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WAANDISHI WA KIKE WANAVYOMSAWIRI MWANAMKE

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WAANDISHI WA KIKE WANAVYOMSAWIRI MWANAMKE
#1
Waandishi wa Kike Wanavyomsawiri Mwanamke
Ipo hoja inayosema kwamba waandishi wa jinsia ya kike ni wachache ikilinganishwa na wale wa jinsia ya kiume. Kutokana na hayo, basi wenye kuwachora wanawake kwa mtazamo hasi zaidi ni wanaume, kwani wao ni wengi zaidi. Madai haya yamebainishwa na Simala (2002:72) alipofanya utafiti wake nchini Kenya. Yeye anasema ni jambo la kushangaza sana ni kwamba, mpaka hivi sasa nchi ya Kenya haina waandishi wengi wanawake wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kama ilivyo katika fasihi ya Kiingereza. Anatoa mfano katika majadiliano na waandishi wa Afrika nanukuu: waandishi wa kike waliohojiwa kutoka Afrika Mashariki (A. Mashariki) ni Grace Ogot kutoka Kenya na Penina Mlama (Muhando) kutoka Tanzania. Mjadala wa mwaka 1990 waandishi Muthoni Likamani na Pamela Kola ndio walihojiwa miongoni mwa waandishi wanawaake kutoka Kenya. Hivyo ni dhahiri kwamba wanawake wengi wasomi wamejikita zaidi katika uwanja wa kuhakiki na kuchambua fasihi kuliko kutunga kazi asilia za kubuni. Hata hivyo ni wazi kuwa fani hizi mbili haziwezi kutenganishwa kwani zinakwenda sambamba.
Mbughuni (1979) anasema kuwa katika riwaya za Kiswahili zipo picha mbili zinazokinzana za mwanamke, picha inayotokea mara nyingi ni mwanamke kama Hawa yaani mghilibu, asiyeweza kutawaliwa na mwanamume, mwanamke aliye chombo cha uovu, fujo na anayevuruga taratibu za jamii. Picha nyingine ni ya Maria yaani mama mtiifu, mwenye nyumba, pambo la mhusika mkuu wa kiume. Mwanamume anawakilisha maadili mazuri na anaokoa wanawake kwa njia ya kuoa. Katika riwaya mwanamke anayefanya mambo ya kujitegemea au anayepigania maslahi yake anaadhibiwa.
Mbughuni (1982) anabainisha kuwa uchorwaji wa wahusika unategemea ufafanuzi wa tabia au dhana fulani. Kwa mfano akielezea uchorwaji wa Rosa katika riwaya Rosa Mistika, anasema kuwa uchorwaji wake unasisitiza jinsi mazingira, silika na malezi vinavyomuathiri msichana Rosa. Rosa anachorwa kuanzia utotoni akinyanyaswa na baba yake hadi anapokuwa shuleni ambako anakutana na mwalimu mkuu.
Balisidya (1982:2) anabainisha taswira kadhaa zinazomhusu mwanamke, Taswira hizo alizoziainisha ni mwanamke kama mama, mwanamke kama chombo cha kumstarehesha mwanamume na mwanamke kama chombo cha kumilikiwa na mwanamume. Taswira hizo alizoziainisha Balisidya, zimeangaliwa na waandishi wengine wengi kwa mitizamo tofauti. Ila yeye Balisidya alimaanisha yafuatayo:
Katika taswira ya u-mama, Balisidya anaona kuwa mwanamke ni mlezi wa familia, hulelewa toka utotoni huku akijua jukumu hili la kulea familia. Haya yana uhalisia wake kwani tunawaona watoto wadogo katika michezo yao ya kitoto, wanawake huonekana wakipika, wakiosha vyombo, wakilea watoto, na kadhalika, ilhali wanaume
wakionekana kwenda shambani, kujenga nyumba, na kadhalika. Kwa upande mwingine,
tunakumbana na ukweli kwamba, mafunzo anayopewa mwanamke unyagoni huhusisha
mambo yote muhimu katika kulea familia, kumtunza, kumnyenyekea na kumtii
mwanamume, shughuli za jikoni, na kadhalika.
