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UHAKIKI RIWAYA YA WATOTO WA MAMAN’TILIE

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UHAKIKI RIWAYA YA WATOTO WA MAMAN’TILIE
#1
UCHAMBUZI WA RIWAYA WATOTO WA MAMA NTILIE
MWANDISHI: EMMANUEL MBOGO
WACHAPISHAJI: HEKO PUBLISHERS
MWAKA: 2002
WASIFU WA MWANDISHI
Emmanuel Mbogo ni Profesa wa drama na fasihi na amehudumu katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali ikiwemo, Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta Kenya na Chuo Kikuu Huria. Mbogo ni mwanafasihi mahiri sana katika Afrika ya Mashariki.
MUHTASARI WA RIWAYA
Maman’tilie, mama mwenye watoto wawili lakini wote wamefukuzwa shule kwa kukosa ada na sare. Anajitahidi hapa na pale ili apate, lakini wapi? Pesa imegeuka nyoka inateleza kwenye nyasi. Mumewe Mzee Lomolomo hana muda, yeye kila kukuchapo huelekea bunge la walevi kunywa pombe tani yake. Akiwa huko hunywa na kurudi nyumbani akiwa mbwii! Mwisho mwandishi anauliza swali gumu, ‘Nani anajali?’
UCHAMBUZI WA FANI NA MAUDHUI
MAUDHUI KATIKA RIWAYA YA WATOTO WA MAMAN’TILIE
Maudhui hujumuisha mawazo na pengine mafunzo mbalimbali yaliyomsukuma mtunzi ama mwandishi wa kazi ya fasihi akaandika kazi yake.
DHAMIRA
Dhamira ni lile wazo linalomfanya mwandishi wa kazi ya fasihi aandike kazi yake. Katika riwaya hii, dhamira nyingi zimejadiliwa kama:
UMASIKINI
Dhamira hii imetawala katika riwaya. Asilimia kubwa ya wahusika ni watu wenye maisha ya dhiki na kazi za kijungujiko. Umasikini wao unadhihirishwa na mitaa wanayoishi kama: Manzese, Msufini, Tabata, Kisutu na Temeke. Maeneo haya ndiyo yaitwayo uswahilini leo hii.
Zita na Pita wanafukuzwa shule kwa sababu ya kukosa ada na sare (uk 1). Mamant’ilie naye anatumia maji ya mwarobaini kutibu homa yake kwa sababu hana pesa ya kununulia dawa za hospitali.
ULEVI
Unywaji wa pombe kupitiliza huweza kusababisha madhara makubwa kwa mtumiaji. Mzee Lomolomo ni mlevi mzoefu, kutokana na ulevi wake, anashindwa hata kuwalipia ada wanae ili waendelee na shule. Ni ulevi huohuo unamfanya aishi maisha ya dhiki huku akishindwa kutoa mchango kwa familia yake na taifa linalomtegemea. Mwisho Lomolomo anakufa kwa sababu ya pombe.
Mwandishi anasema, “… Lomolomo alikuwa lofa, mtu wa kazi za kijungujiko na vipesa vyake viliishia kwenye pombe…” (uk 7).
MALEZI YA WATOTO
Watoto wasipopata malezi yanayostahili kutoka kwa wazazi wote wawili huwa ni rahisi kwao kujiingiza katika mambo yasiyofaa.
Mwandishi anaonyesha aina tatu za watoto. Kwanza kuna Zita na Pita. Hawa wana wazazi wote wawili lakini baba hajishughulishi na malezi yao. Pia mama naye ametingwa na shughuli nyingi katika genge lake la uuzaji wa chakula. Zita na Pita hawana malezi ya kueleweka. Hali hii inamfanya Pita ajiingize katika biashara ya madawa ya kulevya.
Pili, kuna Dan na Musa hawa hawana baba, wanaishi na mama zao tu. Mama zao hawawajali wala kuwakemea kwa chochote kibaya wanachofanya. Dan anajiingiza katika ujambazi na kupoteza maisha. Musa anajiingiza katika biashara ya madawa ya kulevya na kuishia jela.
