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MIKONDO YA TANZIA

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MIKONDO YA TANZIA
#1
Mikondo Minne ya Tanzia
Kuna mikondo minne ya tanzia, nayo ni: Tanzia ya Urasimi (Classical Tragedy), Tanzia ya Urasimi Mpya (Neo-classical Tragedy), Tanzia ya Kisasa (Modern Tragedy) na Tanzia ya Kikomunisti (Socialist Realism Tragedy).
i) Tanzia ya Urasimi (Classical Tragedy)
Hii iliweza kuwepo kutokana na tabaka la mabwanyenye kufadhili sanaa huko Ugiriki. Hivyo liliitumia tanzia kwa manufaa yake yenyewe. Mengi yanayojitokeza kwenye tanzia hizi ni kwa ajili ya kukudhi matakwa ya tabaka hili. Mambo yanayoonyesha hali hii ni ‘status quo’ ambapo mhusika mkuu sharti awe mtu bora ambaye kutokana na kutokamilika kwake kimatendo kwa ajili ya ubinadamu wake anapata janga ambalo linamtoa katika hali ya juu aliyokuwa nayo na kuwa
duni. Aidha, wakati wa urasimi fikra za watu ziliiweka miungu kama yenye kauli ya wema au uovu katika yote yaliyofanyika duniani; hivyo Soyinka, W. (1976) Myth, Literature and the African World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kurasa 37 – 608 Yaani ‘hali kama ilivyo’ mawazo haya yamesababisha mhusika mkuu kuangushwa na nguvu hizi za kiungu ambazo hawezi kushindana nazo. Nguvu hizi za kiungu hutawala matendo na matukio ya wahusika. Mawazo ya wakati huu yaliheshimu hadhi ya binadamu na kuyaona maisha yake yenye maana na kuthaminika. Ingawa binadamu si rahisi kueleweka (ni changamano), anahusika kwa njia moja au nyingine na masahibu yanayomkuta.
Katika tanzia hizi binadamu yu huru kufuata ushauri wake mwenyewe na ni katika kufanya hivi ndiyo tabia yake hujitokeza. Ukaragosi hauna nafasi katika tanzia. Karagosi siku zote haaminiki na hudharaulika, hivyo hafai kuwa mhusika mkuu. Anatakiwa mtu ambaye ingawa anakabiliwa na magumu yamshindayo, haonyeshi ukaragosi bali huwa na msimamo maalum. Lugha ilitumika pia kukidhi matakwa ya tabaka tawala. Lugha ya tanzia ilikuwa ya kishairi ambayo ilisababisha mgawanyiko kati ya watazamaji wa hali ya chini na ya juu. Waigizaji kutenganishwa na watazamaji kulisaidia upande mmoja kubugia yale ambayo upande mwingine uliyatoa. kuwepo kwa kiitikio/kibwagizo ilikuwa ishara ya demokrasia au sauti ya wengi. Mfano wa tanzia ya urasimi ni Mfalme Edipode9. Tanzia hii inaanza na hali mbaya ya magonjwa ya kufisha katika mji wa Thebe. Watu wa Thebe wanakusanyika kuzungumza juu ya janga hili. Inabainika kuwa
hali mbaya ya Thebe inatokana na kuuliwa kwa mfalme wa zamani Laio. Ili janga litoweke, sharti muuaji ambaye yu miongoni mwa watu wa Thebe apatikane. Mfalme Edipode anaamua kufuatilia jambo hili mpaka huyo muuaji aliyelaaniwa apatikane. Chanzo cha maovu katika tanzia hii ni utabiri wa hapo kale wa miungu kuwa mfalme Laio atauawa kwa mkono wa mwanawe mwenyewe ambaye pia atamwoa mama yake.
Katika uchunguzi wake anagundua kuwa yeye ndiye aliyemuua Laio na pia kumwoa mama yake. Haya ni matukio maovu ya utabiri ambayo waliohusika walijaribu kuyakwepa na kushindwa. Anapogundua tanzia yake, Edipode anajipofusha na kuhamia ughaibuni. Kabla janga halijamtokea mhusika mkuu, sharti apitie awamu tatu – ‘harmatia, perepeteia na anagnoris’. Tanzia ya urasimi ianzapo, mhusika mkuu anaonyesha dosari katika tabia yake – harmatia. Mara nyingi mhusika mkuu huwa amefikia hali aliyonayo sasa kutokana na dosari. Mhusika mkuu hubadilika pale Tanzia iliyoandikwa na Sophocles kati ya 430 na 425 BK. mambo yaanzapo kumwendea kombo, anapitia awamu ya perepeteia.
