki tena
MAREJELEO
Adam, J na Kamuzora, F (2008) Research Methods for Business and Social Studies.  Morogoro: Mzumbe Book Project.
Bowern, C (2008) Linguistic Fieldwork: A Practical Guide. New York: Palgrave- Macmillan.
Kothari, C.R (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New    Age International.
Msokile, M (1993) Misingi ya Uhakiki wa Fasihi. Nairobi: EAEP.
Mulokozi, M.M. (1983) “Utafiti wa Fasihi Simulizi” katika TUKI Makala ya Semina ya Kimataifa ya Waandishi wa Kiswahili III: Fasihi. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.: kur. 1-25.
Ogechi, N.O, N.L  Shitemi, na K. I. Simala (wah) (2008) Nadharia katika Taaluma ya Kiswahili na Lugha za Kiafrika. Eldoret: Moi University Press. Pons, Valdo (Mh) (1992) Introduction to Social Research. Dar es Salaam: DUP.
Sewangi, S.S. and Madumulla J.S. (eds) (2007) Makala ya Kongamano la Jubilei ya TUKI (Vol. I and II) Dar es Salaam: TUKI.
Simala, K.I. (mh) (2002) Utafiti wa Kiswahili. Eldoret: Moi University Press.
MASWALI YA MTIHANI
  1. Eleza na kujadili faida na mipaka ya mbinu ya kushuhudia ya utafiti wa uwandani.
  2. Eleza na kujadili faida na mipaka ya utafiti-shiriki kama njia ya kukusanya taarifa uwandani.
  3. Fafanua dhana ya usampulishi na aina zake. Eleza namna unavyoweza kutumia mbinu ya usampulishi katika utafiti wa lugha AU fasihi.
  4. Fafanua dhana ya hojaji. Taja na kujadili angalao mambo kumi yanayofaa kuzingatiwa wakati wa kuandaa hojaji ya utafiti wa lugha AU fasihi
Mwl Maeda
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