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KEJELI KATIKA FASIHI YA KISWAHILI – TANZANIA (3)

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KEJELI KATIKA FASIHI YA KISWAHILI – TANZANIA (3)
#1
3. Kejeli na fasihi ya Kiswahili
Kamusi
ya Wales (2001: 224) inasema kuwa:
Kejeli
hutokea pale ambapo maneno yanayotumiwa yanaelekea kukinzana na maana
inayohitajika katika muktadha maalumu na inayokusudiwa na mwandishi, msemaji au
mtumiaji. (tafsiri ya mwandishi) Hapa tunamaanisha kuwa kejeli huangalia mbinu
ya ulaghai, kinyume cha mambo, udanganyifu au masimulizi yasiyo na ukweli ndani
yake katika kumzungumzia, kumkebehi au kumteta mtu fulani. Mbinu ya kejeli huonyesha
vituko na mbwembwe nyingi zinazopelekea kufurahisha, kuteta, kufunza na kuonya
kiasi kwamba si rahisi kuvitambua, kuvikubali au kuvikataa ndani ya jamii. Mara
nyingi mbinu hii huwepo mahususi kwa lengo la kuteta au kuweka hadharani yale
yaliyo kinyume na matakwa ya jamii. Aghalabu kama semi au maneno haya yatakuwa
yamekusudiwa kumsema au kumwambia mtu fulani huishia kumkejeli mtu huyo si kwa
uwazi. Short (1980: 277) anafafanua mbinu ya kejeli kwamba ni ushirikiano wa
siri kati ya mwandishi au msemaji na msomaji, msikilizaji au hadhira. (tafsiri
ya mwandishi)
Hii
inatutia hamasa pengine kuangalia matumizi ya semi katika maeneo mbalimbali ya
tanzu za fasihi. Kwa mfano, iwapo wewe ni mgeni wa lugha na ukaamua kutembelea
tanzu mbalimbali za fasihi na kuvinjari katika vipera kadhaa vya semi na
kukutana na watu wakisemezana kwa sauti:
Mke
ni nguo, Mgomba kupaliliwa!
Vizee
vyangu viwili kutwa vinatwanga.
Hapa
kunatokea utata wa aina fulani na ambapo wengi huwa wanajiuliza kuwa semi hizi
zinamaanisha nini?
Kwa
hakika ukiziangalia semi hizi, huwezi kuelewa linalosemwa hadi uzame ndani
zaidi katika kuchambua maudhui yake. Hapa semi inamaanisha kuwa ni fungu la
maneno yanayotumiwa katika jamii yakiwa na maana iliyofichika, yenye kutoa
maana fulani. Mara nyingi semi hutumika katika lugha ya uficho ya picha,
tamathali na ishara, hivyo kumfikirisha sana mtu au jamii katika kupata maana
iliyokusudiwa. Kwa upande mwingine, haya ni mafumbo yenye kubeba maudhui yenye
maana zinazofuatana na ibara mbalimbali. Usemi [i]Mke ni nguo, Mgomba kupaliliwa [/i]unaweza kunyambuliwa kuwa: mgomba na
nguo vinasimama upande wa mwanamke, vikimamanisha kuwa ili mke aweze kupendeza
ni lazima atunzwe kwa manufaa ya mwanaume. Hii ni methali yenye kutumia picha.
Usemi
wa pili [i]Vizee vyangu viwili kutwa
vinatwanga
[/i] ni kitendawili, chenye maana iliyofichika. Mwenye kujua maudhui
ya kitendawili hiki atajibu kwamba jibu lake ni [i]kope za macho[/i].
Hapa
tunaweza kusema kuwa, kama hutakuwa na mtu wa kukuelewesha maana iliyofichika
ndani ya maneno haya, utadhania kuwa watu hawa wanatukanana, wanakaripiana au
wanagombana. Hali hii ndiyo unayoweza kukutana nayo wakati unapozungumza,
unaposoma au unaposikiliza masuala yenye kejeli ndani yake.