Tatu kuna Kurwa na Doto. Hawa hawana wazazi kabisa. mwandishi anasema, “… walikuwa chokoraa namba moja, kupigana kulala na njaa, kukamatwa na polisi… yalikuwa sehemu ya maisha yao…”
Doto anajiingiza katika ujambazi, huko anauawa na mlinzi Simango.
RUSHWA
Rushwa imeota mizizi katika jamii. Kila uendako, kila upitako na kila utokako utaambiwa toa rushwa ili upate kitu fulani.
Mamant’ilie alishindwa kuyamudu maisha ya mjini kwa sababu ya rushwa aliyokuwa akiwapa askari wa jiji. Kwa kalamu yake isiyoisha wino, Mbogo anaandika, “Kodi na hongo kwa askari wa jiji, ziliikamua faida yake.” (uk 32).
MMOMONYOKO WA MAADILI NA KUKOSEKANA KWA UTU
Maadili ya siku hizi si yale ya zamani. Miaka inabadilika na vizazi navyo vinabadilika. Watu ni watu tu lakini hawana utu. Watoto wadogo sasa wanavuta sigara na kutafuna mirungi kama tumuonavyo Dan na Musa. Watu hawana moyo wa kusaidiana tena, wao wanaamini kuwa kila mwenye janga atalila peke yake. Zita anazidiwa na maradhi yaliyosababishwa na kuumwa na mbwa mwenye kichaa. Watu hawakumsaidia, badala yake walivishangilia vioja alivyovifanya. Mwandishi anatuonesha Zenabu akiwaomba msaada na kuwakalipia, “Nisaidieni, mnacheka nini? Wendawazimu wakubwa.” (uk 82).
NAFASI YA MWANAMKE KATIKA JAMII
Nafasi ya mwanamke ni jumla ya matendo yote yafanywayo na mwanamke katika jamii yake. Mara nyingi huwa mabaya na yenye mtazamo hasi, lakini mara chache huwa mazuri yenye mtazamo chanya. Mwandishi wa riwaya hii, amemchora na kumjadili mwanamke kwa mawanda mapana kama inavyoelezwa:
  • Mama mlezi na mwangalizi mkuu wa familia. Maman’tilie ndiye aliyejua familia yake ile nini, ifanye nini na iishi vipi. Mumewe mzee Lomolomo hakuwa na mchango wowote. Yeye kila kukuchapo alikwenda kilingeni kufakamia mataputapu na pombe haramu.
  • Mwenye huruma na moyo  wa kutoa msaada. Zenabu anawakilisha tabia hii. Alimsaidia Pita alipokuwa na njaa. Ni yeye akishirikiana na Mama sara walimpeleka Zita hospitali.
  • Mwenye mapenzi na kazi. Kurwa anapenda kazi, alifuatana na Maman’tilie kwenda gengeni, huko alimsaidia kuuza chakula. Hata siku moja kurwa hakuchoka kufanya kazi.
  • Aliyenyimwa elimu. Zita ni mwanamke aliyenyimwa elimu. Anafukuzwa shule kwa kukosa ada na sare.
  • Mzembe na asiyejali malezi ya watoto. Mama Musa ni mzembe na hajali malezi ya mwanae. Yeye ameshika themanini zake na Musa kashika hamsini zake.
  • Dhamira nyingine zilizojitokeza ni:
  • Hatari ya ugonjwa wa Malaria
  • Elimu
  • Athari ya sayansi na teknolojia
  • Adha ya usafiri
  • Wizi na ujambazi
UJUMBE
Ujumbe ni funzo litolewalo na kazi ya fasihi. Mafunzo mengi yametolewa katika riwaya hii:
  • Watoto wasifukuzwe shule kwa sababu ya kukosa ada, kwani kufanya hivyo kunawanyima haki yao ya kupata elimu.
