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MATUMIZI YA KAMUSI

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MATUMIZI YA KAMUSI
#1
MATUMIZI YA KAMUSI
Kamusi ni kitabu cha marejeleo chenye msamiati uliokusanywa kutoka kwa wazungumzaji wa jamii fulani, na kupangwa kwa utaratibu maalumu, kasha kufafanuliwa kwa namna ambayo msomaji huweza kuelewa.
Ufafanuzi wa msamiati unaoingizwa kwenye kamusi ni fasili na maelezo mengine kulingana na lengo la kamusi husika.
Msamiati unaoingizwa katika kamusi waweza kuwekwa katika makundi makuu mawili: (a) maneno yote ya lugha au fani fulani (b) orodha ya maneno yaliyochaguliwa kutoka katika lugha ya kawaida au lugha ya fani fulani na kupewa maelezo mafupi ya maana za maneno hayo.
Mtunga kamusi huteua msamiati fulani anapotunga kamusi na kuacha mwingine. Uteuzi wa maneno yanayoingizwa katika kamusi huongozwa na vigezo vifuatavyo:
(i) Umbo la neno
(ii) Maana ya neno
(iii) Historia ya neno
(iv) Matumizi ya neno
Kwa nini kamusi ilitungwa?
Utungaji wa kamusi ulianza katika jamii zilizojua kusoma na kuandika. Kamusi ilihitajika ili imsaidie mtumiaji kufahamu maana za maneno aliyoyasoma. Maneno haya yalipatikana katika matini mbalimbali kama vile vitabu na magazeti. Kwa sababu hii ni  wazi kuwa, kamusi zilianza kutungwa ili kukidhi haja ya kupata maana ambazo hazikujulikana.
Jamii isiyojua kusoma na kuandika, hususani ile ambayo haikuingiliana na watu wa jamii nyingine yenye utamaduni tofauti haikuhitaji kamusi, hii ni kwa sababu kila mwanajamii alifahamu msamiati wote uliohitajika kwa mawasiliano.
Kwa hali hii ni dhahiri haja ya kamusi ilichochewa na kuongezeka kwa msamiati kutokana na kupanuka kwa matumizi ya lugha. Matumizi ya lugha yalipanuka ili kutosheleza haja ya kueleza na kufafanua dhanna mpya zilizotokana na kukua na kubuniwa kwa maarifa mapya yaliyojidhihirisha katika Nyanja mbalimbali za sayansi na teknolojia.
Muundo wa Kamusi
Kamusi imegawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu ambazo ni: Utangulizi, matini ya kamusi na Sherehe ya kamusi.

Utangulizi wa kamusi
Hii ni sehemu ya mwanzo ya kamusi ambayo hutangulia matini yenyewe ya kamusi. Utangulizi hujumuisha muhtasari wa sarufi ya lugha yenyewe pamoja na maelezo ya namna ya kuitumia kamusi. Utangulizi huonesha pia vifupisho vilivyotumika ndani ya kamusi na maana zake.

Matini ya kamusi
hii ni sehemu yenye vidahizo vyote vya kamusi husika kuanzia herufi ya alfabeti “A” hadi “Z”. Vidahizo vyote huorodheshwa hapa na kufafanuliwa. Taarifa mbalimbali za kiisimu huingizwa hapa. Taarifa hizo huhusu aina ya neno, maana (fasili) ya neno, vifupisho vya maneno, matumizi ya alama na vituo mbalimbali, matamshi, matumizi ya misemo, nahau, methali, n.k.
  • Kidahizo ni neno lolote linaloingizwa kwenye kamusi na kutolewa fasili yake.
Sherehe ya kamusi
Sehemu hii ya Kamusi huingiza baadhi ya taarifa za ziada zenye msaada kwa mtumiaji wa kamusi. Taarifa zinazoingizwa sehemu hii ni kama vile:
  • Majina ya nchi mbalimbali

