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UTATA KATIKA SENTENSI ZA KISWAHILI

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UTATA KATIKA SENTENSI ZA KISWAHILI
#1
Utata katika sentensi za Kiswahili
MAANA ya kauli hutegemea sana dhamira ya mtoa ujumbe na fasiri ya mpokeaji. Maana katika sentensi ni dhana tata isiyoeleweka kwa uwazi. Sentensi ni neno au kifungu cha maneno ambacho hubeba maana kamili. Sentensi ina ulazima wa kukamilika kimaana, kimuundo na kisarufi. Aidha, sentensi huwa na muundo wa Kikundi Nomino na Kikundi Tenzi. Umilisi wa lugha huwawezesha wanaotumia lugha hiyo kutambua:
Sentensi zenye maana kinzani
Kwa mfano:
Niliingia ndani lakini nikabaki nje.
Yule mzee ni mtoto.
Sentensi zenye utata
Kwa mfano:
Rashid anapanda.
Sentensi zenye maana sawa.
Sentensi tatanishi ni sentensi zenye maana zaidi ya moja. Utata hutokana na neno au sentensi kuwa na maana zaidi ya moja ambazo si wazi.
Utata hujitokeza katika viwango viwili: Kuna utata unaotokana na matumizi ya neno ambalo lina maana zaidi ya moja katika sentensi.
Utata kileksia
Huu hutokana na matumizi ya  neno katika sentensi kuwa na maana zaidi ya moja.Katamba,(1994:38) anasema kuwa neno ni kipashio kidogo cha maana katika lugha ambacho kiana dhima kisarufi. Anaendelea kusema kuwa, neno linaweza kusimama pekee yake na kuleta maana bila kupachikwa vipande vingine.
TUKI, (2004: 305) katika kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu wanadai kuwa neno ni mkusanyiko wa sauti zinazotamkwa au kuandikwa pamoja na kuleta maana.
Habwe & Karanja, (2007:71) wanafafanua kuwa neno ni kipashio cha kiisimu kinachoundwa na mofimu moja au zaidi. Wanaendelea kueleza kuwa dhana ya neno ni tata mno hasa katika kubainisha neno na vipashio vingine katika lugha. Kwa mzawa wa lugha yoyote ile, ni rahisi kutambua neno kutokana na vipashio vingine kwa kutumia ujuzi na mazoea ya matumizi ya lugha husika.
Mfano.Mtoto alilalia uji
Neno lalia lina maana zaidi ya moja ambazo ni:-
Mtoto alilala juu ya uji
Mtoto alilala akiwa amekunywa uji.
Hivyo itakuwa vigumu kufasili maana sahihi ya sentensi hii bila kuhusisha usemaji huu na muktadha au nia ya msemaji
Mjomba amenunua mbuzi.
Neno ‘mbuzi’ lina maana mbili; chombo cha kukunia nazi, na mnyama afugwaye nyumbani jamii ya swara. Kwa hivyo, itakuwa ni vigumu kufasiri maana sahihi ya sentensi hii bila ya kuhusisha usemi huu na muktadha au nia ya msemaji.
Mama ameniletea taa. Neno ‘taa’ lina maana mbili; chombo kinachowashwa na kutoa mwangaza na samaki mkubwa mwenye umbo bapa na mkia mrefu.
Matumizi ya leksimu mbili au zaidi ambayo maana zake si bainifu Mfano .leksimu zaka na sadaka.-Sipendi kutoa sadaka wala zaka

Pia kuna utata unaojitokeza katika kiwango cha sentensi (utata wa kimuundo).
Utata husababishwa na:
(i) Matumizi ya leksimu yenye maana zaidi ya moja Kwa mfano:
Kima amekula kima ya kima cha juu. (mnyama, nyama ya kusaga na thamani au kiwango).
(ii) Matumizi ya leksimu ambazo ufasiri wake huibua maana zaidi ya moja (leksimu tata)