  • Majalala ya kuchoma takataka yajengwe mbali na makazi ya watu. Mwandishi anasema, “Mapafu ya wakazi yaliendelea kuteketea kwa moshi siku hadi siku… watu wale walikuwa wanakufa taratibu.” (uk 27).
  • Pombe si suluhisho la matatizo.
  • Mzaha mzaha hutumbua usaha. Zita alikwaruzwa na mbwa mwenye kichaa, lakini wakapuuzia, mwishi ni kifo cha Zita.
MIGOGORO
Migogoro ni kukosekana kwa maelewano baina ya watu binafsi, jamii, taifa au mataifa. Migogoro iliyojitokeza ni:
Migogoro ya wahusika
  • Mwalimu Chikoya na wanafunzi wasiokuwa na ada wala sare za shule. Huu unasababishwa na wanafunzi wasiokuwa na ada wala sare. Suluhisho lake ni wanafunzi hao kufukuzwa shule.
  • Maman’tilie na mzee Lomolomo. Huu unasababishwa na ulevi wa Lomolomo. Suluhisho ni kifo cha mzee Lomolomo.
  • Peter na Doto. Huu unasababishwa na Doto kumfukuza Pita jaani. Suluhisho la mgogoro huu ni Kurwa kumsaidia Peter.
Mgogoro wa nafsi
  • Huu unampata Peter, yeye anamawazo ya kurudi shule lakini hajui ni kipi afanye ili apate pesa za kumrudisha.
Migogoro mingine ni: migogoro ya kiuchumi, kisiasa, kiutamaduni na kijamii.
FALSAFA
Falsafa ni imani ya mwandishi. Emmanuel Mbogo anaamini kuwasaidia watoto kupata elimu yao kutaondoa matatizo yanayozuia ujenzi wa jamii mpya.
MTAZAMO/MSIMAMO
Mwandishi anamsimamo wa kimapinduzi. Anaamini kuwapatia watoto elimu na kusimamia malezi yao kutaliokoa taifa.
UCHAMBUZI WA FANI NA VIPENGELE VYAKE
Fani ni ule ufundi wa kisanaa anaoutumia msanii katika kazi yake. Fani ndiyo hutupatia kile kiitwacho maudhui. Katia riwaya hii, fani imechambuliwa kama ifuatavyo:
WAHUSIKA
Wahusika ni watu au viumbe waliokusudiwa uwakilisha tabia za watu katika kazi ya fasihi. Wahusika waliopo katika riwaya hii ni:
  • Maman’tilie. Ni mke wa mzee Lomolomo. Ni mchapakazi. Ni mama yao Zita na Peter na anafaa kuigwa na jamii.
  • Lomolomo. Ni mume wa Maman’tilie. Ni mlevi wa pombe haramu. Hawajibiki katika malezi ya watoto wake na hafai kuigwa na jamii.
  • Zita. Mtoto wa Maman’tilie na mzee Lomolomo. Alifukuzwa shule kwa kukosa ada na sare akiwa darasa la sita. Pia, alikwaruzwa na mbwa mwenye kichaa. Mwisho anakufa kwa kupuuzia ule mkwaruzo wa mbwa.
  • Peter. Mtoto wa Mzee Lomolomo na Maman’tilie. Anafukuzwa shule akiwa darasa la tano. Anatafuta ridhiki dampo. Baadaye anajiingiza katika biashara ya madawa ya kulevya.
  • Chikoya. Ni mwalimu mkuu wa shule ya msingi Makurumla. Anawafukuza wanafunzi wasiokuwa na sare wala ada.
  • Musa. Anafukuzwa shule kwa kukosa ada na sare. Hamheshimu mama yake. Anajiingiza katika biashara ya madawa ya kulevya.
  • Sara. Mwanafunzi wa Makurumla na ni jirani yao Zita.
  • Mama Sara. Mama yake Sara. Alimsaidia Zita alipopatwa na kichaa.
  • Zenabu. Anafanya kazi Kikale Bar. Ana huruma. Anafaa kuigwa.