  • Vyeo vya kijeshi

  • Vipimo mbalimbali vya urefu, ujazo, ukubwa, n.k.
Mpangilio wa maneno katika kamusi
Maneno yanayoingizwa katika kamusi nyingi hupangwa kwa utaratibu wa alfabeti. Maneno yanayoanza na herufi A, yote huwekwa chini ya herufi A. Vivyo hivyo kwa maneno yanayoanza na herufi b, ch, d hadi z. maneno yanayoanza na herufi fulani nayo hupangwa katika utaratibu wa alfabeti kwa kuzingatia herufi ya pili, ya tatu, nne au tano ya neno kama mfano unavyoonesha hapa chini:
Mfano: jabali, jabiri, jadhibika, jadi.
Maneno yote yanaanza na herufi [j]. Herufi ya pili kwa maneno yote ni [a]. Herufi ya tatu ni . Kwa kuwa  hutangulia [d] katika mpangilio wa alfabeti, maneno yenye  huorodheshwa kwanza kabla yay ale yenye [d]. Kwa vile maneno yenye  ni mawili itabidi tutazame herufi ya nne ya maneno hayo ili kuchagua neno litakaloorodheshwa mwanzo. Neno jabali litaorodheshwa kabla ya jabiri kwa kuwa [a] (herufi ya nne kwenye jabali hutangulia [i] ya jabiri ambayo pia ni herufi ya nne. Kasha tunatazama maneno yenye [d] kama herufi ya tatu. Hapa tunaangalia pia herufi ya nne ili kubaini neno litakaloandikwa mwanzo kati ya jadhibika na jadi. Kwa kuwa [h] hutangulia [i] basi jadhibika litaorodheshwa mwanzo na kufuatiwa na jadi.
Taarifa za Kikamusi
Kamusi za siku hizi huwa na taarifa zaidi ya maana. Miongozi mwa taarifa ambazo kamusi huwa nazo ni:

Kidahizo
Kidahizo ni neno linaloorodheshwa katika kamusi ili litolewe maana zake pamoja na taarifa nyinginezo. Katika kamusi, vidahizo vinaorodheshwa ki- alfabeti na huandikwa katika chapa iliyokolezwa wino.
Mfano
Ardhi nm 1. nchi kavu udongo

dunia
Fuska nm: tabia mbaya, hasa ya uasherati.

Vibadala
Kibadala ni kimoja kati ya maneno au zaidi yanayotofautiana kidogo kimaandishi na kimatamshi lakini yenye maana sawa. Maumbo au matamshi hayo tofauti hutumiwa na watu wa maeneo tofauti au wa lahaja tofauti za Kiswahili. Kwa mfano, neno benki hutumiwa zaidi Tanzania na banki hutumiwa zaidi Kenya. Kama vibadala viwili vitabainika vyote ni sanifu au vina matumizi mapana, maumbo yote mawili yanaingizwa katika kamusi kama vile “alimradi na ilimradi” nm, aminifu – Amini, amwali – amuali, amin – amini, n.k.

Misemo (ms), methali (mt) na nahau (nh)
Taarifa nyingine zinazoingizwa katika kamusi ni misemo, methali na nahau. Taarifa hizi zinawekwa baada ya fasihi au mifano ya matumizi katika chapa ya italiki. Semi hizi hutengwa na taarifa zilizotangulia kwa nukta mkato (Wink na kutanguliwa na alama (ms) kwa misemo, (mt) kwa methali na (nh) kwa nahau.
Mfano
Adimika kt [sie]: patikana kwa uchache au kwa nadra; ghibu; (ms) ume – kama wali wa daku.

Kitomeo
Kitomeo ni neno linaloingizwa katika kamusi kama kidahizo pamoja na taarifa zake zote kama vile kategoria, idadi, sinonimu, n.k.

Michoro
Kamusi huingiza michoro ya vitu mbalimbali. Lengo la michoro hiyo ni kusaidia fasili kuelezea maana ambazo hazieleweki kwa urahisi.

Orodha ya nchi na utaifa
Taarifa nyingine zinazoingizwa katika kamusi ni orodha ya nchi na utaifa. Lengo la orodha hiyo ni kuwasaidia wazungumzaji na watumiaji wa lugha kuwa na namna moja ya kutaja majina ya nchi na utaifa. Orodha hii inawekwa mwishoni kabisa mwa kamusi.

Tahajia ya neno
Tahajia ni uwasilishaji wa sauti kwa herufi katika maandishi kufuatana na mwendelezo wa maneno uliokubaliwa. Maneno katika kamusi yanaandikwa kufuatana na tahajia sanifu. Kwa yale maneno yenye tahajia zaidi ya moja, basi lahaja zote zinaoneshwa.

