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BAINA YA HARUFU NA HERUFI

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BAINA YA HARUFU NA HERUFI
#1
BAINA YA HARUFU   NA HERUFI

Marahaba, Bwana Rwaka. Nakushukuru kwa kuniuliza swali hilo, kutokana na makala yangu kuhusu neno "Mwanamajumui", uliyoyasoma kwenye ukurasa wa mtandaoni wa Kiswahili Kina Wenyewe. Na namshukuru Sheikh Khamisi Mataka kwa kunisaidia kulijibu, kabla ya mimi kupata nafasi ya kulijibu. Natumai umetosheka na maelezo yake mazuri. Kwa hivyo, sitakuwa na mengi ya kuongeza isipokuwa haya machache yafuatayo.

Umeniuliza maswali mawili. Mosi, hilo neno "harufu" ulilolisoma kwenye makala hayo (ambalo kwa Kiswahili Sanifu huandikwa "herufi") ni la lahaja ipi? Umeeleza kuwa neno hilo ni jipya kwako, kwa sababu ulijualo wewe ni hilo "herufi". Na, pili, umeniuliza kwenye lahaja hiyo neno "harufu" lenye maana ya "smell" kwa Kiingereza, huandikwaje?

Naanza kwa kulijibu swali la pili. Jawabu yake ni kwamba huandikwa vivyo hivyo - "harufu".

Na jawabu ya swali lako la kwanza ni: hilo "harufu" si neno la lahaja yoyote fulani ya Kiswahili, bali hivyo ndivyo lilivyokuwa likiandikwa na Waswahili wa sehemu zote za Uswahilini. Ukitaka kulithibitisha hilo, tafuta maandishi ya zamani ya Kiswahili - kwa mfano, ya barua za watu binafsi au ya  nyaraka rasmi - zilizokuwa zikiandikwa kwa hati za Kiarabu. Baadhi ya hati hizo za Kiarabu zilifanyiwa  marakibisho na Waswahili wenyewe ili zilingane na sauti za maneno ya Kiswahili. (Miongoni mwa lugha  nyengine zilizoanza kuandikwa kwa kutumia hati za Kiarabu zilizorakibishwa na wenye asili na lugha hizo ili zilingane na matamshi ya lugha zao ni Kiurdu, (Pakistan ya leo), Kifursi (Iran ya leo), na Kihausa (Nigeria)). Natumai waelewa kwamba hati za Kiarabu ndizo zilizotumiwa na Waswahili kwa karne nyingi kuandikia lugha yao, kabla ya hizi hati za Kirumi (Kilatini) kutumiwa huku katika karne ya 19.

Hili neno "herufi", kama liandikwavyo katika hichi kiitwacho Kiswahili Sanifu, ni matokeo ya baadhi ya mabadiliko yaliyofanywa na hao Wazungu (wengi wao maafisa wa kikoloni) waliojipa madaraka ya kuiwekea  lugha hii kanuni za kisarufi na za kimaandishi, mara nyingi bila ya kuwahusisha au kuwataka shauri wenye lugha yao (au hata Mwafrika mwengine yoyote yule) kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi ya mwanzo.

Kutokana na urathi huo wa kikoloni wa kulazimishwa kuzifuata hizo kanuni, ambazo wenyeji hawakuwa na kauli au hiari nazo, ndipo  leo katika Kiswahili Sanifu kukawa kwaandikwa "herufi" badala ya "harufu".  Mifano mengine ya maneno waliyoyabadilisha jinsi
ya kuandikwa kwake ni    ilimu (elimu), hishima (heshima), hishimu (heshimu), hikima (hekima), tafauti (tofauti), sharia (sheria), hisabu (hesabu), sirikali (serikali), rakibisha (rekebisha), marakibisho (marekebisho), na mengi mengineyo. Na hivi leo atokeapo mtu akayaandika au akayatamka maneno kama hayo kama yalivyokuwa yakitamkwa na kuandikwa na wenyeji wenyewe, huonekana ni kitushi kikubwa, au amefanya madhambi makubwa!!

Najua kwamba, kwa sababu zao mbalimbali, si watumiaji wote wa Kiswahili hivi leo watakaokuwa tayari - hata kwa kufikiria tu -  kukubali kuyatamka au kuyaandika kama hivyo yalivyokuwa yakitamkwa na kuandikwa na wenyeji wa lugha hii, kabla ya mwaka 1930 kilipobuniwa Kiswahili Sanifu. Najua pia kwamba si rahisi kurudi tulikotoka, au kujikomboa kiakili na kuyang'oa yaliyokita mizizi katika mabongo ya baadhi yetu kuhusu hichi tukiitacho Kiswahili Sanifu.

Swali ambalo huwa najiuliza ni hili: Ikiwa tulipigania kuzikomboa nchi zetu kisiasa (ingawa bado hatujafaulu), na ikiwa twajitahidi tuzikomboe nchi zetu kiuchumi (ingawa bado hatujafanikiwa kuwa na mikakati madhubuti), basi kwa nini twaona uzito kukikomboa Kiswahili kutokana na baadhi ya minyororo ya kikoloni? Kama nilivyotangulia kueleza, haitawezekana kurudi tulikotoka - kwa sababu mbalimbali. Lakini naamini kuwa sote tukitumiao Kiswahili sasa twafaa kuanza kujadiliana kuhusu hii fikira ya kwamba ni lazima kuwa na aina moja tu ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Na hili litakuwa si bina kwa Kiswahili. Kwa mfano, hakuna aina moja ya Kiingereza Sanifu: Waingereza wana chao, Wamarekani wana chao, Waaustralia wana chao. Kwa nini, basi, tusikubaliane kuwa maneno "hishima", "ilimu",  "tafauti", na hayo mengineyo, ni Kiswahili Sanifu pia?

- Abdilatif Abdalla
Hamburg, Ujerumani
15 Aprili, 2021
Mwl Maeda
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