MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
UUNDAJI WA MSAMIATI

Thread Rating:
  • 0 Vote(s) - 0 Average
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
UUNDAJI WA MSAMIATI
#1
Njia  zinazojitokeza katika uundaji wa msamiati ni kama ifuatavyo:
Njia ya kutumia mpangilio tofauti wa fonimu au vitamkwa: Kila lugha ina fonimu au sauti za msingi ambazo hutumika kujenga silabi ambazo nazo hujenga maneno yote ya lugha husika. Maneno mengi katika lugha huweza kupatikana kwa kubadili mpangilio wa vitamkwa/sauti-fonimu za lugha husika.
Kwa mfano:
Sauti-fonimu /a/, /o/, /n/ zikibadilishiwa mpangilio kwa namna mbalimbali zinaweza kuzalisha maneno kama vile:
(i)        o-n-a => ona             (ii)       =>       noa      (iii)     => oana.
Njia ya miambatano
  yaani kuunganisha maneno: Hapa maneno mawili yanaunganishwa na kuwa neno moja. Kuna aina mbalimbali za miambatano:
(i)        Miambatano kati ya jina huru na jina huru.
mwana + hewa = mwanahewa
mwana + nchi   = mwananchi
           
Afisa + misitu   = Afisamisitu
(ii)       Miambatano kati ya Nomino na Kivumishi.
Mla + mbivu  = Mlambivu

(iii)     Miambatano kati ya jina tegemezi na jina huru. Jina tegemezi linatokana na kitenzi.Mwana + kwetu              Mwanakwetu.
Mpiga + maji             Mpigamaji.
Mpiga  + mbizi             Mpigambizi
(iv)      Miambatano kati ya kitenzi na jina.
Piga + mbizi             pigambizi
Pima + maji              pimamaji
Kutohoa maneno:
 Kila lugha ina uwezo wa kuchukua maneno kutoka kwenye lugha nyingine ili kukidhi haja ya mawasiliano kulingana na maendeleo ya jamii. Kiswahili nacho kimechukua maneno kutoka lugha mbalimbali za kigeni na lugha za Kibantu na kuyatohoa ili kusadifu misingi ya sarufi yake.
Mfano:
(a)       Kiingereza:
(i)        tractro =>     trekta => trekita => terekita
(ii)       plaugh =>     plau => pulau
(iii)     shirt =>         sheti => shati
(iv)      geography =>jiografia => jografia
(v)       machine =>  mashine
(b)       Kiarabu:
(i)        laki =>           pokea
(ii)       ahadi  =>       milele
(iii)     dhaifu =>       nyonge
(iv)      ila       =>        isipokuwa
 ©      Kireno:
(i)        bibo =>          bibo
(ii)       roda  =>         roda
(ii)       mesa  =>        meza
(iii)     copa =>          kopa
 (d)      Kiajemi:
(i)      bandar    =>     bandari
(ii)     dirisha    =>     dirisha
(iii)  kod        =>      kodi
(iv)    pilao      =>      pilau.
(e)       Kihindi:
(i)        achari =>       achari
(ii)       biyme =>       bima
(iii)     ghati =>         gati
(iv)      lakh =>          laki
       