Licha ya mambo kumgeukia, anagundua kuwa ana dosari; kitu alichotenda kimesababisha mabadiliko kutoka ya ufanisi na kuwa ya kudidimia – anagnoris. Mhusika mkuu anapaswa kukubali kosa lake na kamwe hafanyi ajizi kwa kulikimbia janga linalomngojea (catastrophe). Janga linalotokea husababisha mhusika kufa au wapenzi wake kufa. Mara kwa mara hata ikiwa mhusika hafi, yanayompata ni mabaya zaidi ya kufa. Awamu zote ni kumfanya mtazamaji kuondokana na hisia (catharsis) ili awe mtu bora zaidi baada ya onyesho la tanzia.
ii) Tanzia ya Urasimi Mpya (Neo-classical Tragedy)
Wakati huu pia tabaka tawala limechangia katika kuifanya tanzia iwe kama ilivyo. Tabaka hili ndilo lililomiliki sanaa hivyo liliingiza mawazo yake katika tanzia. Huu ulikuwa wakati wa utaifa kwa Waingereza hivyo mambo mengi yaliyotokea nje ya taifa hili yaliachwa. Isitoshe, katika kudhamini tamthiliya, Ufalme wa Uingereza ulikataza tamthiliya ya kugusia mambo ya kidini na kitawala. Ufalme ulikuwa tayari kudhamini tamthiliya kama chombo cha kuleta burudani tu. Wakati huu kulikuwepo kwa mwamko wa kifikra uliojulikana kama ‘cartesian rationalism’ – ambao uliweka maanani sana tofauti kati ya umbo la ndani na la nje – hususan kuhusu tabia ya binadamu. Miungu na mashetani waliendelea kuwepo kwenye tanzia hizi na walikuwa na uzito. Ila kutokana na mwamko wa fikra mpya
uliokuwepo watu walifanya uchunguzi wa kina kwanza ili kupambanua kati ya miungu halisi na bandia.
Fikra hizi ambazo zilikuwa uzao wa tabaka tawala zilionekana kwenye tanzia wakati huu. Mhusika mkuu aliendelea kuwa wa tabaka la juu. Lugha iliendelea kuwa ya kishairi isipokuwa wakati mwingine watu wa chini waliongea lugha ya kawaida. Huu ni ubaguzi ambao ulibagua kati ya watazamaji wa kawaida na wale wa hali ya juu ambao walifuatilia vizuri zaidi matukio ya jukwaani.
Mwakilishi mkuu wa wakati huu ni William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) ambaye licha ya kuona tanzia kuwa ni sababu ya uovu ambao mtu humtendea mwingine, hakwenda mbali kuonyesha undani wa mahusiano haya bali aliishia kwenye kuzingatia dhamira sana. Mara  nyingi mhusika wake kwenye tanzia alitatanishwa na dhamira yake mwenyewe. Mfano mzuri ni tanzia yake ya Hamlet12 ambayo mbali na kuonyesha uovu utendekao katika jamii pia kuna mvutano wa dhamira kati ya mhusika huyo huyo mmoja. Kazi zake nyingine ni kama vile Makbeth, Juliasi Kaizari, Tufani na Mabepari wa Venisi. Izingatiwe kuwa Shakespeare aliliandikia tabaka tawala hivyo katu hakuonyesha mgongano wa kitabaka. Alionyesha mambo kuwa ni ya kudumu na hayabadiliki.