Kwa mfano:
Rashford alimpigia Lingard mpira.
Katika sentensi hii, leksimu tata ni ‘alimpigia’. Leksimu hii inaibua maana zifuatazo: Kwamba Rashford aliupiga mpira kuelekea alikokuwa Lingard, Rashford aliupiga mpira kwa niaba ya Lingard, Rashford alimpiga Lingard kwa sababu ya mpira na Rashford alimpiga Lingard kwa kuutumia mpira.
(b) Amenunuliwa mbuzi.
Katika sentensi hii, kuna maneno mawili tatanishi; ‘amenunuliwa’ na ‘mbuzi.’ Sentensi hii inaibua maana zifuatazo: Kwamba chombo cha kukunia nazi kimenunuliwa kwa niaba yake, chombo cha kukunia nazi kimenunuliwa ili akakabidhiwe, mnyama afugwaye amenunuliwa ili akapatiwe, mnyama afugwaye amenunuliwa kwa niaba yake, mnyama aina ya mbuzi amenunuliwa.
© Rehema ana miguu mizuri. (Hajalemaa, ni mrembo, hukimbia kwa kasi sana kuliko wote).
(d) Ufanisi ameenda kwao. (Ameenda wanakoishi, ameenda kwa mtu mwingine).
(e) Waonyeshe vile watakavyokula.
Katika sentensi hii ya (e), leksimu tata ni ‘vile.’ Leksimu hii inaibua maana zifuatazo: Kwamba namna au jinsi watakavyokula au aina ya vyakula watakavyokula.
Upo utata unaotokana na mfuatano wa maneno katika sentensi. Utata huu hutokana na jinsi maneno yamepangwa katika sentensi. Kwa mfano:

(a) Mwalimu mkuu anahitaji wavulana kumi na wasichana.
Sentensi hii inaweza kufasiriwa kuwa mwalimu mkuu anahitaji wavulana kumi na
wasichana kumi pia, au wavulana kumi na idadi ya wasichana haijulikani.
(b) Deon ametumwa na Kyuvi.
Sentensi hii inaweza ikafasiriwa kuwa Kyuvi amemtuma Deon au Deon na Kyuvi wametumwa wote kwa pamoja.
© Alimpata amelala kwenye nyumba ya wageni.
Sentensi hii inaweza ikafasiriwa kuwa; Alimpata amelala kwenye nyumba inayomilikiwa na watu wageni katika eneo lile au nyumba ya mtu lakini inatumika kwa ajili ya wageni kwa malipo.
(d) Akweri ndiye mwalimu wa pekee wa Kiswahili shuleni mwetu.
Sentensi hii inaweza kufasiriwa kuwa mwalimu wa Kiswahili katika shule yetu ni mmoja (Akweri) au Akweri ndiye mwalimu bora katika Kiswahili shuleni mwetu (anawapiku wengine wote pengine katika tajiriba na mbinu za ufundishaji).
Utata mwingine katika sentensi hutokana na hali ya kutozingatia taratibu za uandishi.

Kwa mfano:
Tulimpata Laslas na rafiki yake, Eunice.
Tulimpata Laslas na rafiki yake Eunice.
Katika sentensi hizi alama ya uakifishaji (,) ndio huleta tofauti. Sentensi ya kwanza ina maana kwamba kulikuwa na watu wawili, Laslas na rafiki yake aitwaye Eunice. Sentensi ya pili isiyo
na kiafikishi (,) inamaanisha kulikuwa na watu wawili, Laslas na mtu mwingine ambaye ni rafiki yake Eunice.
Kuna utata unaotokana na utamkaji wa maneno. Utata huu hujitokeza katika matamshi tu wala si kupitia maandishi. Hivyo, utata wenyewe hauonekani.

Kwa mfano:
(a) ‘Mimina wewe’ katika maandishi yaweza kuwa ‘Mimi na wewe’ na hivyo kuondoa utata.
(b) ‘Wanawake wawili wamewasili’ katika maandishi yaweza kuwa ‘ Wana wake
wawili wamewasili’ na hivyo kuondoa utata.
© ‘Beckham anapanda’ katika maandishi yaweza kuwa ‘ Beckham ana panda’ na
hivyo kuondoa utata.