 (f)       Kijerumani:
(i)        schule =>       shule
(ii)       hella =>         hela
(g)       Kutoka Lugha za Kibantu
(i)        faculty =>      kitivo    <kipare/kisambaa.
(ii)       composite =>            kivung <kipare
(iii)     state house => ikulu            <kigogo/kisukuma
(iv)      national assembly  => bunge<kigogo/kisambaa
(v)       fluid  => ugiligili <kinyakyusa
Njia ya urudufishaji: 
 Hii ni njia ya kurudia neno, likawa neon moja.
Mfano:
(i)        kimbele =>    kimbele mbele
(ii)       pole =>          pole pole
(iii)     kinyume =>   kinyume nyume
(iv)      kimya =>       kimya kimya
(v)       kizungu =>    kizungu zungu
Kwa njia ya kufupisha maneno: Njia ya kufupisha maneno inachukua ama herufu ama silabi ya kwanza ya kila neno lililojitokeza katika jina zima la mahali au kitu funi.
Mfano:
               (i)     Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili =>    TUKI
               (ii)    Baraza la Kiswahili Tanzania =>             BAKITA
               (iii)  Chama Cha Mapinduzi =>                         C.C.M
               (iv)   Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa =>                  BAMITA
                         nk.
Njia ya kutumia mnyambuliko na uambishaji: 
 Neno jipya huundwa kwa kuunganisha viambishi kwenye mzizi au shina la neno. Njia hii hukuza lugha bila taabu kwani maneno ya lugha nyingi yanaweza kunyumbuliwa na kuambishwa, kama ifuatavyo:
(a)       Mnyambuliko wa Majina:
(i)                taifa => taifisha => taifishwa => taifishiwa.  nk.
(ii)             soma => somea => somesha => someshea => someshwa => someshewa => somesheka => ,  nk.
(b)       Mnyambuliko wa Vitenzi:
(i)        piga => pigana =>    pigisha => pigishwa => pigishia => pigia => pigiana, pigika, nk.
(ii)       cheza => chezana => chezesha => chezeshwa => chezeshea => chezeana => chezwa => chezeka,  nk.
©       Mnyambuliko wa Vivumishi:
(i)                fupi => fupisha => fupishia => fupishwa => fupishiwa => => fupishana => fupishika,  nk.
(ii)             safi => safisha => safishana => safishia => safishiana => safishika, nk.
(d)       Mnyambuliko wa Vielezi:
(i)        haraka => harakisha => harakishana => harakishika => harakishia => harakishiana, nk.
Njia ya Kutumia Uambishaji
(i)        taifa => utaifa,  mataifa, utaifishaji, nk.
(ii)       piga => kupigana, anapiga, nk.
(iii)     safi => msafi, wasafi, nk.
(iv)      haraka => kuharakisha, nk.
Njia ya kufananisha sauti/umbo: Baadhi ya maneno ya Kiswahili yametokana na mwigo wa sauti au dhana ya kitu fulani.
Mfano:
(i)        Piki-piki- piki-piki => pikipiki,
Neno ambalo limetokana na mwigo wa sauti (mlio) wa chombo husika.
(ii)       tu-tu-tu => mtutu (wa bunduki)
neno ambalo limetokana na  mwigo wa sauti ya risasi inapotoka kwenye bunduki baada ya kufyatuliwa.
(iii)     kifaru
Hii ni zana ya kivita ambayo imepewa jina hilo  kutokana na umbo lake lililofanana na mnyama aitwaye kifaru.
Njia ya vijenzi/viundaji:
Mara nyingi vijenzi huunda neno ambalo huwa nomino. Vijenzi hupachikwa mwishoni mwa kitenzi ili kiwe nomino. Maneno yanayojitokeza huwa na maana na ngeli tafauti tafauti.
Vijenzi vitumikavyo ni kama ifuatavyo:
Kijenzi                       Kitenzi                       Nomino
{i}                               jenga                           mjenzi
                                    linda                           mlinzi
                                    soma                           msomi
                                    panda                         mpanzi
{ji}                              winda                         mwindaji
                                    soma                           msomaji
                                    sema                           msemaji
                                    cheza                          mchezaji
                                    linda                           mlindaji
{o}                              soma                           somo/masomo
                                    sema                           msemo/misemo
                                    cheza                          mchezo
{u}                              kua                              ukuu
                                    tulia                            utulivu /mtulivu
                                    tukuka                                    utukufu/mtukufu
                                    choka                         uchovu
{e}                               teua                             mteule
                                    tuma                           mtume
                                    kata                             mkate
                                    umba                          kiumbe
MAREJELEO
Maganga (1997), OSW 102: Historia ya Kiswahili. Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.
Masebo, J. A. Nyengwine, N. (2002), Nadharia ya Lugha ya Kiswahili, Kidato cha 5 na 6. Aroplus Industries Ltd: Dar es Salaam.
Nkwera, Fr. F. V. (2003), Sarufi, Fasihi na Uandishi wa Vitabu, Sekondari na Vyuo. Creative Prints Ltd: Dar es Salaam.
Mwl Maeda
Reply


Forum Jump:


Users browsing this thread: 2 Guest(s)