Matamshi ya Maneno
Kamusi huonesha namna ya kutamka maneno yanayoingizwa katika kamusi ili kumwelekeza mtumiaji wa kamusi jinsi yanavyotamkwa. Matamshi ya maneno huoneshwa kwa kutumia alama za kifonolojia ambazo huonesha herufi zinazounda neno.
Maneno ya Kiswahili yanaandikwa kama yanavyotamkwa kwa hiyo hayahitaji alama za kuonesha namna ya kuyatamka. Isitoshe haja ya kuwa na maelekezo ya matamshi ya maneno ni muhimu kwa wanafunzi wa Kiswahili, hususan wageni ambao hawakuzoea sauti fulani ambazo hazipo katika lugha zao. Kwa mfano, Kiingereza hakina sauti inayowakilishwa na umbo /ng/ kama inavyodhihirika katika neno /ngoma/ japokuwa wanalo umbo kama hilo ambalo hutamkwa kama /ng’/ ya neno /ng’ombe/ na /th/ za Kiswahili huwakilishwa na umbo moja tu katika Kiingereza.
Kwa hali hii ni dhahiri kuwa, maelezo ya namna ya kutamka maneno ya Kiswahili siyo muhimu kwa kamusi iliyolenga wenyeji wa Kiswahili kama ilivyo Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Kamusi inayotungwa mahususi kwa wageni haina budi kuonesha namna ya kutamka kwa usahihi yale maneno ambayo ni magumu kutamka. Maneno yasiyokuwa na shida kutamka ambayo kwa hakika ni mengi katika Kiswahili yasiyooneshwa, kwani itakuwa kujaza nafasi bure.

Sarufi ya lugha
Sarufi ya lugha kama inavyojitokeza katika kila neno kama vile maumbo ya wingi wa nomino, vinyambuo vya maneno kama vile lima, limia, limika, limisha, limwa, n.k. ambayo hutokana na kitenzi “Lima”

Maana za maneno
Kamusi huonesha maana za maneno. Maana hizi zinaelezwa kwa kutoa fasili (maelezo) pamoja na maneno mengine yenye maana sawa au zinazokaribiana, yaani sinonimu. Kimpangilio, fasili hutangulia na sinonimu hufuata.
Kidahizo chenye maana zaidi ya moja huoneshwa maana zake kuu kwa kutumia tarakimu 1,2,3, n.k. Pale ambapo maana kuu ina maana nyingine ndogondogo, maana hizo zinaoneshwa kwa kuwekewa alama (a), (b), ©, (d), n.k. au tarakimu.
Mfano
Fungo1 nm (ma) (a) muda wa kujinyima kwa hiyari chakula, maji na vinginevyo; muda wa kufunga. (b) namna ya kufunga © dhamana
Fungo2  nm dawa inayotengenezwa kwa mizizi ya ndago ambayo husaidia meno ya mtoto kuota yakiwa imara.
Fungo3 nm mnyama kama paka mwitu na mdogo kuliko ngawa.

Etimolojia ya neno
Kamusi huonesha etimolojia ya neno, yaani asili ya neno, mfano neno fulani asili yake ni kutoka nchi gani au lahaja gani.

Matumizi ya maneno
Kamusi huonesha matumizi mbalimbali ya maneno. Kwa kawaida, maneno mengi ya lugha hutumiwa katika nyanja mbalimbali. Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya maneno hutumika zaidi katika maeneo fulani maalumu, kama vile dini, fizikia, baiyolojia, ushairi au sarufi. Maneno kama haya hupewa alama maalumu kuonesha maneno yanamotumika zaidi.
Mfano:
Kwaresima nm (kd) siku arubaini za mfungo wa wakristo kabla ya sikukuu ya pasaka.
Yambiwa nm (sarufi) kipashio cha sentensi kinachodokeza mtendewa.
AINA ZA KAMUSI
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha dhima au lengo la kamusi kuna aina zifuatazo za kamusi:

Kamusi wahidiya
Hii ni kamusi inayoandikwa katika lugha moja tu, na inalengwa kwa wazungumzaji wazawa wa lugha hiyo. Wakati mwingine huwafaa wanaojifunza lugha hiyo kama lugha ya pili au ya kigeni. Jambo la kuzingatia hapa ni kwamba, vidahizo vya kamusi wahidiya na maelezo ya maana ya vidahizo hivyo huwa katika lugha moja. Mfano wa kamusi wahidiya ni Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu ya TUKI iliyochapishwa mwaka 1981 na ile ya Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary.