iii) Tanzia ya Kisasa (Modern Tragedy)
Tanzia hii imechipuka kutokana na mabadiliko ya fikra na maisha yaliyotokea Ulaya katika karne ya 18. Huu ni wakati ambao ubepari ulianza kushamiri hasa kutokana na kuvumbuliwa kwa mashine ziendazo kwa mvuke (steam engines). Wakati huu ulijulikana kama Mapinduzi ya Viwanda (Industrial Revolution). Ni wakati ambao watu wengi iliwabidi kwenda mijini kufanya kazi viwandani. Miji ikafurika na hali mbovu za maisha zikajitokeza. Hali hii ikawafanya wafanyakazi hawa wawe na ufahamu wa unyonyaji uliokuwa ukiendelea. Msemo mashuhuri wa wakati huo, ‘watu wote wameumbwa kuwa huru na sawa’ ulichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kujenga mawazo tofauti na yale ya urasimi mpya. Wanafalsafa
Auguste Comte na Charles Darwin walichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kutokana na kazi zao za ‘Positivism’13 na ‘Origin of species’ zilizoandikwa karne ya 18. Wanafalsafa hawa walihamasisha watu kutumia sayansi kutumia sayansi katika maswala ya jamii kutafuta chanzo cha matatizo na kudhibiti matokeo yake. Walihamasisha watu kutafuta njia za kufanya ili maarifa yote yahudumie matakwa ya wakati uliopo.
Hivyo kila tawi la maarifa likajihusisha katika mambo ya wakati huo. Tanzia nayo ilienda sambamba na mabadiliko haya. Mungu au miungu haikuwa tena na nafasi yoyote kwenye maisha ya binadamu. Yote yaliyomsibu binadamu yalikuwa na chanzo chake katika maisha haya haya yenye kufahamika na milango mitano ya maarifa/hisi/fahamu. Rousseau anasimamia msimamo huu kwa kusema kuwa kiini cha uovu hutokana na jamii na sio nje ya jamii. Mhusika mkuu aliyekumbwa na janga alitoka katika ngazi yoyote ya jamii. Mhusika huyu alisakamwa na: mtu mwingine, nafsi yake na jamii.  Pia Falsafa ya Umbile. Hii ni falsafa inayozingatia tu mambo yanayoonekana na kujulikana vyema na wanadamu. Lugha nayo ikabadilika kutoka ya ushairi hadi ya kawaida ili kurahisisha mawasiliano. Iliunganisha kwa ufanisi zaidi mwigizaji na hadhira yake. Licha ya lugha kuunganisha mwigizaji na mtazamaji, bado kiini kikubwa cha tanzia kilibakia kuwa ‘Catharsis’ kama katika mikondo ya awali. Ingawa mtazamaji alijitambulisha na mhusika mkuu kwa yale magumu yanayompata, Steiner haoni kuangamia kwa mhusika mkuu kuwa ndio mwisho bali kulitoa fundisho kwa jamii kuwa inaweza kubadilika na hatimaye kupata mwisho mzuri. Huu mwisho mzuri ungepatikana aidha kwa kubadilisha hali mbaya ya maisha na kuwa nzuri au kupata mwisho mzuri kutokana na mawazo ya kidini ya maisha baada ya kifo. Henrich Ibsen (1828 – 1906) ndiye aliyeashiria mwanzo wa tanzia ya kisasa kuanzia 1870. Tanzia hizi zilionyesha jinsi misingi potovu ya jamii ilivyoangusha watu. Katika tanzia yake ‘Ghosts’ (Mizuka) mwanamke anashurutishwa kukaa na mumewe ambaye hampendi.
Isitoshe, ni mwanaume ambaye kutokana na tabia yake ametengwa na jamii. Mtoto wa kiume wanayemzaa anarithi kaswende kutoka kwa babake. Mwisho wa tanzia kijana wa kiume anahehuka na mama mtu anapata wenda wazimu. Matukio haya husababishwa kwa kwa sababu jamii hushurutishwa kufuata maadili potovu. Arthur Miller (1915 – ) katika tanzi yake ya ‘Kifo cha Mfanyabiashara’ (Death of a Salesman)16 iliyoandikwa 1949, anazungumzia mhusika mkuu Willy Loman ambaye ni mfanya – biashara. Katika maisha, yeye anataka apendwe, ajulikane na asifiwe. Anafahamu kuwa mambo yote haya anaweza kuyapata ikiwa atapata mafanikio maishani. Kwa Willy mafanikio ni utajiri na anaamini mtu hawezi kupendwa bila kuwa na mafanikio. Willy anadhani watoto wake hawampendi kwa sababu hajafaulu maishani. Watampenda tu kama atafanikiwa. Anaamini kuwa mapenzi ni kitu cha kutafutwa au kununuliwa na hakitolewi bure. Pia anawaeleza wanawake kuwa hawataheshimiwa kama hawatakuwa na mali. Anagundua mtoto wake Biff anampenda kwa dhati ingawa wote hawana mafanikio. Tendo hili linampa fununu kuwa amekuwa akiamini imani potofu. Fununu inatokea mwisho wa tanzia ambapo pia Willy anapata ajali ya gari.
