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MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHIA

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MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHIA
#1
MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHIA
Mbinu za kufundishia, ni miongozo mbalimbali atumiayo mwalimu wakati wa kufundisha somo aliloliandaa kwa wanafunzi wake. Walimu wanapaswa kuamua kwa kuchagua kwa makini njia na mbinu bora za kufundishia ili wanafunzi wake waweze kujifunza kwa ufanisi. Ziko njia nyingi za kutengeneza mazingira ya mtoto aweze kujifunza na pia ziko mbinu nyingi za kufundishia. Pamoja na wingi huo tunaweza kuzigawa katika makundi makuu mawili kadri ya jinsi zinavyowashirikisha watoto katika tendo la kujifunza, ambazo tunaweza kuziita shirikishi na zisizo shirikishi.
Zifuatazo ni baadhi ya mbinu shirikishi na zisizo shirikishi za kufundishia pamoja na faida na hasara zake:-
Njia ya majadiliano, njia hii imekuwa ikitumika katika ufundishaji kwa muda mrefu. Katika kujadiliana mwanafunzi mmoja mmoja hupata nafasi ya mawazo aliyonayo kuhusu suala linalojadiliwa na yeye pia huweza kupata mawazo yaw engine. Katika majadiliano mwanafunzi hupata ujuzi mpya nje na ule aliokuwa nao kabla hajashiriki katika majadiliano.
Mambo ya kuzingatia.
  • Kazi iwe na changamoto ya kutosha kuhitaji majadiliano ili wahusika wafikie uamuzi wa pamoja.

  • Kazi ilenge wahusika kutoa mawazo na hatimae kupata ujuzi mpya kutokana na majadiliano.

  • Yawepo malengo yanayoeleweka  vizuri na yanayotekelezeka. Ni muhimu malengo haya yawekwe wazi kwa wahusika.
Faida za mbinu.
Ø  Kukuza mahusiano ya wahusika.
Ø  Kuwafanya wahusika wafurahie na kulipenda somo.
Ø  Kukuza stadi za ubunifu na mawasiliano.
Ø  Kujenga uwezo wa wahusika wa kuamini na kuvumiliana.
Ø  Huleta ujuzi na uongozi.
Ø  Kila mmoja huweza kutoa mchango wake na mawazo yake kwani watu ni wachache katika kundi.
Ø  Husaidia kujenga kumbukumbu kwa wanafunzi.
Hasara za mbinu hii.
Ø  Kama hakuna usimamizi na utaratibu mzuri njia hii inaweza isiwe tofauti na mhadhara kwani mtu mmoja tu au kiongozi anaweza kutawala uwanja wa mazungumzo.
Ø  Kama kiongozi si imara, kundi linaweza kushindwa kujadili mada waliopewa na hivyo kujadili nje ya mada.
Ø  Hujenga uhasama kati ya kundi na kundi, wanafunzi na wanafunzi.
Njia ya mhadhara, hii ni njia ya kufundishia kitu kwa kutumia hotuba ndefu. Lengo la kutumia njia hii ni kuwazoeza wanafunzi kuwa wasikivu na kuzingatia mambo muhimu na yenye msingi tu kati ya maelezo mengi yanayotolewa na mhadhiri.
Mambo ya kuzingatia katika mbinu hii.
  • Njia hii itumike kwa wanafunzi waliopevuka kimawazo.

  • Njia hii itumike katika kuanzisha mada mpya ikiwa tu itaonekana haipo njia nyingine ya kufundishia mada hiyo.
Faida za mbinu hii.
Ø  Huwezesha kufundisha mambo mengi kwa wakati mmoja.
Ø  Humjengea mwanafunzi tabia ya kuchambua taarifa na kuzingatia mambo muhimu tu.
Ø  Inapima usikivu wa mwanafunzi kuhusu mada inayofundishwa.
Hasara za mbinu hii
Ø  Haiwashirikishi sana wanafunzi katika tendo la kujifunza.
Ø  Huwachosha wanafunzi kwa sababu watoto hawawezi kuwa wasikivu kwa muda mrefu.
Ø  Wanafunzi huchoka kusikia sauti ya mtu mmoja tu muda wote.
Ø  Ni mtu mmoja tu anayetoa mawazo yake na wengine yaani wanafunzi hupokea tu, hivyo hujenga utegemezi kwa wanafunzi.
Kazi mradi, wanafunzi na walimu wengi wameelekea kuamini kuwa mbinu ya kazi mradi ni ya utendaji wa mda mrefu. Kwa wengi kazi mradi inatumika tu kwa kuwatathimini wanafunzi kwa muda huo mrefu. Kwa mtazamo wa sasa kazi mradi yaweza kufanyika hata kwa kipindi kimoja tu cha darasani. Katika utendaji wanafunzi huunda maana zao binafsi kutokana na jinsi nadharia husika zinavyojitokeza katika maisha halisi ya kila siku.
Mambo ya kuzingatia katika mbinu hii.
  • Mwalimu lazima abainishe kuwa anatumia njia hii katika hatua gani ya mada husika na kuna umuhimu gani wa kutumia njia hii na isiwe nyingine.

  • Wanafunzi wapewe fursa ya kuchagua mambo ya kufanya katika kazi mradi wakishirikiana na mwalimu.

  • Wanafunzi wanatakiwa wajue nini cha kufanya na utendaji wao unatakiwa uwe wa kiwango gani na kwa muda gani.