Kamusi thaniya
Hii ni kamusi iliyoandikwa kwa lugha mbili. Vidahizo huandikwa katika lugha moja (lugha chanzi) na maelezo ya maana ambayo aghalabu huwa neno moja, yaani visawe, huandikwa katika lugha ingine (lugha lengwa). Lengo la kamusi thaniya ni kumsaidia mtu anayefahamu lugha moja kati ya zilizotumiwa kujifunza lugha ingine, kuelewa matini anazosoma ambazo zimeandikwa katika lugha ya vidahizo vya kamusi na kumsaidia kujieleza vizuri hasa anapoandika katika lugha lengwa. Mifano ya kamusi thaniya ni kamusi za TUKI za mwaka 1996: Englisha – Swahili Dictionary,  Kamusi ya Kiswahili – Kiingereza, Kamusi Sanifu ya Isimu na Lugha (1990) na Kamusi Sanifu ya Biolojia, Fizikia na Kemia

Kamusi mahuluti
Hii ni kamusi yenye lugha zaidi ya mbili. Ni kamusi iliyoandikwa kwa lugha nyingi. Vidahizo vya kamusi mahuluti hupatiwa visawe katika lugha mbili au zaidi.
Mfano
Kiswahili             Kiingereza           Kijerumani
nyumba nm             house                    haus
  mtoto nm                child                    kind
 kitabu nm                 book                    buch
  tembea kt                  walk                   laufen

Kamusi za kitaaluma
Hizi ni kamusi zinazoandikwa na wasomi ili zitumike katika uwanja fulani wa kitaaluma kama vile fizikia, kemia, biolojia, isimu, fasihi, n.k. Kamusi za aina hii huwa na maneno ya kitaaluma. Mfano wa kamusi za kitaaluma ni Kamusi Awali ya Sayansi na Teknolojia (1995), Kamusi ya Isimu na Lugha (1996), Kamusi ya Biolojia, Fizikia na Kemia (1996) Dictionary of Archaeology (1972).

Kamusi za semi
Kamusi za aina hii huwa na mkusanyiko wa semi kama vile nahau, methali, misemo, n.k. Kamusi hizi hueleza maana za semi mbalimbali na matumizi yake. Mfano wa kamusi za semi ni Kamusi ya Misemo na Nahau (2000) na Kamusi ya Methali (2001)

Kamusi za watoto
Hizi ni kamusi wanazotungiwa watoto, hasa katika madarasa ya chini. Sifa kubwa ya kamusi hizi ni wepesi wa maelezo na matumizi mengi ya picha. Mfano wa kamusi za watoto ni Kamusi ya Kwanza ya Kiswahili – Kiingereza

Kamusi za visawe
Hizi ni kamusi zenye kueleza maana za maneno kwa kutumia visawe vyake. Katika kamusi ya aina hii, neno kama vile ghilba huelezwa kwa visawe vyake kama vile uongo, ulaghai, hadaa, n.k.
Dhima ya kamusi
Kamusi ina umuhimu kwa mtumiaji yeyote wa lugha kwa sababu zifuatazo:
(a)  Kamusi huonesha tahajia (spellings) sahihi za maneno
(b) Kamusi hueleza maana (fasili) mbalimbali za maneno
©  Kamusi huonesha matamshi sahihi ya maneno
(d) Kamusi hubainisha aina (kategoria) ya neno
(e)  Kamusi huonesha misemo, semi, misimu na methali mbalimbali
(f)   Kamusi huonesha asili ya neno
(g)  Kamusi huonesha alama na vifupisho mbalimbali vya lugha
(h) Kamusi huongeza maarifa zaidi kuhusu lugha ya mzungumzaji
(i)    Kamusi husaidia kujifunza lugha za kigeni.
Mwl Maeda
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