Katika ‘A Doll’s House’, mwandishi Ibsen anaonyesha jinsi mhusika Nora anavyotaka kubadili maisha yake duni na magumu yanayosababishwa na mumewe. Nora anaamua kumwacha mumewe na watoto ili aweze kuamua mambo yake mwenyewe. A Doll’s House ni tanzia iliyoshambulia ndoa na maisha ya familia kuwa chanzo cha hali ngumu kwa wahusika. Hivyo kwa Steiner mhusika wa tanzia hii ya kisasa haangamii kabisa kwa sababu majibu ya matatizo yake yapo na kama ni anguko ni anguko la muda tu. Tanzia za kisasa zina mielekeo tofauti hasa ukizingatia kuwa mawazo ya binadamu hayana mipaka na watu sehemu mbali mbali hawabanwi na mawazo na itikadi za aina moja tu.
iv) Tanzia ya Kikomunisti (Socialist Realism Tragedy)
Tanzia hizi zimetokana na mawazo ya Marx na Ukomunisti ya kutaka kuleta jamii isiyo na matabaka duniani. Tanzia za aina hii ni za matumaini juu ya ushindi wa ujamaa duniani na lazima ziongelee kuhusu hilo tu. Ni mwiko kwa mhusika mkuu wa tamthiliya hizi kushindwa kuutangaza ujamaa duniani. Ni tanzia ionyeshayo jinsi jamii nzima inavyobadilika na kuwa ya kikomunisti. Mwisho wa tanzia hizi
hutakiwa kuwa mzuri kwa ushindi wa ujamaa.
Mawazo yaliyotawala tanzia hizi yalitokana na chama cha Ukomunisti huko Urusi na ni fikra ambazo zililazimishwa kwa wanaotawaliwa hasa ukichukulia kuwa jamii hiyo pia ililazimishwa kuwa ya mfumo wa chama kimoja. Matabaka ya wakati wa Kigiriki na wa Shakespeare hayatofautiani ya kipindi hiki. Wananchi wa Urusi walilazimishwa kubugia mawazo ambayo hawakuyapenda. Huu toka mwanzo ulikuwa ukandamizaji wa haki za binadamu au uwepo wa uovu kama katika matabaka yote yaliyotangulia. Wahakiki wa tamthiliya hii wanaposema tanzia haina nafasi katika jamii yao ni kuwakoga wananchi kuwa wategemee
maisha yasiyowezekana. Lugha iliyotumika ni ya kawaida ili kuleta maelewano bora kati ya waigizaji na watazamaji. Kulikuwepo na mtengano maalumu kati ya
mwigizaji na mtazamaji. Miungu haina nafasi kubwa kabisa kwenye tanzia hizi. Mhusika mkuu wa tanzia hizi ambaye ni mhusika aliyejengwa kipropaganda kwa manufaa ya siasa ya kikomunisti huitwa mhusika mkuu wa matumaini. Naye ana sifa zifuatazo:
o Yeye ni mfano kati ya mifano.
o Amefikia kiwango cha juu zaidi cha ubinadamu, hana ubinafsi.
o Hana makosa yoyote (kama anayo ni madogo sana kama kukasirika hivi wakati fulani fulani). Na anaweza kuwa na mambo yasiyofaa ya kujiosha akielekea kwenye kiwango cha juu cha maisha lakini yasiwe kikwazo kwake.
o Lazima aielewe siasa barabara.
o Awe na akili.
o Awe na moyo wa ushupavu.
o Awe na uzalendo.
o Aheshimu wanawake.
o Awe tayari kujitoa mhanga.
o Ana msimamo mmmoja tu; nao ni kufikia kilele cha ukomunisti. Hachanganyi weupe na weusi.
o Akipatwa na shida anajua ni lazima aikwepe ili afikie lengo lake.
Mfano mzuri wa tanzia hizi ni ‘The Measures Taken’20 ya Brecht. Katika tanzia hii, mhusika mkuu – The Young Comrade – anajitoa muhanga ili wenzake waweze kueneza ukomunisti nchini China. Brecht hakuwa muasisi wa tanzia hizi isipokuwa alikubali kubadili jamii.
Mwl Maeda
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