  • Mwalimu wasaidie wanafunzi katika kuunganisha taarifa na kuzijazia maana.
Faida za mbinu hii.
Ø  Kukuza stadi mbalimbali za kufikiri.
Ø  Kujenga tabia ya kuhusisha mambo wanayojifunza na maisha yao ya kila siku.
Ø  Kujiamini na kupenda kujifunza kwa kujitegemea.
Hasara ya mbinu hii.
Ø  Ni vigumu kuchagua mada ifaayo kufundisha kwa njia hii.
Ø  Kama haikuandaliwa vizuri maarifa au ujenzi wa maana uliokusudiwa hushindwa kuwafikia walengwa.
Njia ya ziara, hii ni safari inayopangwa kwa madhumuni fulani. Hii ni dhiara ya kielimu ambayo hufanywa kwa njia ya kutembelea na kuona mahali ua vitu halisi kwa njia ya kujifunza. Katika mazingira ya kishule waalimu hufanya ziara na wanafunzi wao kutembelea sehemu mbalimbali zenye mambo yanayohusiana na mada wanazofundisha shuleni. Wanafunzi wanaweza kutembelea sehemu kama vyanzo vya mito, madimbwi, viwanda, benki, posta na mbuga za wanyama.
Mambo ya kuzingatia katika mbinu hii.
  • Mwalimu afanye uchunguzi wa kina kuhusu sehemu ya kufanyia ziara kuona kama ina jambo linalokusudiwa kufundishwa.

  • Yawekwe malengo ya ziara hiyo wazi kwa kila mmoja.

  • Kuamua iwapo watafanya kazi kwa vikundi au mmoja mmoja na mwalimu agawe majukumu kwa kila mmoja au kila kundi.

  • Mwongozo au maswali ya kusaidia kupata taarifa zinazotakiwa zitolewe mapema kwa wanafunzi ili uwasaidie wakati wa ziara.

  • Vifaa na jinsi ya kukusanya taarifa wakati wa ziara. Vifaa kama daftari, kamera na vinasa sauti vinaweza kutayarishwa.
Faida za mbinu hii.
Ø  Humpa mwanafunzi nafasi ya kuwa katika mazingira halisi wakati wa kujifunza.
Ø  Hufanya dhana dhahania kueleweka kwa kina zaidi.
Ø  Huongeza motisha na kumuwezesha mwanafunzi kupenda kujifunza zaidi.
Ø  Huondoa utata unaoweza kuwepo kutokana na mawazo ya awali ya wanafunzi na kuwafanya wajenge dhana kamilifu zaidi.
Ø  Hushirikisha wanafunzi wote.
Ø  Wanafunzi hutegemea katika kupata taarifa inayotakiwa badala ya kumtegemea mwalimu.
Hasara ya mbinu hii.
Ø  Gharama huwa kubwa – usafiri.
Ø  Matayarisho huchukua muda mrefu.
Ø  Usimamizi huwa mgumu hasa kama darasa lina wanafunzi wengi na mahali pa ziara ni mbali.
Ø  Sio rahisi kuendesha somo kwa kipindi kimoja tu.
Onyesho mbinu, ni uwasilishaji unaofanywa wa matendo kuhusu jambo au dhana fulani. Onesho mbinu huambatana na maelezo ya ana kwa ana, Matumizi ya zana na maswali na majibu ambayo huwezesha wanafunzi kujifunza stadi mpya.
Mambo ya kuzingatia katika mbinu hii.
  • Andaa dhana mahususi za somo au mada.

  • Andaa vifaa vyote vinavyotakiwa katika onyesho.

  • Fanya zoezi la onyesho lako kabla ili kuona kuwa onyesho lako linafanikiwa.

  • Waeleze hatua zitakazo fuata katika onyesho.

  • Washirikishe wanafunzi wako kila mara na kila hatua inayofanywa.

  • Toa nafasi kwa wanafunzi kufanya onesho wenyewe.

  • Toa muhtasari wa maelezo kuhusu dhana uliojifunza mala baada ya onesho.
Faida za mbinu hii.
Ø  Kujifunza kwa kuona kuna mahamasisho makubwa katika kujifunza.
Ø  Kujenga ari ya kujifunza.
Ø  Wanafunzi hujifunza kwa kutenda chini ya kiongozi au mtaalamu.
Ø  Njia hii huwezesha kufanya masahihisho ya moja kwa moja katika kujifunza.
Hasara za mbinu hii.
Ø  Maandalizi makini hutakiwa na muda mwingi wa vitendo hutakiwa.
Ø  Hairuhusu idadi kubwa ya wanafunzi.
Ø  Maandalizi mabaya yanaweza kupotosha maana ya onesho.
Kwa kuhitimisha, inaweza kusemwa kuwa mbinu au njia za kufundishia na kujifunzia ni ujanja anoubuni mwalimu kila awapo darasani, kwa lengo la kurahisisha uelewekaji wa somo husika katika tendo la ufundishaji na ujifunzaji. Hivyo basi kila suala au jambo analolifanya mwalimu wakati wa somo darasani huweza kusemwa kuwa ni mbinu au njia ya kufundishia na kujifunzia.
                                                            MAREJELEO
Ø  Mgombele J.Mwiga (2003). Mbinu za kufundishia na kujifunza: mwandiga bookshop.
Ø  Jiandae.wordpress.com/zana za kufundishia.
Ø  Paulmeela.wordpress.com/mbinu za kufundishia Kiswahili.
Mwl Maeda
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MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHIA - by MwlMaeda - 06-21-2021, 07:22 AM

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