Kejeli
katika fasihi ya aina hii ni mbinu ya kifani ambayo waandishi wanaitumia ili
kumfanya msomaji afikirie kwa dhati na kwa kina ili aweze kupata ujumbe
uliokusudiwa kwa jamii yake. Waandishi hawa wa fasihi ya Kiswahili wameitumia
mbinu hii ili kumulika, kuchunguza na kuonyesha wazi mambo yaliyokithiri katika
jamii. Mambo hayo yaliyopo kwenye jamii ni pamoja na uongozi mbaya; rushwa;
ubadhirifu, unyang’anyi, wizi wa mali ya umma, ubepari, ubwanyenye, na maovu
mengine mengi yanayofanana na hayo ambayo yanarudisha nyuma maendeleo ya jamii.
[b]3.1. Kejeli na fasihi kabla ya
uhuru
[/b]
Kabla
ya Ukoloni waandishi wa kazi za fasihi ya Kiswahili walitumia mbinu ya kejeli
katika kuwasema wavivu na wale wote waliokuwa wakienda kinyume na maadili ya
jamii. Tanzu za fasihi simulizi kama vile nyimbo, hadithi, ngonjera, methali na
misemo zilitumika katika kuikosoa jamii hiyo. Kejeli ilitumika kama mbinu ya
kusemana, kukosoana, kuonyana na hata kurekebishana katika jamii. Aidha ni
katika mbinu ya kejeli kazi ya fasihi ilitumika kufikirisha hadhira na maudhui
kwa hadhira yake yaliyomo katika jamii ili waweze kujitambua na kujikosoa bila
kutajwa.
Kwa
mfano, upo msemo wa Kiswahili usemao Anapenda mteremko au anapenda dezo
hutumika ukimaanisha kuwa mhusika anapenda vitu vya bure. Msemo huu ni kejeli
kwa watu ambao hawataki kujishughulisha na kazi ngumu au za sulubu, hivyo
hupenda vya bure bila kufanya kazi.
Halikadhalika
kuna misemo kama vile kumwita mtu ambaye hapendi kushirikiana na wenzake katika
kazi Bwana mkubwa. Huku ni kumkejeli kwamba yeye ni mkubwa hivyo hawezi
kushiriki na wenzake katika kazi. Lakini kwa upande mwingine ukiangalia hali ya
mtu huyo anayeitwa Bwana mkubwa huwezi kuona uhusiano kati ya mtu huyu na jina
alilopewa, ila kinachobainishwa hapa ni matendo ya mtu huyu.
Waandishi
wengi walitumia mbinu mbalimbali za kifani katika kufikisha ujumbe wao kwa
jamii. Kwa mfano, wakati wa Ukoloni fasihi ya Kiswahili ilitumika katika
kusawiri hali halisi ya maisha ya wakati huo. Waandishi hawa waligeuza mbinu
zao za uandishi na kutumia mbinu ya kejeli katika kuonesha jinsi jamii
ilivyokuwa ikinyanyasika, ikionewa, na ikitawaliwa kinyama, hali ambayo
ikiwakosesha amani katika maisha yao ya kila siku.
Katika
kazi ya Ruhumbika (1995) ingawa iliandikwa katika kipindi cha baada ya ukoloni,
tunamwona akitumia kejeli katika kuonesha matabaka makuu yaliyokuwepo katika
kipindi cha Ukoloni. Kwa mfano, mwandishi ametumia jina la mhusika Tumbotumbo
kuwakilisha tabaka la mabwenyenye, watawala na wenye mali nyingi. Kwa kutumia
neno Tumbotumbo, mwandishi alifanikiwa sana kuwasema wazungu kuwa walikuwa
wakilionea tabaka la chini kwa manufaa yao. Kwa lugha ya kawaida Tumbotumbo ni
mtu mwenye kupenda sana kula na asiyesumbukia suala jingine isipokuwa tumbo
lake tu. Katika kazi hii anatuonesha kuwa tabaka la Wakoloni lilikuwa
likilidhalilisha, likilitumikisha, likilinyonya na likilikandamiza tabaka la
chini yaani lile la watawaliwa. Mbinu hii imemwezesha mwandishi kufanikisha
suala zima la kifani katika kuonesha kuwa, Wakoloni walikuwa na dhima ya
kujinufaisha wenyewe (matumbo yao) na jamii zao na si kujishughulisha na maisha
ya watawaliwa au walalahoi.