Balisidya anaona fasihi
kwamba, nayo hujikita kwa namna fulani katika kumpa mwanamke nafasi ileile ya
ulezi kupitia hadithi, michezo ya watoto na nyimbo. Suala la mwanamke
kumstarehesha mwanamume limebainishwa na kujadiliwa na Balisidya. Ameona kuwa,
taswira hii inamdhalilisha mwanamke kwani inamchora kwa undani  jinsi anavyotumiwa na mwanamume ili kukidhi
utashi wa haja zake za mapenzi. Mwandishi anaona taswira hii hujengwa kwa
mafunzo yanayotolewa katika jamii hususan miviga wawapo mafunzoni ya unyago,
ambapo wasichana hufundwa jinsi ya kukidhi haja za wanaume.
Mafunzo hayo
yamemsukuma mwandishi kuonesha msimamo wake juu ya manju wanaoendesha mafunzo
hayo na kuyapitisha kwa jamii kama kaida za jamii husika. Jamii imeshindwa
kutambua kuwa jukumu la mafunzo ya miviga huzilenga jinsia zote mbili ili
ziweze kuishi pamoja kwa kusaidiana. Huu ni mfano na msimamo wa mwandishi ambao
unaonesha namna waandishi wa kike wanavyoyaandika haya katika muktadha wa kumdunisha
mwanamke mwenzao katika utanzu huo wa fasihi ilhali waandishi wa kike ndio
tegemeo na msaidizi wa kumtetea mhusika wa kike. Hapa inatubidi kutoa wito kwa
wahusika hawa kujizatiti katika kuandika fasihi yenye malengo ya kuumba upya
uhai na taswira ya mwanamke katika kazi za fasihi.
Muhando (1982: 41)
hayupo nyuma katika kuandika kazi za fasihi, Yeye anamtumia mke wa mwanasiasa
kwa lengo la kubainisha uhalisi huu katika jamii. Mhusika huyu anasawiriwa na
mwandishi kuwa ana wajibu wa kumridhisha na kumfurahisha baba watoto, la sivyo
hatapata chakula. Kwa hakika huu ni udhalilishwaji wa hali ya juu unaofanywa na
jinsia ya kiume. Hali hii inasikitisha kwani kila mtu mwenye uwezo wa kufanya
kazi hana budi kula pia. Wapo wanaume wenye tabia za kuwatesa, kuwadhalilisha,
kuwanyima haki zao na kutoa adhabu dhalilishi kwa wanawake wao. Kosa hili
linasababishwa na mambo mengi ambayo tutayajadili katika kipengele kifuatacho.
Kwa upande mwingine
haya yanatokea kwa sababu ya unyonge wa mwanamke kujiona kiumbe dhaifu mbele ya
wanaume na pia hali halisi za kiuchumi, ambazo husababishwa na wanaume
wasiowaruhusu wanawake wao kufanya shughuli za kujiingizia kipato. Kwa kufanya
hivyo, mwanamke anawajibika kumnyenyekea mwanamume ili mradi apate chakula na
kinga.
Mbilinyi na wenzake
(1991) wanabainisha kwamba nafasi ya wanawake inabadilika mara kwa mara, na
hivyo wajibu wao katika jamii hubadilika pia. Kutokana na hayo, picha na
mwonekano wa wanawake unaoonekana unaowakilishwa katika kazi fasihi kuwa
unabadilika. Picha hiyo ya wanawake inayowakilishwa katika tamthiliya leo
ambayo ni aina mojawapo ya fasihi ya Kiswahili anadai kuwa inatokana na kuwepo
kwa uchumi wa aina mbili: uchumi wa jadi na ule wa kisasa. Ili kuendeleza
uchumi aina hizi mbili bila ya kuathiri au kufifia kwa mfumo wa ukabaila ni
lazima kuleta mabadiliko katika sekta ya kazi kwa wanawake. Pamoja na hayo,
kila mtu katika jamii anatakiwa kuwajibika ipaswavyo katika majukumu ya maisha
ya kila siku.