“Utata huu hujitokeza katika matamshi tu wala si kupitia maandishi”

Utata wa tungo
Tungo tata ni zile ambazo huwa na maana zaidi ya moja ndani yake. Utata katika tungo za Kiswahili hujitokeza zaidi katika maandishi kuliko kwenye lugha ya mazungumzo. Hii ni kutokana na lugha ya mazungumzo kuzingatia zaidi mazingira ya wazungumzaji na wakati.
Hata hivyo, utata unajitokeza katika lugha ya mazungumzo ikiwa mzungumzaji ni mmilisi wa lugha anayeweza kurekebisha kauli yake, ama kutolea ufafanuzi zaidi ili hadhira yake iweze kumwelewa kulingana na mazingira aliyopo.
Kuna sababu kadhaa za utata katika lugha ya Kiswahili kama vile msamiati kuwa na maana zaidi ya moja. Mfano, maneno yafuatayo yanaweza kuwa na maana zaidi ya moja. Kaa, meza, mwagia, tuma na mengine mengi.
Sababu nyingine inayoweza kusababisha utata katika tungo ni kutozingatia taratibu za uandishi. Hii imekuwa ikijitokeza kwa mwandishi kutozingatia alama za uakifishi jambo linaloweza kuleta maana juu ya maana.
Alama hizo za uakifishi ni kama nukta, mkato, kiulizo na alama zinginezo . Kwa mfano, tungo hizi: Babu amekuja. Babu amekuja? Hapo tunapata maana mbili tofauti; ya kwanza ni taarifa na nyingine ni swali. Kilichotofautisha ni alama za uakifishi.

Matumizi yasiyokuwa sahihi ya viunganishi au vihusishi. Vinapotumika viunganishi au vihusishi kimakosa hali hiyo huweza kusababisha utata katika tungo. Kwa mfano, kuandika: Anakula na kijiko. Anaenda mjini na baiskeli. Hapo tunaona matumizi ya ‘na’ yanavyoleta utata katika tungo.
Pia, kukosekana kwa shada au mkazo kwa baadhi ya maneno. Hali hiyo husababisha utata katika lugha. Shada hii inaweza isionekane dhahiri katika maandishi, ila unaweza kuonyesha kwa namna ya kuweka mkolezo katika tungo. Mfano neno barabara (inayomaanisha njia) na barabara (ya msisitizo) Matumizi ya fasihi.
Matumizi ya fasihi husababisha utata kwa kuwa mazungumzo huwa na maana iliyofichika. Mfano ni matumizi ya nahau katika mazungumzo au misemo. Jasmini amekula chumvi nyingi; Suzan ameenda Lujewa na ‘mkoko’. Chumvi na mkoko ni chanzo cha utata katika tungo hizo.
Kutoonyesha wazi wazi kitu au jambo linamhusu nani katika tungo. Hali hiyo inaweza kusababisha tungo ikawa na utata kutokana na kutobainisha mtenda au mtendwa.
Ndizeimana anatoka na Mdala. Hapo kuna uwazi umekosekana jambo ambalo linaweza kuzua utata.
Kwa hivyo utata wa kimuundo unajitokeza katika hali vifuatazo:-
Matumizi ya leksimu yenye maana zaidi ya moja.

Mifano.
Kima amekula kima ya kima ya juu.
Mnyama ,Nyama ya kusagwa  na thamani au kiwango.
ii)Matumizi ya leksimu mbili au zaidi ambayo maana zake si bainifu
Mfano .leksimu zaka na sadaka.
Sipendi kutoa sadaka wala zaka
iii) Matumizi ya leksimu ambazo ufasiri wake huibua maana zaidi ya moja (tata)

Mfano.
Rehema anamiguu mizuri
Rehema ni mrembo.
Rehema hutembea kwa kasi.
Johm alimpigia Asha simu.
Kwa niaba ,kuelekea ama kwakutumia.
iv)Utata unaotokana na mfuatano wa maneno. utata huu hutokana na namna maneno yanavyo pangiliwa katika sentensi.

Mfano
Asha amefuga jogoo kumi na tetea.
Hii inamaana kuwa Asha amefuga jogoo kumi na tetea kumi
Misingi ya kuondoa utata
i)Ukweli.
Kwa kuzingatia ukweli wa kiulimwengu,kihistoria,kiisimu ili kuweza kuepusha utata katika ufasili wa maana katika tungo au maneno.
ii)Muktadha
Matumizi ya kileksimu,sentensi na usemaji sharti uzingatie muktadha mahususi .Uzingativu huu sharti uende sambamba na usarufi na vigezo vya  mantiki.
iii)Urejeleo
Matumizi ya maneno yanayo onesha urejeleo sharti yawe wazi
iv)Ubainifu
Matumizi ya vibainifu vya nomino huweza kuwa utata kama nomino nyingine huweza kuelekeza nomino ileile.