  • Kurwa. Ni yatima. Anaishi vichochoroni. Anategemea chakula cha dampo. Anasingiziwa kujihusisha na biashara ya madawa ya kulevya.
  • Doto. Ni yatima. Anauawa kwa kujihusisha na ujambazi.
  • Rhemtulah. Ni mfanyabiashara wa kihindi.
  • Simango. Ni mlinzi wa Rhemtulah. Anawaua Doto na Dan.
  • Dani. Ni mtoto ambaye hamjui baba yake. Anauawa kwa kujihusisha na ujambazi.
  • Jane. Aliwalea Doto na Kurwa baada ya kufiwa na mama yao. Naye pia anakufa.
  • Master Baroni. Anawatumia watoto katika biashara yake ya madawa ya kulevya. Si mfano wa kuigwa na jamii.
MATUMIZI YA LUGHA
Fasihi ni sanaa itoayo maudhui kwa kutumia lugha ya maneno ambayo hutamkwa au kuandiwa. Kipengele cha lugha ni muhimu kwani ndicho kinachotofautisha fasihi na sanaa zingine.
Lugha iliyotumika katika riwaya hii ni nyepesi na yenye kueleweka. Mwandishi ametumia vipengele vingi vipatikanavyo katika matumizi ya lugha kama: ucheshi na lugha ya picha, misemo na tamathali za semi.
TAMATHALI ZA SEMI
Tamathali za semi ni maneno au sentensi ambazo hutumiwa na wasanii wa fasihi ili kutia nguvu katika maana, mtindo na hata sauti katika maandishi ama kusema. Wakati mwingine hutumiwa ili kupamba na kuongeza utamu wa kazi za fasihi. Mwandishi ametumia tamathali nyingi za semi kama:
  • Tanakali sauti (onomatopoeia). Tanakali sauti ni maneno au nomino ziundwazo katika sentensi kutokana na sauti zinazofanana.
            “Bwee!”
           “Paah!” (uk. 5)
  • Tashibiha. Katika tamathali hii, watu ama vitu viwili au zaidi hulinganishwa na watu au vitu vingine kwa kutumia maneno, ‘kama’, ‘mithili’…
        “Masikio yamesimama wima kama anasisitiza kitu.” (uk. 2)
         “Mdomo wake uliokaa kama bakuli la pombe.” (uk. 10)
  • Tafsida. Hii hutumika kupunguza ukali wa maneno.
         “Akaenda haja ndogo.” (uk. 2)
        “Akakitibu kidonda chake kwa maji ya chumvichumvi.” (uk 55)
  • Takriri. Katika tamathali hii, maneno hurudiwarudiwa ili kuonyesha msisitizo.
         “Yalaa! Yalaa!” (uk 2)
          “Mjomba! Mjomba!”
  • Mdokezo. Hapa msemaji husema kitu bila kukimalizia kukitaja.
       “Shikamoo mama…” (uk 6)
        “Una… una…” (uk 11)
  •  Tashihisi. Hapa vitu hupewa sifa alizonazo binadamu.
         “Maman’tilie alimtupia jicho bintie.”
         “Mabega yameangalia juu.” (uk 10).
  • Mjalizo. Katika tamathali hii maneno hufuatana pasipo kiunganishi.
         “Walikaa, wakala, wakanywa maji, wakamshukuru Mungu.”
  • Kejeli. Hii ni tamathali ya semi ambayo maneno yake huwa kinyume na maana yanayotoa.
          “Naye pita aliitikia salamu hizo za ukarimu kwa kupiga chafya             mbili au tatu.” (uk 19).
          “Lomolomo uso wake uliopendeza kwa chang’aa…” (uk 70).
  • Sitiari. Tamathali hii hulinganisha vitu bila kutumia viunganishi.
“Wakatembea mwendo wa farasi.” (uk 86).
  • Ritifaa. Katika tamathali hii, mtu huongea na kitu ambacho husikika kwa fikra tu.
“Kumbe wewe na mwanao mna hila kiasi hiki? Mmepatana kuondoka na kusafiri katika dau moja.” (uk 94).
