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DHANA NA MAANA YA UJUZI WA LUGHA

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DHANA NA MAANA YA UJUZI WA LUGHA
#1
Maswali ya msingi tunayoweza kujiuliza ni kuwa, “mjua lugha ni nani?” na “kujua lugha ni nini?”
 
Katika hali ya kawaida imekuwa ni mazoea mtu kusema “mimi ninajua lugha” au “hawa hawajui lugha”. Lakini je, ni nini hasa kujua lugha? Kujua lugha ni ule uwezo wa kutambua na kubainisha sauti pekee za lugha, kujua namna sauti hizo zinavyoungana, kujua namna maneno yanavyowezwa kuundwa na kugawanywa, kujua namna maneno yanavyounga na kutengeneza tungo, kujua maana ya maneno na misemo mbalimbali ya kugha husika na kuweza kutumia lugha hiyo katika muktadha wa mawasiliano. Kwa maelezo hayo tunakuwa tumejibu swali la kuwa kujua lugha ni nini. Swali la mjua lugha ni nani hapa linakuwa si tata tena kwani mtu anayekuwa na sifa zote hizo hapo juu tunasema huyu ni mjua lugha. Hoja kuwa lugha ni mfumo inamaanisha kuwa lugha ina muundo unaohusisha viambajengo mbalimbali. Viambajengo au vipashio hivi ni sauti, neno na sentensi. Kwa pamoja, vipashio hivi hushirikiana kuunda tungo zenye maana na kama tungo hizo hazina maana au kama haziwasilishi ujumbe wowote basi tunasema haziwi lugha. Viambajengo hivi, hushughulikiwa na tanzu tofautitofauti za isimu muundo. Tanzu hizi ni fonetiki na fonolojia ambazo hushughulikia sauti za lugha, mofolojia ambayo hushughulikia maumbo ya maneno na jinsi lugha inavyounda maneno yake, sintaksia ambayo hushughulikia namna sentensi zinavyoundwa na kanuni zinazotawala uundwaji wake na semantiki ambayo hushughulikia maana katika viwango vyote vya lugha tulivyovitaja. Kwa ujumla tanzu hizi zote zinahusiana kwa ukaribu, zinashirikiana, na kukamilishana.
Fasili iliyozoeleka na pengine inakubalika na wataalamu wengi wa lugha ni kuwa Isimu ni elimu ya sayansi ya lugha. Ni uchunguzi wa kisayansi na wa kimantiki kuhusu vipengele na sifa mbalimbali za lugha. Swali ambalo tunaweza kujiuliza ni kwamba; “Kwa nini isimu ni sayansi?” Verma et al (1989:29), wanasema kuwa isimu ni sayansi kwa kuwa hufuata na kutumia mbinu za kimsingi za utafiti wa kisayansi. Mbinu hizo ni kama vile uchunguzi uliodhibitiwa, uundaji wa mabunio,uchanganuzi, ujumlishi, utabiri, urekebishaji au ukataaji wa mabunio na majaribio na uthibitishaji.
Kwa hatua hizi, tunathubutu kusema kuwa isimu haichunguzi lugha kiholela tu bali kwa mwelekeo maalumu. Katika kuchunguza lugha, wanaisimu hutumia misingi ya kisayansi kama zifanyavyo sayansi nyingine. Misingi hii ni kama vile: Uwazi Dhana hii inamaanisha kuwa maswala katika isimu huelezwa kwa udhahiri usio na utata wowote. Hoja huelezwa bila kuleta vuguvugu lolote la kimaana hii ni kinyume na mawasiliano yasiyo ya kisayansi.
Utaratibu Habwe na Karanja, (2003) wanaeleza kuwa utaratibu na uwazi ni dhana zinazokaribiana sana. Bila kuwa na uwazi ni vigumu kuwa na utaratibu na kinyume chake. Utaratibu ni kufanya jambo kwa mpangilio mzuri wenye kubainika. Utaratibu unaweza kuhusisha wakati, idadi, umuhimu na hata ukubwa.
Urazini Mtafiti hatakiwi kughosha hisia zake na kuzitumia kueleza jambo fulani. Hii inamaanisha kuwa mtafiti hatakiwi kuruhusu hisia zake kuathiri utafiti wake wa kisayansi hata kama suala la mguso linatafitiwa. Katika utafiti, kitu cha msingi ni data na matokeo ya uchunguzi yanayotokana na data zilizotumika. Utetezi wa matokeo vilevile lazima utokane na hatua madhubuti za kisayansi na kiutafiti.
Habwe na Karanja, (2003) wanasema kuwa, katika kushughulikia na kuelewa lugha mwanaisimu hujikuta akiwa na kazi ya kutimiza majukumu ya kueleza maana na asili ya lugha, kuchambua muundo wa lugha, kueleza uhusiano kati ya lugha na asasi nyingine za mwanadamu na kuibua nadharia mbalimbali za lugha.
Umilisi na utendaji Umilisi (langue) ni ujuzi alionao mjua lugha kuhusu lugha yake. Ni ujuzi alio nao mjua lugha ambao upo katika ubongo wake. Ujuzi huo huhusu kanuni zinazotawala lugha hiyo husika. Ujuzi huu humwezesha kutambua sentensi sahihi, zisizo sahihi na kupambanua sententi zenye utata. Ujuzi huo humwezeha kupuuza makosa ya kiutendaji katika mazungumzo kama vile kuteleza kwa ulimi, kukatisha sentensi n.k. (Rubanza, 2003).
Utendaji (parole) ni kile asemacho mjua lugha katika muktadha wa mawasiliano ikiwa ni pamoja na makosa ya kiutendaji ya bahati mbaya na yale ya kukusudiwa. Vilevile tunaweza kusema ni udhihirikaji wa ujuzi wa lugha alionao mjua lugha.
Uamilifu na urasmi Uamilifu au utumizi (functionalism) ni elimu inayohusu muundo wa lugha kwa kurejelea kazi zake za kijamii katika mawasiliano. Inamchukulia mtu binafsi kama kiumbe-jamii na kuchunguza namna anavyojifunza lugha na kuitumia katika mawasiliano na
wanajamii wenzake. Urasmi (formalism) ni elimu ya maumbo dhahania ya lugha na mahusiano yake ya ndani. Huzingatia maumbo ya lugha kama uthibitisho wa kimalimwengu bila kuzingatia namna jamii inavyowasiliana.
Uelezi na elekezi Uelezi ni mtazamo ambao huelezea ukweli wa lugha jinsi ilivyo na inavyotumika na jamiilugha husika. Na siyo namna inavyotakiwa kutumika. Isimu elezi haiweki kanuni ngumu au sheria ngumu zozote zinazotokana na mawazo ya mtu juu ya lugha fulani bali huelezea lugha kwa kuangalia namna lugha hiyo inavyojidhihirisha yenyewe. Huelezea sheria na kanuni ambazo mzungumzaji mzawa ameziweka kichwani na zinazoakisi uwezo wake wa lugha. Kwa kifupi, haielezi wala kuagiza namna mtu anavyotakiwa kutumia lugha bali namna lugha ilivyo na inavyotumika na wamilisi wa lugha hiyo. Uelekezi ni mtazamo unaojaribu kuweka kanuni za usahihi wa namna watu wanavyotakiwa kutumia lugha.
Mwl Maeda
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