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ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO 'ISTIARA'

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ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO 'ISTIARA'
#1
HII NDIYO ETIMOLOJIA YA NENO 'ISTIARA'

Neno *istiara*  katika lugha ya Kiswahili ni *Nomino [Ngeli: i-/zi-]* yenye maana ya taratibu za usemi ambapo neno hutumiwa kwa maana tofauti na ile ya msingi.

Neno *istiara* limechukuliwa kutoka neno la Kiarabu *istiaaratun/istiaaratan/ustiaaratin استعارة* lenye maana zifuatazo:

1. Tendo-jina *masdar مصدر* la kitenzi cha Kiarabu *ista-aara استعار* ameazima.

2. Katika Taaluma ya Balagha ya Kiarabu, utanzu wa *Al-Bayaan البيان* ni kulitumia neno pasipo mahali pake kutokana na kuwepo mfanano kati ya maana ya msingi na ile maana ya kuazima ( *majaazi مجاز*). Mfano: *Ra-aytu Asadan Yuhaaribu*, nimemuona simba akipigana vita.
Hapa neno *asadun/simba* halikutumika kwa maana yake ya msingi bali limetumika kwa maana ya kuazima ( *majaaz مجاز*) kuashiria *mtu shujaa*.

Kinachodhihiri ni kuwa neno la Kiarabu  *istiaaratun استعارة* lilipoingia  katika Kiswahili na kutoholewa kuwa neno *istiara*  maana yake katika lugha asili - Kiarabu haikubadilika.

*TANBIHI:*
*Al-istiaaratu الإستعارة* katika lugha ya Kiarabu ni *kukihamisha kitu kutoka sehemu moja kwenda sehemu nyingine*, kama vile kusema: *nimeazima kutoka kwa fulani kitu fulani.*
Na katika Taaluma ya *Balagha* ya Kiarabu, utanzu wa *Al-Bayaan* maana ya istilahi hii ni kutumia neno au maana pasipo mahali pake, au kulileta neno kutokana na kuwepo mfanano (tashbihi) kati ya maneno mawili kwa lengo la kupanua fikra, au kuondoa nguzo moja ya tashbihi ya Kiarabu kwa mfano mshairi wa Kiarabu alipotongoa: *Waidhal Maniyyatu Anshabat Adhfaarahaa  وإذا المنية انشبت اظفارها* _na kifo kilipokunjua makucha yake._ Kifo hakina kucha lakini hapa utaona nguzo moja ya tashbihi imeondolewa nayo ni kinachofananishiwa *mushabbahun bihi مشبه به* mnyama simba mwenye makucha.
*Al- stiaaratun الإستعارة (istiara)* imetumika kwa kulitumia neno kinyume cha matumizi yake ya kawaida.

Katika *Balagha ya Kiarabu,* utanzu wa *Al-Bayaan* *tashbihi* ina nguzo nne:
1. *Mushabbahun مشبه* kinachofananishwa.
2. *Mushabbahun Bihii  مشبه به* kinachofananishiwa.
3. *Adaatut tashbiiihi أداة التشبيه* chombo cha kufananisha. 
4. *Wajhush Shabah وجه الشبه* sura ya mfanano.

*Shukran sana.*

*Khamis S.M. Mataka.*
Mwl Maeda
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