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UHUSIANO WA SINTAKSIA NA VIWANGO VINGINE VYA SARUFI

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UHUSIANO WA SINTAKSIA NA VIWANGO VINGINE VYA SARUFI
#1
(a) Tathmini dhana ya sintaksia kwa ujumla au fasili ya sintaksia kwa mujibu wa wataalamu  mbalimbali
(b) Eleza jinsi sintaksia inavyohusiana na viwango vingine vya sarufi
Jibu
Katika kujadili mada hii, kwanza tuangalie fasili ya sintaksia kwa mujibu wa wataalam mbalimbali, fasili ya lugha, tutafafanua uhusiano uliopo kati ya sintaksia na vitengo vingine vya lugha na mwisho tutatoa hitimisho juu ya mjadala wetu.
Kwa mujibu wa Massamba na wenzake (1999) Sintaksia ni utanzu wa sarufi unaojihusishana uchunguzi wa mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi na uhusiano wa vipashio vyake. Wanaendelea kusema, utanzu huu huchunguza sheria au kanuni zinazofuatwa katika kuyapanga maneno ili yalete maana inayokubalika na kueleweka katika lugha husika.
Habwe na Karanja (2004) wanasema Sintaksia ni utanzu wa isimu unaoshughulikia muundo wa sentensi na elementi nyingine zinazounda sentensi kama vile kategoria za maneno, vikundi na vishazi.
TUKI (2004) wanasema “sintaksia ni tawi la isimu linaloshughulikia uchanganuzi wa taratibu na kanuni za mahusiano baina ya maneno katika tungo” kwa ufupi sintaksia ni tawi la isimu ambalo linachunguza muundo wa tungo pamoja na uhusiano wa vipashio hivyo vinavyounda tungo ambayo ni nukta pacha, neno, kirai na kishazi.
Radford (1981) anasema isimu miundo au sintaksia ni taaluma inayojishughulisha na namna maneno yanavyoweza kupangwa pamoja kutoa muundo wa sentensi. Radford anaangalia jinsi neno moja linavyoweza kujihusisha na neno lingine na kutathmini muundo uliosahihi.
Kutokana na fasili hizi inaonekana kuwa Massamba na wenzake wamefafanua zaidi kwa kuonesha kuwa licha ya kuzingatia kanuni na sheria za kupanga maneno lakini pia ni lazima maneno hayo yawe na uhusiano. Kwa upande mwingine Habwe na Karanja wameshindwa kuelezea suala hili, wao wanaona sintaksia inashughulika na muundo wa sentensi na vipashio vyake.
Kwa mantiki hii  tunakubaliana na fasili ilyotolewa na Massamaba na wenzake kuwa Sintaksia ni utanzu wa sarufi unaojihusisha na uchunguzi wa mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi  na uhusiano wa vipashio vyake, kwa kuzingatia sheria na kanuni za lugha husika ili kuleta mawasiliano.
Katika fasili ya lugha, wataalam wengi wanakubaliana kuwa lugha ni mfumo wa sauti nasibu ambazo hutumiwa na jamii kwa madhumuni ya mawasiliano kati yao. Baadhi ya wataalam wanao kubaliana na fasili hii ni Massamba na wenzake (Wameshatajwa).
“Kitengo” kwa mujibu wa TUKI (2004) ni mahali pateule palipotengwa kwa shughuli maalum. Tunaporejea katika muktadha wa lugha tunaweza kusema kuwa vitengo vya lugha ni vipengele muhimu vinavyounda maarifa ya lugha kwa ujumla. Kwa fasili hii, vipengele vinavyounda maarifa ya lugha ni fonolojia, mofolojia, sintaksia na semantiki.
Kwa hiyo kutokana na kwamba sintaksi pia ni kitengo kimojawapo kinachounda maarifa ya lugha, tunakubali kwamba, sintaksia haiwezi kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine vya lugha kutokana na uhusiano mkubwa uliopo baina ya vitengo hivi. Vitengo hivi hutegemena na kuathiriana. Hivyo basi tunaweza kuonesha jinsi sintaksia isivyoweza kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine vya lugha yaani fonolojia, mofolojia na semantiki kama ifuatavyo:
Uhusiano baina ya fonolojia na sintaksia.
Massamba na wenzake (Wameshatajwa) wanafasili fonolojia kuwa ni uchambuzi wa mfumo wa sauti katika lugha mahususi. Wanaendelea kusema ni jinsi ambavyo vitamkwa au sauti za lugha zinavyoungana ili kujenga maneno yanayokubalika katika lugha.
Kwa hiyo tunaweza kusema kuwa kuungana kwa vitamkwa ili kujenga maneno yanayokubalika katika lugha  fulani hutegemea mpangilio sahihi wa vitamkwa. Na kwa kuwa neno ni kiwango cha msingi cha uchambuzi katika sintaksia basi fonolojia ina uhusiano wa moja kwa moja na sintaksia. Mifano ifuatayo huthibitisha hoja hii:
Mfano 1.“Anapika”. Hili ni neno lakini pia ni sentensi, hivyo huweza kuchanganuliwa kifonolojia kama ifuatavyo:   a|n|a|p|i|k|a|, mpangilio wa sauti umeunda neno “anapika”.