Mifano
Asha na Happy walinunua gari.
Asha alinunua hammer na Happy alinunua volkswagen.
Sentensi ya pili ni bainifu kwani haina utata katika tafsiri.
v)Ufasiri/ufafanuzi
Ufasiri/ufafanuzi wa maneno mengine ya kileksimu  ileile ili maana iliyopo iwe wazi kulingana na matakwa au dhamira ya msemaji au mwandishi.

Mifano
Yule kijana ni mkora anatabia ya kihumi tena jambazi.
Huyu kiongozi ni mungu mtu,hashauriki na anafanya maamuzi ya ajabu.
v)Uziada dufu
Ni urudiaji wa maneno usio na ulazima wowote.Pia hutokana na matumizi ya maneno mawili au zaidi yenye maana moja.
Mifano.
Cheusi ni cheusi tu.
Mwanaume ni mwanaume tu.
vi)Usawe
Ni uhusiano wa kimuundo ambao hudhihirishwa na sentesi mbili kudokeza maana moja.

Mifano.
Titus amemwoa Trisha
Trisha ameolewa na Titus
Hivyo sentensi mbili hapo juu zinadokeza maana moja licha ya sentensi hizo kuwa na tofauti kimuundo.
Mbinu za kuondoa utata
Kutoa ufafanuzi kwa maneno ambayo yana maana zaidi ya moja na kuongeza viambishi ili kubainisha maana iliyokusudiwa. Kwa mfano, Ndizeimana anatoka na Mdala kwenda Sinza.
Kuzingatia kanuni za uandishi. Ni vyema mwandishi akazingatia alama za uakifishi kwa kuweka alama sehemu husika ili iweze kueleweka na msomaji. Vilevile kuzingatia matumizi sahihi katika mazingira sahihi ya viunganishi na vihusishi.
Pia, kumbuka kuweka shada mahali inapohitajika au kuitofautisha kwa kuweka hati mlazo ili kuitofautisha na maneno mengine. Vilevile mwandishi atumie visawe faafu katika tungo ambavyo havitakuwa na maana zaidi ya moja.
Kuepuka matumizi ya lugha ya kifasihi mahali pasipohitajika. Lugha hiyo itumike katika mazingira na wakati unaofaa. Mfano unawaandikia watoto badala ya kuandika amevaa miwani itumike amelewa ili iweze kueleweka kwa urahisi.
Ni vyema kuweka bayana matumizi ya maneno ili kuondoa uvulivuli.

Hitimisho
Utata ni hali ya neno au sentensi kuwa na maana zaidi ya moja. Utata hutokea pale mtu wa upande wa kikomo anaposhindwa kupata maana iliyokusudiwa na chanzo. Utata hujitokeza katika mazingira tofautitofauti.
Aina ya kwanza ni utata wa neno au maneno. Baadhi ya maneno katika lugha ya Kiswahili na nyinginezo yana maana zaidi ya moja; kwa mfano barabara inaweza kumaanisha “njiapana” au “sawasawa”. Aina ya pili ni utata wa sentensi; sentensi tata ni ile yenye maana zaidi ya moja na mara nyingi maana zenyewe haziko wazi kabisa. Sentensi moja inawezekana kueleweka hivi au vile na bado maana zote zikawa sahihi. Sababu ni: kutumia misimu, uwezo wa neno moja kuwa na maana zaidi, kutozingatia taratibu za uandishi, kutumia maneno bila kuzingatia mazingira au muktadha unaohusika, kuwepo kwa mofimu ya hali ya kutenda.

Katika lugha kuwe na mkazo tofauti ili kutofautisha maana, kuzingatia matumizi sahihi ya alama za uandishi, kutumia maneno kwa muktadha maalumu.
Watu wengi ambao kiswahili ni lugha yao ya asili ukiwaambia wachanganue sentensi hawawezi, hasa kwa sababu hawakuisoma kama ni lugha ngeni kwao. Wale wanaosoma kiswahili kama lugha ngeni ama kama lugha ya pili baada ya lugha ya kinyumbani wao ndio hujibidiisha kukijua Kiswahili kwa kufuata mifumo hiyo unayoieleza hapo juu.
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