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TABIA NA SIFA ZA LUGHA
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TABIA NA SIFA ZA LUGHA
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Tabia ya Lugha
Zifuatazo ndizo tabia zinazojitokeza kwa kila lugha; tabia ambazo zinaihalalisha
lugha yo yote kuwa lugha na si vinginevyo.
(i) Lugha Ina Tabia ya Kukua
Lugha hukua kadri inavyoendelea kutumiwa na jamii. Maneno ya zamani
yanabadilika, yote haya ni kutokana na mahitaji ya umma au jamii katika harakati za wana-jamii wake kujiboresha kimaendeleo ambako wakati mwingine si rahisi kutokana na misukosuko duniani. Kwa hiyo, kama lugha itakosa watumiaji.
(ii) Lugha Ina Tabia ya Kuathiriwa
Lugha inaweza kuathiriwa na lugha nyingine au inaweza kuathiri lugha nyingine.
Mfano lugha ya Kiswahili imeathiriwa sana na lugha ya Kiarabu, Kibantu na Kiingereza. Vile vile Kiswahili kimeathiri lugha hizo.
(iii) Hakuna Lugha Bora
Lugha zote ni bora. Ubora wa lugha upo kwa wale wanaotumia. Lakini pia kuna
lugha bora na bora lugha. Bora lugha hujitokeza kwenye misimbo na/au rejesta.
(iv) Kujitosheleza
Kila lugha inajitosheleza kulingana na mahitaji ya jamii ambayo inatumia lugha
yenyewe katika kipindi husika cha maisha yake hiyo jamii.
Sifa za Lugha
Zifuatazo ndizo sifa zinazojitokeza kwa kila lugha; sifa ambazo zinaihalalisha
lugha yo yote kuwa lugha na si vinginevyo.
(i) Lugha ni Lazima Imuhusu Mwanadamu
Kimsingi hakuna kiumbe kisicho mwanadamu (mtu) kinachoweza kuzungumza
lugha. Lugha ni chombo maalum wanachokitumia binadamu kwa lengo la
mawasiliano.
(ii) Sauti
Lugha huambatana na sauti za binadamu kutoka kinywani mwake binadamu
lazima atamke jambo kwa sauti.
(iii) Lugha Huzingatia Utaratibu Maalum
Lugha ni Sauti Zenye Utaratibu Maalumu
Sauti za lugha yoyote huwa zimepangwa kwa kufuata utaratibu fulani
unaokubaliwa na jamii hiyo ya watu. Kwa maneno mengine si kila sauti itokayo
kinywani mwa mwanadamu ni lugha. Mtoto anapolia hatusemi
anaongea au anazungumza. Utaratibu huo huitwa sarufi.
Mfano:
(a) Hatusemi
(i) John embe ana [joniembeana] au [joninaembea].
(ii) Kisu changu mimi nimepoteza
[kisuchangumiminimepoteza]
(b) Jamii imepatana kusema
(i) John ana embe [jonianaembe]
(ii) Mimi nimepoteza kisu changu
[miminimepotezakisuchangu]
(iv) Lugha Hufuata Misingi ya Fonimu
Lugha ina vitamkwa/vipashio ambavyo huitwa fonimu. Wana-Isimu wanakubaliana
kwa ujumla kwamba fonimu ni sauti yenye uwezo wa kuleta tofauti katika
maana ikipachikwa katika neno la lugha husika. Fonimu itazungumziwa kwa kirefu
katika Mhadhara wa Tatu.
Kwa mfano, baadhi ya fonimu za Kiswahili ni:
· /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/,
Katika: [tata] ~ [teta] ~ [tita] ~ [tota] ~ [tuta].
· /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /c/, / ɟ /, /k/, /g/, /s/, /z/, nk.
Katika:
pawa~bawa~tawa~dawa~chawa~jawa
kawa~gawa~sawa~zawa, nk.
(v) Lugha Hufuata Mpangilio wa Vipashio Unaoleta Maana
Muundo wa Lugha inayohusika kwa mujibu wa mpangilio wa vipashio vyake lazima ufahamike. Mpangilio huo huanza na fonimu, neno, kirai, kishazi, sentensi.
(vi) Lugha Inajizalisha
Vipashio vinavyoiunda lugha husika huwa na sifa ya kuweza kunyumbulishwa ili kupata maneno mapya. Kwa mfano, vitenzi hunyumbulishwa kwa
kuongezewa viambishi na kwa hiyo, lugha hujiongezea maneno mapya. Ona:
(i) chez-a => ku-chez-a => ku-m-chez-a > tu-li-m-chez-a.
(ii) chez-e-a=>chez-esh—a=> chez-esh-an-a => chez-esh-an-ik-a.
(iii) chez-e-a =>chez-ek-a.
(vii) Lugha Husharabu
Lugha husharabu kwa maana ya kwamba lugha huchukua maneno kutoka
lugha nyingine ili kujiongezea msamiati wake. Tabia hii inazisaidia sana lugha zinazokua. Lugha husharabu kwa namna mbili ambazo ni kuchukua na kutohoa
(i) Kuchukua hutokea pale lugha inapojiongezea maneno toka lugha nyingine
na kuyatumia kama yalivyo. Uchukuaji hutokea kwa lugha zinazoendana kisarufi
kama Kiswahili na lugha za Kibantu.
(ii) Kutohoa hutokea pale lugha inapoyachukua maneno toka lugha nyingine
na kuyarekebisha kimaandishi na kimatamshi ili yaendane na sarufi ya lugha
inayotohoa mf Kiswahili na Lugha za kigeni.
Mwl Maeda
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