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LUGHA NA MAISHA

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LUGHA NA MAISHA
#1
Kwa mujibu wa Ferdinand de Saussure na Noam Chomsky wanasema lugha huchukuliwa na mwanadamu kwa kuangalia muktadha, mada, nyakati, rika, n.k
Wanasema Isimu ni taaluma inayofafanua na kuchanganua kanuni zinazotokea wakati mjua lugha anaposikia au kusema neno kwa misingi ya sayansi ya lugha.
TANZU ZA ISIMU
Isimu fafanuzi: Ni isimu inayoshughulikia ufafanuzi wa lugha na matumizi yake hasa katika maana, msamiati na sentensi.
Isimu jamii: Hii ni isimu inayohusu matumizi ya lugha katika sehemu inayohusika kama vile kanisani, msikitini, shuleni, uhusiano baina ya watu na lugha.
Isimu linganishi: Hii ni isimu inayolinganisha uhusiano wa lugha moja na nyingine kama vile lugha za kibantu na Kiswahili hasa katika matamshi, maumbo, muundo, maana na mitindo ya lugha hizo. Na sababu ya kukisanifisha ilikuwa ni ili waweze kututawala vizuri. Waliotutawala (wakoloni) ni  Waarabu, Wajerumani na Waingereza. Kama ilivyoelezwa Kiswahili kilianza kuchipuka tangu miaka ya 1700, ambapo yaliyohusika na uchipukaji wake ni utawala, biashara, dini, siasa na elimu.
Kipindi cha biashara ya utumwa, watu walibebeshwa mizigo na Waarabu kutoka bara hadi Pwani. Njiani waliweka kambi ambako Kiswahili kilitumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano.
Isimu historia: Hushughulikia historia ya lugha. Mfano: lugha ya hapo kale hadi lugha ya hivi leo.
Isimu Saikolojia (nafsia): Hushughulikia uhusiano baina ya mwanadamu na lugha.
Isimu kokotozi: Ni tawi la isimu linaloangalia mchango wa maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia katika kukuza na kueneza lugha. Mfano: Kompyuta.
 
Isimu matumizi: Hushughulika na ujifunzaji wa lugha ambayo wageni hufundishwa lugha hiyo ili waelewe jamii inayohusika. Mfano: Wageni hujifunza Kiswahili.
 
Isimu ainishi: Hushughulika na uainishaji wa lugha mbalimbali.
Isimu maana: Inahusika na maana za maneno na semi anuwai za lugha mfano: semi, tamathali za semi, mada, n.k.
SIFA ZA MJUA LUGHA (MMILISI)
· Hufahamu namna binadamu anavyotamka na kuongea lugha.
· Anatambua sauti sahihi za lugha yake.
· Anatambua tungo sahihi na zenye makosa
· Anatambua kusudi la matamshi ya lugha husika mfano: chacha ni chaa chaba unuchu (Kimakonde) Maana yake: Sasa ni saa saba unusu.
· Hutambua mfumo wa lugha yake.
· Hutambua utata katika lugha yake na namna ya kuutatua. Mfano: Kakanyaga mtoto. Maana inaweza kuwa:
(a)Mtu amemkanyaga mtoto
(b) Mtoto amekanyaga kitu
Hata hivyo, kujifunza lugha ya kwanza ni rahisi kuliko kujifunza lugha ya pili kwa sababu ndiyo lugha aliyoikuta mtu tangu anazaliwa, watu anaoishi nao wanaongea lugha ya kwanza kwa kiasi kikubwa, mazingira aliyokulia ni ya lugha ya kwanza, lugha ya kwanza imezoeleka kwa watu wengi katika jamii yake, hahitaji kuingia darasani kusoma lugha ya kwanza kwa sababu kila mtu katika jamii yake anazungumza lugha ya kwanza.
Mwl Maeda
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