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USHAIRI: NADHARIA NA TAHAKIKI (1)

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USHAIRI: NADHARIA NA TAHAKIKI (1)
#1
Kitangulizi
Ushairi
 umeonekana kwa baadhi kubwa ya waalimu na wanafunzi kuwa ni somo gumu sana, na hata kuogopwa. Kitabu hiki kimetungwa kwa makusudi ya kuuondoa woga huu. Kimeandaliwa ili kiwasaidie waalimu, wanafunzi na wapenzi wa ushairi wa Kiswahili kulikabili somo hili vizuri zaidi katika mdharia na uchambuzi wake. Katika sura mbili za mwanzo nimejaribu kutoa vigezo vya nadharia ili kutoa changamoto ya mjadala wa maana ya ushairi. Kwa vile kitabu kimelengwa basa kwa wanafunzi wa vidato vya 3-4, cheti cha ualimu daraja A, diploma ya ualimu, na kiasi fulani kwa wale wa vidato vya 5 na 6, nadharia zilizotolewa katika sura hizi zimerahisishwa kukidhi haja za viwango hivyo.
Baada
ya hapo nimehakiki vitabu kumi vya ushairi, vingi vikiwa ni vile vitumikavyo
katika mihutasari ya viwango vilivyotajwa. Sura ya nne imeandikwa na E.
Kezilahabi, mwenyewe akiwa ni mshairi na mwanazuoni maarufu. Sikuona haja ya
kukihakiki upya kitabu cha Sheikh Kandoro baada ya kuyaona makala haya ya Dkt.
Kezilahabi ambayo kwa hakika yanasadifu sana kiwango cha wanafunzi wa vidato
vya 3 na 4.
UCHAMBUZI WA MASHAIRI: VIDOKEZO
Ushairi
ni aina ya fasihi inayotofautiana na hadithi na tamthilia hasa katika umbo na
matumizi yake ya lugha. Wakati ambapo fasihi ya kinathari inatumia lugha ya
mjazo na ya mtiririko, ushairi hutumia lugha ya mkato yenye kueleza maudhui
yake kimuhtasari, na aghalabu huyaficha maudhui hayo ndani ya taswira na
ishara.
Kwa
hiyo basi, inakuwa muhimu kwa msomaji wa shairi kuwa tayari kwanza kupata maana
ya juu juu ya shairi analolikabili. Kwa maana hii, kwa mfano,
“siku ya mawingu mengi” si kitu kingine bali ni siku iliyojaa utando
wa mawingu angani. Baada ya maana hiyo ya moja kwa moja, msomaji wa shairi
anatakiwa afasili kauli hiyo ya “siku ya mawingu
mengi” kwa maana ya ndani; maana ya kiishara na
kitaswira.
Kwa
kawaida siku iitwayo nzuri ni ile yenye mbingu angavu, yenye ndege warukao na
kuimba nyimbo nzuri. Siku ya namna hii katika ushairi huweza kutumiwa kuwa
ishara ya furaha na amani; wakati amoapo “siku ya mawmgu mengi”
kushara huweza kuwakilisha kununa kwa mtu ambaye hana raha bali kajawa na
karaha.
Hatua
hii ya mwanzo huweza kumsaidia msomaii wa shairi ambaye huwa analikabili shairi
hilo katika ngazi zake hadi kufikia maana kamili.
Katika
kazi ya fasihi, hususan ile ya ushairi, huwa hakuha jibu au tafsiri moja tu.
Inategemea jinsi mpokeaji wa shairi atakavyolikabili shairi hilo tangu mwanzo,
mradi tu aweze kuthibitisha hoja zake kwa mifano dhahiri. Tuchukue mfano mdogo
ufuatao wa shairi la E. Kezilahabi, “Wimbo wa Kunguni” (Kichomi, uk.