  • Misemo.
“Ukienda Tabata utapata.”
“Waswahili hawana dogo.”
  • Matumizi ya lugha za kigeni.
“Nikukonekti.” (uk 78).
  • Methali.
“Kamba hukatikia pembamba.”
  • Ucheshi na lugha ya picha.
“Alikunywa funda moja, akajisikilizia kabla ya kulimeza. Alisikia pombe ikisafiri kufuata barabara ya lami hadi tumboni.” (uk 87).
MTINDO
Mtindo ni ule upekee wa mtunzi wakazi ya fasihi na mtunzi mwingine. Mfano, mwandishi anaweza kutumia, nyimbo, mashairi, nafsi zote, dayolojia, monolojia n.k. mwandishi amefanikisha mtindo wake kwa kutumia,
  • Matumizi ya nyimbo. Mfano katika ukurasa wa 10 Lomolomo aliimba,
“Kuleni nae,
Hata bangi vuteni nae,
Lakini ni bure,
Mwenzenu nimezaa naye…”
  • Mwandishi katumia monolojia (masimulizi) na dayolojia (majibishano).
  • Mwandishi katumia nafsi zote tatu.
MUUNDO
Muundo ni mpango na mtiririko wa kazi hiyo kwa upande wa visa na matukio.
Riwaya hii imetumia muundo wa kurukia. Mwandishi amemuonyesha Lomolomo akiwa katika hali ya ulevi, baadaye anatukumbusha alipokuwa anafanya kazi bandarini. Vilevile anawaonyesha Kurwa na Doto wakiishi peke yao. Lakini baadaye anatukumbusha kipindi walipokuwa wanalelewa na mama yao ambaye hata hivyo alifariki kisha wakalelewa na Jane ambaye naye anafariki.
MANDHARI
Mandhari ni sehemu ambayo kazi ya fasihi hutendeka. Riwaya hii imetumia mandhari ya jiji la Dar es Salaam na mitaa yake kama, Manzese, Msufini, Tabata, Kisutu, Urafiki na mtaa wa Ajentina.
JINA LA KITABU
Jina la kitabu, Watoto wa Maman’tilie, linasadifu yaliyomo, kwani ndani ya riwaya hii kuna mhusika mkuu ambaye ndiye Maman’tilie.
Riwaya hii inamwonesha mama huyu akijaribu kujinasua yeye na watoto wake katika wimbi la umasikini, lakini wapi? Jitihada zote anazofanya zinagonga mwamba na matatizo yake yanazidi kuongezeka.
KUFAULU NA KUTOFAULU KWA MWANDISHI
KUFAULU KIMAUDHUI
–      Mwandishi amefanikiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kuonyesha shida wazipatazo watoto wa mitaani.
–      Mwandishi amefanikiwa kuonyesha madhara ya umasikini.
–      Mwandishi ameonyesha madhara ya unywaji wa pombe kupita kiasi na ulevi.
KUFAULU KIFANI
–      Amekitendea haki kipengele cha mtindo, kwani humo ametumia vipengele vingi kama nyimbo n.k.
–      Kazi yake imeshibishwa kwa tamathali nyingi za semi.
–      Ametumia lugha ya picha inayomwelewesha zaidi msomaji.
KUTOFAULU KWA MWANDISHI
–      Kimaudhui. Mtazamo wa mwandishi katika suala la umasikini hauko sawa. Yeye anaamini hata ukifanya kazi kwa bidii kama ni masikini utaendelea kuwa masikini kama tumuonavyo Maman’tilie.
–      Kifani wahusika wa mwandishi hawana uwiano. Wengi wao ni watu masikini.
–      Pia, mandhari yote yaliyotumiwa na mwandishi ni ya mjini. Mwandishi ameutenga upande wa kijijini ambao nao kama ungetazamwa, jamii ingejifunza mengi.
Mwl Maeda
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UHAKIKI RIWAYA YA WATOTO WA MAMAN’TILIE - by MwlMaeda - 12-28-2021, 09:06 AM

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