Mbinu
nyingine zilizotumiwa na waandishi hawa ni kwanza, ujenzi wa mandhari ya hisia
kama inavyoonekana katika kazi hizi mbili za Kandoro (1971). Katika kazi hii
tunaona mwandishi ametumia taswira ya mafumbo mazito na kejeli ambazo haikuwa
rahisi kwa Wakoloni kuzigundua kwa urahisi. Kwa mfano, ametumia msemo Siafu
wamekazana (Kandoro 1971: 138) akiwakejeli Wakoloni ili wasifahamu kuwa
Watanzania wamekwishaamshwa na kuanza harakati za kudai uhuru.
Nyoka
amegutuka, ndani ya shimo kutuna,
Tena
amekasirika. hasira zenye kununa,
Nyoka
anababaika, shimoni kwa kujikuna.
Siafu
wamekazana, nyoka amekasirika.
Shimoni
ataondoka, hilo nataja kwa jina,
Nyoka
anajua fika, siafu wakiungana,
Nguvu
zinaongezeka, shimoni watagombana,
Siafu
wameungana, nyoka amekasirika.
Siafu
zikijishika, mshiko kushikamana,
Kwamba
zinampeleka, sultani wao bwana,
Shimoni
zinapojika, nyoka fa kufanya hana.
Siafu
wameungana, nyoka amekasirika.
Siafu
wanapofika, na nyoka wakikutana.
Nyoka
hawezi kufoka, huwa ametulizana,
Ndipo
nyoka hundoka, na wana wakilizana
Hapa
siafu kwa upande mmoja ni neno linawaunganisha wanajamii kwa pamoja ili waweze
kuungana kama siafu kumng’oa Mkoloni. Na kwa upande mwingine neno hili lina
maana ya kuunda jeshi na kuliunganisha ili liwe na nguvu ya kumshambulia
Mkoloni.
Kazi
nyingine zilizotumika katika mapambano dhidi ya ukandamizwaji wa jamii na
Wazungu kwa kuwakejeli ni kama vile misemo na methali mbalimbali. Kwa mfano,
katika kitendawili hiki [i]Wazungu wawili
wanateremka mlima
[/i] jibu likiwa ni [i]Makamasi[/i].
Kwa kuzingatia maana ya kitendawili hiki, kwa upande mmoja tunaona jinsi mzungu
alivyokuwa anakejeliwa kuwa ataondolewa kama kamasi.
 
Katika
kupambana na Wakoloni wa wakati ule, ilifanyika kazi ngumu sana, ndio sababu
waandishi wakaandika mengi katika kuwakejeli Wazungu. Hapa tunamaanisha kwamba,
wapo baadhi yetu miongoni mwa wanajamii waliokuwa wakifurahia kuwepo kwa
Wazungu hao kwa kuyaiga matendo waliyokuwa wakiyafanya. Watu hawa walikejeliwa
kupitia kazi mbalimbali zilizoandikwa na waandishi wa fasihi. Kazi ambazo
ziliwakejeli watu hawa walioacha mila na desturi zao na kufuata utamaduni wa
kigeni zilikuwa nyingi. Miongoni mwa kazi hizi ni nyimbo mbalimbali zilizoimbwa
katika harakati za kudai uhuru kutoka kwa Wakoloni.
Mwl Maeda
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