Mfano 2. (a) baba. Limeundwa na (KIKI).
               (b). abab. Limeundwa na (IKIK).
Katika mfano 2(a) tunaona neno “baba” lina maana na limefuata kanuni na mpangilio unaokubalika wakati mfano 2 (b) neno “abab” halina maana katika lugha ya Kiswahili kwa sababu halina mpangilio mzuri wa fonimu.
Kwa mifano hii tunaona kwamba hatuwezi kuwa na miundo mikubwa katika sentensi bila kuwa na mpangilio sahihi wa sauti katika lugha. Kwa hiyo sintaksia haiwezi kukamilika bila fonolojia.
Uhusiano baina ya mofolojia na sintaksia.
Mofolojia ni kitengo kingine cha lugha ambacho kwa mujibu wa Rubanza (1996) ni taaluma inayoshughulikia vipashio vya lugha katika kuunda maneno. Kutokana na fasili hii, kipashio cha msingi katika uchambuzi wa kimofolojia ni neno ambalo ndilo hutumika kuunda darajia ya sintaksia.
Vilevile maumbo ya kimofolojia huathiri vipengele vingine vya kisintaksia, kwa mfano, sentensi zifuatazo hufafanua zaidi:
  1. Mtoto anacheza.
  2. Watoto wanacheza.
Katika mifano hii tunaona kwamba mofimu m- na wa- katika upande wa kiima zimeathiri utokeaji wa mofimu a- na wa- katika upande wa kiarifu.
Pia kanuni za mfuatano na mpangilio wa mofimu au viambishi zikifuatwa huunda maneno katika miundo ya kisintaksia. Mfano:
  1. Alicheza =  a-li-chez-a
  2. Anaimba = a-na-imb-a
Kwa ujumla kipengele cha umoja na wingi katika maumbo ya kimofolojia ndicho kinachoathiri umbo linalofuata jina na kuathiri muundo wa sentensi nzima. Mfano:
  1. Mwalimu alikuwa anafundisha.
  2. Walimu walikuwa wanafundisha.
Tunaona katika mifano hii maumbo ya umoja na wingi ya maneno Mwalimu na Walimu yameathiri mpangilio mzima wa sentensi.
Uhusiano baina ya semantiki na sintaksia.
Habwe na Karanja wakimnukuu Richard na Wenzake (1985) wanasema Semantiki ni stadi ya maana. Semantiki ni utanzu unaochunguza maana katika lugha ya mwanadamu. Wanaendelea kusema semantiki hutafiti maana za fonimu, mofimu, maneno na tungo.
Kwa hiyo kutokana na fasili hii  maana hushughulikiwa katika vitengo au viwango vyote vya lugha ambavyo ni fonolojia, mofolojia na sintaksia. Mfano:
  1. a) Paka mweusi amepotea.
  2. b) Mweusi paka amepotea.
c)Amepotea mweusi paka.
Katika mifano hii tunaona kwamba sentensi (a) ina maana kutokana na kwamba imefuata mpangilio sahihi wa maneno katika tungo na sentesi zilizobaki hazina maana kutokana na sababu kwamba hazijafuata mpangilio ulio sahihi.
Kwa mantiki hii, kwa kuwa semantiki hushughulikia viwango vyote vya lugha, basi hushughulikia pia kiwango cha sintaksia ambapo huangalia maana za tungo. Tungo yoyote ni lazima ilete maana inayokubalika na wazungumzaji au watumiaji wa lugha husika, kama itakuwa kinyume basi haitakuwa tungo bali ni orodha ya maneno tu.
Mfano:
Mtoto anacheza mpira uwanjani.
Mtoto uwanjani mpira anacheza.
Tukiangalia mifano hii tutagundua kwamba katika sentensi ya kwanza mpangilio wake wa vipashio unaleta maana lakini sentensi ya pili haina maana kutokana na kuwa na mpangilio mbaya wa maneno.
Kwa hiyo tunaweza kuhitimisha kwa kusema kuwa sintaksia haiwezi kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine vya lugha kwa kuwa kuna uhusiano wa moja kwa moja baina ya vipengele hivi vya lugha na kwa hiyo hutegemeana kati ya kipengele kimoja na kingine. Kwa mfano, huwezi kupata mofolojia (neno) bila kupitia ngazi ya fonolojia na pia huwezi kuwa na ngazi ya sintaksia (sentensi/tungo) bila kupitia ngazi ya fonolojia na mofolojia lakini vitengo vyote hivi hutawaliwa na kitengo cha semantika ili kuleta mawasiliano miongoni mwa wazungumzaji.
MAREJELEO
Habwe, J na P. Karanja (2007). Misingi ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili. Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers Ltd.
Massamba, D.P.B na wenzake (1999). Sarufi Miundo ya Kiswahili Sanifu: Sekondari na Vyuo. Dar essalaam: TUKI.
Rubanza, Y.I (1996). Mofolojia ya Kiswahili. Dar es salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.
TUKI (2004).Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar es salaam: TUKI.
Mwl Maeda
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