20):
Mwanadamu kama huiui
Ndoa ni mkono karibu na goli
Na firimbi imelia
Golini namna mtu
Lakini goli upana futi moja
Viatu vimechanika, na mpira ni tofari.
Uwanja kijiji ndani ya nyumba.
Washangiliaji na wazomeaji wengi sana.
Maswati mengi kama nayo
Manung’uniko mengi kama hayo
Matatizo mengi kama hayo sasa
Yaonekana ingawa zamani hayakuwako.
Shairi
hili linahusu ndoa, kwa hiyo dhamira yake tunaweza kusema kuwa ni
“mabadiliko katika ndoa.” Mstari wa pili ndio unaotupa kidokezo juu
ya dhamira hii. Mshairi anaifananisha ndoa na mchezo wa mpira, lakini mchezo
wenyewe si mpira wa kawaida tuujuao kwani golini hakuna mtu, upana wa goli ni
futi moja, na mpira si huu wa kawaida uliojazwa hewa bali ni tofari. Hiki ni
kinyume cha mambo, nasi tumetakiwa na mshairi tuzichukulie tamathali hizi
kitaswira kuwa zinawakilisha ugumu wa maisha ya ndoa. Ndoa siku hizi ni
matatizo matupu, na mshairi anaonyesha kama vile kwenye mchezo wa mpira, katika
ndoa pia mmejazana washabiki: washangiliaji na wazomeaji.
Mpaka
hapa shairi halijaleta utata. Lakini tuanzapo kujadili jina la shairi pamoja na
mstari wake wa mwisho, utata unaanza. Kwa nini “Wimbo wa Kunguni”?
Maana mojawapo tuwezayo kuitoa hapa ni kuwa kwa vile kunguni hupatikana katika
vitanda vya watu masikini, basi katika shairi hili wimbo huu ni wa mtu
masikini. Kunguni ndiye mwenye fursa ya kuyaona na kuyasikia yote yatokeayo
kati ya mume na mke kwani analala kitanda kimoja nao. Kwa hiyo malalamiko haya
kuhusu ndoa yanatokana na udhati wa kuyaishi maisha ya ndoa chungu ya
kimasikini.
Maana
nyingine tuwezayo kuitoa kuhusu taswira hii ya kunguni ni ile ya mtu anayemtegemea
mwenziwe katika maisha yao ya ndoa, naye amebaki kulalamikia hali yao duni
akiwa kang’ang’ania katika uvivu wake wa kusubiri aletewe kila kitu. Huyu,
kutokana na kutofanya kazi, anaishilia katika manung’uniko, malalamiko, na
kutokuridhika.
Mstari
wa mwisho unaweza pia kuwa na maana zaidi ya moja. Mathalani, kwa wengine
mstari huu huweza kuwa na maana kwamba ndoa za siku hizi, kinyume na za zamani,
zimejaa machungu mengi. Kwa baadhi ya wasomaji mstari huu unaweza kuchukuliwa
kuwa ni sehemu ya malalamiko ya mtu mmoja kwa mwenziwe kuhusu ndoa yao ambayo
mwanzoni ilikuwa nzuri lakini sasa imegeuka kuwa karaha tupu.
Kutokana
na haya, tumeona jinsi shairi moja liwezavyo kujadiliwa na kupewa maana zaidi
ya moja na bado maana zote zikakubalika kufuatana na hoja zilizotolewa na
uthibitisho ulioambatana na hoja hizo.
Ziko
njia kuu mbili ambazo huweza kutumiwa kuchambulia shairi. Njia ya kwaoza
hupitia vipengele mbalimbali vya shairi, kimoja hadi kingine. Kwa njia hii
mhakiki huangalia sehemu mbalimbali za fani na maudhui kama vile dhamira,
maana, ujumbe, falsafa, matumizi ya lugha, taswira na ishara, vina na mizani
(kama ipo), na kadhalika. Njia hii ndiyo ambayo nimeitumia sana katika tahakiki
zilizomo humu kitabuni.
