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SWALI: ELEZA KWA MIFANO KIIMA NA KIARIFU NA VIJENZI VYAKE

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SWALI: ELEZA KWA MIFANO KIIMA NA KIARIFU NA VIJENZI VYAKE
#1
SWALI: Eleza kwa mifano Kiima na Kiarifu na vijenzi vyake.
James, J na Faustino, M (2014) wanasema Kiima ni kipashio ambacho, aghalabu hutokea kabla ya kitenzi. Kipashio hiki hutaja mtenda au mtendwa wa jambo linaloelezwa kwenye tungo. Hao hao Oxford wanasema Kiarifu ni sehemu kkatika sentensi inayotoa taarifa kuhusiana na kiima. Ni sehemu inayoeleza kiima kimetenda nini, kimetendwa nini au kikoje.
Mdee, J. S (1999) anaeleza kuwa Kiima ni sehemu ya sentensi ambayo hutaja mtenda wa jambo linaloelezwa. Kiima aghalabu hutokea kushoto kwa kitenzi katika tungo. Mdee anaeleza Kiarifu kuwa ni sehemu inayojazwa na neno au maneno yanayoarifu tendo. Kiarifu ndiyo sehemu muhimu zaidi katika tungo ambayo wakati mwingine huweza kusimama pekee bila kiima kwani huchukua viambishi viashiria kiima.
Vipashio vya Kiima
Mdee anafafanua kuwa Kiima kinaweza kujengwa na vipashio mbalimbali kama vifuatavyo:
Nomino

Mfano:

Mtoto anasoma
Juma anakimbia

Kiwakilishi

Mfano:

Yeye haishi hapa
Sisi tutaondoka pamoja
Yule hataki kuondoka
Wangu wanifuate

Nomino na Kivumishi

Mfano:

Watoto wote wameondoka
Wasichana wazuri wamewasili
Kitabu kidogo kuliko vyote kimeuzwa

Nomino na kishazi tegemezi kivumishi

Mfano:

Mtoto aliyeingia hapa amefiwa Kisu kilichopotea kimeonekana Kalamu iliyoisha wino imetupwa

Kitenzi nomino na Kivumishi

Mfano:

Kuimba kwenu kulitufurahisha Kuja kwao kulitutia faraja
Vipashio vya Kiarifu
Kwa mujibu wa James Mdee Kiarifu kinajengwa na prediketa, kijalizo au chagizo kama ifuatavy:
Prediketa
Hii ni sehemu ya sentensi ambayo hujazwa na aina yoyote ya kitenzi (kishirikishi, kisaidizi au kitenzi kikuu). Prediketa ndiyo sehemu muhimu ambayo sentensi inapaswa kuwa nayo.
Mfano:
Juma ni mwanangu
Ali anasoma kitabu
Maria alikuwa anapika chakula jikoni
Asha yupo chumbani

Kijalizo
Hii ni sehemu ya sentensi ambayo hujazwa na nomino au kikundi nomino katika kiarifu. Nomino au kikundi nomino hiki huwakilisha mtendwa, mtendea au kitendea. Kijalizo hufuata kitenzi katika sentensi iliyo nacho. Kijalizo ni kipashio kisichojitokeza katika kila sentensi. Hutokea katika sentensi yenye kitenzi kinachohitaji kukamilishwa na nomino au kikundi nomino.

Mfano:

Baba analima shamba
Watalii wanaangalia nyumba mpya zilizojengwa
Malima ni mwalimu mpole
Nimempatia rafiki yangu kalamu

Chagizo
Hii ni sehemu ya sentensi inayojazwa na kielezi au kikundi kielezi cha aina yoyote kama vile vielezi vya idadi, namna, wakati au mahali kitendo kilipofanyika. Chagizo huweza kutokea mara baada ya kitenzi au kijalizo kutegemeana na muundo wa sentensi inayohusika, na vipashio vilivyomo.

Mfano:

Mama anasoma barua kimya
Mama anasoma kimya
Tutaondoka alfajiri na mapema
Watoto wanacheza uwanjani
Nimeondoa vitabu vyote mezani

Kwa ujumla Kiima na Kiarifu ni istilahi za sarufi mapokeo ambayo huitazama sentensi na vipashio vyake kiuamilifu (kikazi). Kwa wanamapokeo kila istilahi katika tungo ina kazi maalumu ambayo huitambulisha istilahi husika.
MAREJELEO
James, J na Faustino, M (2014) Kiswahili Kidato cha Tano na Sita. Oxford University Press. Dar es Salaam.
James, J. S (1999) Sarufi ya Kiswahili: Sekondari na Vyuo. DUP. Dar es Salaam.
Mwl Maeda
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