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MITAZAMO YA LUGHA

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MITAZAMO YA LUGHA
#1
Mitazamo ya Lugha
Wanazuoni mbalimbali wakiwemo Greenberg (1957), Hymes (1974), Dik (1978) nk  wanaiangalia lugha  kwa  mitazamo miwili:  mtazamo  wa kiisimu  na  ule  wa kiisimujamii.
Katika mtazamo wa kwanza (wa kiisimu), lugha inaelezwa kuwa ni mfumo wa sauti nasibu zinazotumiwa na watu wa jamii fulani wenye utamadu i unaofanana ili   kuwasiliana.   Mtazamo   huu   unachukulia   lugha   kuwa   kitu   halisi  amba ho kinaweza  kuainishwa  katika  vipande sauti vidogo  vidogo  ambavyo  kwa pamo huunda mfumo wa lugha wa mawasiliano.
Chomsky   (1957)   aliunga   mkono   mtazamo   huu.   Katika   kuifafanua   lugha, alitofautisha hali ya umilisi na utendaji.  Umilisi ni kile ambacho mzungumzaji anafahamu  kuhusu  lugha  yake.      Uwezo  huu  humwezesha  kuelewa  na  kutoa sentensi   nyingi   jinsi   anavyotaka   kuwasiliana. Huku   ni   kufahamu   kanuni zinazoitawala lugha husika na uwezo huu umo akilini mwake.
 
Utendaji ni jinsi mzungumzaji anavyoitumia lugha.
Kutokana na maelezo haya ni kama Chomsky anatueleza kwamba tusiichunguze lugha  katika  matumizi  yake,  au  hata  jinsi  tunavyojifunza  lugha,  bila  kwanza kufahamu  lugha  ni  nini. Anaona  kuwa  kazi  ya  mwanaisimu  ni  kuandika  au kutunga sarufi na kukuza uelewa wetu wa lugha.
 
Kuna wataalamu ambao wamepinga msimamo huu.   Kwa mfano, Labov anaiona sarufi kama mali ya kikundi/jamii au jumuia lugha na wala si mali ya kisaikolojia ya mtu binafsi.   Hudson (1980:19) anaona kuwa mtazamo wa lugha usiohusisha jamii  una  upungufu.     Nadharia     fika  ya  lugha  lazima  itaje  matumizi  ya  lugha hiyo. Anasema  kuwa  unweza  kuitenga  lugha  na  jinsi  ya  kwa  nini  inatumiwa.
 
Kwa hivyo lugha ni sehemu ya jamii.
 
Umilisi wa kimawasiliano hauhusu tu kufahamu mfumo wa lugha, bali pia ni nini unachosema  na  kwa  nani,  na  namna  utakavyokisema  katika  muktadha  fulani. Unashughulikia   ujuzi   wa   kijamii   na   kitamaduni   ambao   hudhaniwa   kuwa wazungumzaji  wanao  unaowawezesha  kufasiri  mifumo  ya  kiisimu.
 
Fonolojia, sintaksia   na   msamiati   ni   sehemu   tu   ya   vipashio  vinavyotumiwa   katika mawasiliano.  Pamoja  na  hivyo  lazima  kuwepo  semantiki,  muktadha  na kwa jumla mtazamo wa kijamii wa lugha.
 
Hivyo  basi  ufafanuzi  wa  Chomsky  wa  lugha  una  upungufu  kwani unaichukulia lugha  kama  kitu  kinachojitosheleza. Unaiondoa  lugha  kutoka  kwenye  jamii. Hapa ndipo isimujamii inapoingilia ili ilete kipengele cha jamii katika lugha.
 
Mtazamo wa pili wa lugha ni wa kiisimujamii. Mtazamo huu unaangalia lugha kama sehemu  ya  utamaduni  wa  jamii  ulio  na  ruwaza  ambazo  hurithishwa  na watu  wenyewe  kutoka  kizazi  kimoja  hadi  kingine. Mtazamo  huu  unaichukulia lugha kama mali ya jamii.   Wanaisimujamii wanakubaliana na fasiri   hii ya pili ya lugha.
 
Zoezi
  • Isimu jamii ni nini
Taja mikabala mitatu ya isimujamii na uoneshe kwa kutoa mifano jinsi inavyoingiliana na kutofautiana.
  • Eleza uhusiano uliopo kati ya lugha na jamii.
  • Isimujamii ni taaluma inayoingiliana na taaluma nyingi katika jamii.
  • Fafanua kauli hii.
 
Muhtasari
Katika   somo   hili,   tumeeleza   maana   ya   isimu   jamii   na   mambo   haya
yamezingatiwa;
 
  • Tumeonesha mikabala mitatu ya isimujamii.
  • Tumeonesha uhusiano uliopo kati ya lugha na jamii.
  • Tumeonyesha jinsi isimujamii inavyoingiliana na taaluma nyingine. Tumeeleza mitazamo miwili ya lugha kwa kuzingatia maoni ya wataalamu mbalimbali.
 
Marejeleo Teule
Chomsky, N.(1957),Syntactic structures.The Hague. Mouton
 
Dik, S.C. (1978) Functional Grammar. North. Holland Linguistics Series North Holland Publishing Company. New York.
 
Fishman, J.A. (1967)  Sociolinguistics and the Language Problems of Developing Countries   katika   Fishman, J.A. et.al. (eds.) Language Problems of Developing Nations.
John Wiley and Sons. Inc. London. (1972) Domains    and    the     Relationship         between          Micro          and    Macro Sociolinguistics katika   Gumperz,   John   &   Dell   Hymes   (eds.)
Directions in Sociolinguistic: The Ethnography of communication. Basil Blackwell.oxford.
 
Greenberg, J.H. (1957) Essays in Linguistics, Chicago: Phoenix Boo.
 
Hudson, R. (1980) Sociolinguistics: Cambrdige, University Press, Cambridge.
 
Hymes, D. (1974) Foundations in Sociolinguistics: University of Pennyslavania Press,  Philadelpia.
 
Labov  (1980)  (Mhr.)  Locating  Language in Time and Space.  Academic  Press. New York.
 
Mesthrie, R. et.al. (2000) Introducing Sociolinguistics.  Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
 
Msanjila, Y.P. (1995)  Mawanda ya Isimu Jamii   katika Mbogo, E. na McOnyango,O. (wahariri) Baragumu Juzuu la 2 Nam.1 & 2 Uk. 65-71,  Chuo Kikuu Maseno.
 
Pride, J. G. &  Holmers J. (eds.) (1972) Sociolinguistics Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 
Wardhaugh, R. (1992) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.  Blackwell.
Whorf,  B.L.  (1956), Language, Thought and Reality:  Selected  Writings,  J.B. Carroll (ed). Cambridge, MA:MIT press
Mwl Maeda
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