Mbinu
ya pili ni ile ya kulichambua shairi hatua kwa hatua kutoka ubeti mmoja hadi
mwingine.
Mara
nyingi, uchambuzi wa mashairi huchukua njia zote mbili, ijapokuwa uamuzi wa
mhakiki kutumia njia hii ama ile hutegemea pia shairi linalohusika. Hata hivyo,
mara nyingi njia ya pili ina hatari kwani huweza kuishia katika kufasili tu na
kuyaeleza kinathari yale yanayojitokeza katika shairi.
Kwa
jumla, katika uchambuzi wa mashairi au hata wa washairi, maswali yafuatayo
huulizwa:
1. Je, mshairi
ninayemshughulikia ni wa aina gani? Historia ya maisha yake ni ipi? Ina mchango
gani wa moja kwa moja katika fani na maudhui ya ushairi wake?
2.
Ni dhamira gani kubwa na ndogo zinazojitokeza katika ushairi wake? Je, dhamira
hizo zina nafasi gani katika jamii ya leo? Na kama ni mshairi wa zamani,
dhamira hizo zilikuwa na nafasi gani katika jamii ya mshairi ya wakati huo?
3.
Kutokana na ushairi wake tunaweza kusema mshairi anao msimamo au mtazamo
maalumu unaojitokeza mara kwa mara, au mshairi huyo huwa anaandika tu kuhusu
mambo yanayomgusa na kumuathiri kwa wakati huo? Iwapo ana msimamo maalumu, ni
upi na unabeba falsafa aina gani?
4.
Fani iliyotumiwa katika shairi au mashairi yanayohusika ni ya aina gani? Kwa
mfano, mshairi katumia lugha ya aina gani? Taswira azitumiazo ni za aina gani?
Je, katumiaje viegezo vya vina na mizani (iwapo ni ushairi wenye vina na
mizani), mitindo, muundo, na mbinu nyinginezo za kisanaa?
5.
Iwapo zipo kazi nyingine za ushairi au hata washairi wengine wanaoshabihiana na
mshairi anayehusika, wanafanana ama kutofautianaje katika fani na maudhui ya
mashairi yao na ya mshairi huyu? Au ikiwa mshairi anayechunguzwa ni wa pekee,
ni sifa gani za kifani na kimaudhui zinazompa upekee huo?
Haya
ni baadhi tu ya maswali muhimu ambayo yafaa yatiliwe maanani na walimu na
wanafuna wa ushairi.
Ni
matumaini yangu kuwa iwapo vidokezo hivi pamoja na nadharia na tahakiki
mbalimbali humu hazikufaulu kuyajibu maswali ya wanafunzi na waalimu kuhusu
ushairi, walau zimeelekeza kwenye chanzo cha majibu ya maswali hayo.
Shukrani
Nawashukuru
Bibi Demere Kitunga-Chachage na Bwana Justin Mallya kwa kazi waliyoifanya
kuuhariri mswada wa kitabu hiki pamoja na mapendekezo yao mengi kuhusu maudhui
yaliyomo humu. Pia ninawashukuru E. Kezilahabi, M.M. Mulokozi, K.K. Kahigi,
M.L. Balisidya-Matteru, N.O. Mmbaga, E.N. Hussein, G. Ruhumbika, J. Madumulla,
na Nyalobi Mayunjanda Gibbe kwa maoni yao waliyoyatoa wakati wa mijadala ya
ushairi.
Tunawashukuru
waandishi na wachapishaji wa vitabu mbalimbali vilivyohakikiwa humu. Mwisho
shukurani na upendo mwingi kwa Chichi, Mbazi na Aisha walioithamini kazi
niliyokuwa naifanya, wakanipa moyo kuwa jasho la akili ya mtu humpatia na
kumsongea ugali.
 
F.E.M.K. Senkoro
Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam
Juni, 1987.
Mwl Maeda
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