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Utata wa Sentensi

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Utata wa Sentensi
#1
Utata wa Sentensi
Sentensi zifuatazo, bila shaka tutakubaliana, ni rahisi na za kawaida sana katika Kiswahili:
Quote:
(1) Ali anampenda dada yake.
(2) Mkewe anampenda Ali.
(3) Watoto wake wanampenda Hadija.
Ikiwa sentensi hizi zitasikika bila kuwekewa mazingira yanayopasa, mjua Kiswahili yeyote atatambua kuwa kila mojawapo ya sentensi hizi inaweza kuelewekwa kwa namna zaidi ya moja.
Katika sentensi ya (1) tunaweza kuwa na wahusika wawili au watatu:
Quote:
(1a): Ali ana dada, ali anampenda dada yake huyu (wahusika 2).
(1b): Fulani ana dada, Ali anampenda dada wa mtu huyu (wahusika 3).
Sentensi ya (2) vile vile, tunaweza kuielewa kama (a) au (b):
Quote:
(2a): Kuna wahusika wawili, mke na mume – A ni mke wa B, na B ni mume wa A. Hivyo A anampenda B.
(2b): Kuna wahusika watatu, Ali, mke (A) na mume (B), ambapo A ni mke wa B, wala si mke wa Ali, hivyo A anampenda Ali.
Halikadhalika, sentensi (3) inaweza kueleweka kama (a) au (b):
Quote:
(3a): Hadija (A) ana watoto (B): B wanampenda A.
(3b): Fulani ana watoto, watoto wake huyu fulani wanampenda Hadija.
Utata wa sentensi za hapo juu hautokani na tofauti za kimuundo katika sentensi hizo, kwani miundo yao inafanana kama vielelezo vya hapa chini vinavyoonyesha:
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Taswira
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Taswira
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Taswira
Sentensi zote za hapo juu zimegawanywa katika kuma na prediketa. Hata vipashio vinavyo jenga kiima na prediketa pia vinafanana. Hivyo kiima kimejengwa na nomino, au nomino’na kivumishi; prediketa imejengwa na kiarifu na kishamirishi; kiarifu kimejengwa na kitenzi, na kishamirishi kimejengwa na nomino (au nomino na kivumishi). Mahusiano ya wahusika katika sentensi hizi, ambayo ni chanzo cha utata, hayadhihtriki katika muundo wa sentensi hizi kama zinavyooonekana. Wazungumzaji wanatafsiri au wanazielewa sentensi tata kama hizo hapo juu kwa sababu wanao ujuzi wa mahusiano ya ndani ya sentensi hizi.
Kwa upande mwingine, tunaona kuwa sentensi inayofuata, ingawa ina muundo sawa na sentensi za hapo juu, haina utata kama wa sentensi za hapo juu:
Quote:
(4) Ali aliiba kitabu chake.
Katika mchoro, sentensi hiyo itaonekana kama ifuatavyo:
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Taswira
Kukosa utata kwa sentensi hii kunatokana na maana na matumizi ya kitenzi “iba”. Kutokana najinsi tunavyoelewa neno hilo katika matumizi ya kawaida, mtu hatazamiwi kujiibia mwenyewe, na hivyo katika (4) kitabu hakiwezi kuwa cha Ali. Sentensi hii itaeleweka kwa njia moja tu kama (4a):
Quote:
(4a) Fulani ana kitabu, Ali ameiba kitabu hicho cha Fulani.
Hapa tunaona kuwa hata kitenzi kinachotumika kinaweza kuifanya sentensi ieleweke kwa njia tofauti. Katika sentensi (5) bado tunaweza kuona utata, ingawa muundo wake ni kama wa (4):
Quote:
(5) Ali alichana kitabu chake.
Utata wa sentensi hii utaonekana ikiwa tutafikiria mazingira ya aina mbili:
Quote:
(5a): Ali na Juma wanapigana kwa sababu Ali alichana kitabu chake Juma.
(5b) Mwalimu alimwadhibu Ali kwa sababu Ali alichana kitabu chake (yaani chake Ali au pia cha yeye mwalimu!)
Ili kutambua kuwa ujuzi wa lugha alio nao mwanadamu ni changamano, yaani unajumlisha vipengele vingi, angalia sentensi zifuatazo na kuzilinganisha na baadhi ya zile ambazo tumeziona hapo juu:-
Quote:
(6) Mke anampenda sana mumewe.
Ikisemwa hivyo, (6) itaeleweka tu kama (2a), na haiwezi kueleweka kama (2b).
Na kama tutalinganisha sentensi ifuatayo na ya (3) tutaweza kuona pia kuwa inaweza kueleweka kwa njia moja tu:
Quote:
(7) Watoto wake wanampenda.
Hapa sentensi hii inaweza kuchukua tu maana ya (3a) na siyo Ue ya (3b).
Mwl Maeda
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