Balisidya (1982)
anasema kwamba “ukandamizaji wa wanawake na wanaume unategemea sana mahusiano
yao ya mapenzi” Yeye anabainisha dhamira tatu kuu za wanawake katika kazi,
hususan fasihi simulizi. Anamwonesha kama mama watoto, chombo cha kumfurahisha
mwanamume na mwanamke kama mali. Hata hivyo wanawake wachache sana
wanajishughulisha na fasihi simulizi na sanaa au sanaa za maonyesho. Hii ni
kwasababu wanawake hawakupata elimu ya kutosha kama au sawa na wanaume. Pia ni
kwa zile sababu tulizokwisha kuzitaja ya kuwa wanabaguliwa katika elimu.
Ubaguzi huo unawazuia wanawake wasipate vyeo vya juu na wengine wanavunjika
moyo na kukataa kujaribu kazi zinazofanywa na wanaume.
Kwa upande mwingine,
wanawake wanasaidia sana katika kujengwa na kuendelezwa kwa taswira na picha
potofu za wanawake wengine. Hii ndio sababu iliyomsukuma Khonje (1979) kuandika
kuwa wanawake wanasaidia kujenga uovu wa wanawake kwa njia mbalimbali.
Akishadidia hayo, ametoa mfano kuwa, katika familia wanawake wanawafundisha
watoto msingi ya uonevu, nafasi tofauti ya wanawake na wanaume na madaraka ya
mwanamume kama mkuu wa familia. Hivyo wanawake hawajaungana pamoja katika
kuendesha mapambano dhidi ya ubaguzi na kubaguliwa kwao. Badala yake wanasaidia
kujenga wazo kwamba mahali pa mwanamke ni nyumbani kulea familia na sio nje ya
nyumba.
Mwanga (1984) amekwepa
kumsawiri mwanamke katika hali ya kudhalilisha akilinganishwa na Balisidya
katika riwaya ya Shida. Pamoja ukwepaji huo, bado kuna taswira kadhaa
zilizojitokeza katika Hiba ya Wivu, zenye vipengele vya kumdhalisha mwanamke.
Taswira hizi ni utegemezi wa mwanamke kwa mwanamume, mwanamke kuwa kitu adhimu
na laghai.
Swila (2000)
ameichunguza nafasi ya mwanamke katika magazeti ya Kiswahili ya Uhuru na
Majira, haya ni magazeti yanayotolewa kila siku nchini Tanzania. Kwenye
magazeti haya aliangalia hadithi fupi, ambazo hupendwa kusomwa na wasomaji wa
fasihi. Katika uchunguzi wake huo, amegundua kuwa karibu robo tatu ya hadithi
hizo zimemchora mwanamke kwa mtazamo hasi hususan katika matumizi ya lugha na
maudhui. Amemalizia kwa kusema kuwa katika usawiri wa mwanamke kwa kiasi
kikubwa ni hasi, wanamchora mwanamke kama mshawishi aliyewekwa kwa ajili ya
kumvutia mwanamume kimapenzi. Masimulizi haya yameonyesha kuwa mwenye akili na
haki pekee ya kifalme ni mwanamume.
 
Momanyi (2001)
anabainisha kuwa wanawake wamepewa taswira za aina mbili: taswira ya kwanza ni
ile ya motifu ya Bikira Maria4 na taswira ya pili inayomsawiri mwanamke kama
motifu ya Hawa.5 Kuna waandishi ambao wamekoleza mielekeo ya kifeministi katika
kazi zao ili waufundishe umma kuhusu usawaq na uwezo wa wanadamu wote. Miongoni
mwao ni Momanyi (2004 na 2006) kama alivyoandikwa na Richard na wenzake (2007).
Manufaa ya nadharia hii inayozungumzia masuala ya wanawake ni kupigania usawa
miongoni mwa wanadamu na kuonesha udhahifu wa mfumo dume6 . Pia kutetea uhuru
wa mwanamke katika kufurahia haki zote za binadamu.  
Mwl Maeda
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