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FANI NA MAUDHUI KATIKA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI

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FANI NA MAUDHUI KATIKA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
#1
FANI na maudhui ni vipengele vya ndani vinavyojenga shairi. Kuna uhusiano mkubwa kati ya fani na maudhui ambayo ni jumla ya fikira au mawazo ya mtunzi yeyote wa kazi ya sanaa.
Ni kama pande mbili za sarafu moja. Vipengele hivi huathiriana katika kazi ya fasihi, hivi kwamba haiyumkiniki kuzungumzia kimoja bila kugusia kingine. Msokile (1993:57) anaifafanua fani kama:
“…vipengele vya kisanaa katika kazi ya fasihi. Ni vipengele vinavyojenga umbo la kazi ya sanaa. Mara nyingi vipengele vya fani ni pamoja na muundo, mtindo, mandhari (mazingira), wahusika na lugha. Si lazima vipengele hivyo vya kisanaa kujitokeza kwa uzito ule ule katika kila kazi ya kifasihi”.
Fani ni jinsi msanii anavyofinyanga kazi yake ili kueleza hisia na mawazo yake kwa njia ya ufasaha.
Katika fasihi, fani ni jumuisho la vipengele vyote vya kifasihi ambavyo msanii anavitumia katika juhudi za kueleza hisia au maoni yake ili kubainisha taratibu za maisha ya binadamu kwa njia ya ubunifu zaidi.
Maudhui hujumuisha jambo linalozungumziwa na mshairi pamoja na mtazamo wake kuhusu jambo hilo.
Katika maudhui, kuna pia mafunzo mbalimbali yaliyomchochea mwandishi kutunga shairi lake na falsafa au elimu anayoishughulikia.
La muhimu zaidi katika maudhui ni dhamira ambazo hufungamana na mawazo anayoyajadili mtunzi. Kwa muhtasari, fani hujumuisha vipengele vifuatavyo:
Lugha
Fasihi ni sanaa inayowasilisha maudhui yake kwa kutumia lugha. Ushairi nao hutumia lugha yenye mpangilio maalum wa maneno yaliyoteuliwa ili kuwasilisha ujumbe wake.
Takribani kila kijelezi kinacholenga kuelezea dhana inayohusiana na ushairi kimetilia mkazo umuhimu wa lugha iliyoteuliwa, tena ya mkato.
Mwananadharia maarufu, Jakobson (katika Eagleton, 1988) amewahi kuifafanua lugha ya ushairi kama ‘nguvu za kimabavu zinazotendewa lugha ya kawaida’. Anavyosema Jakobson, lugha ya kishairi hujivimbisha kiasi cha kuvuta nadhari za wasomaji au wasikilizaji wa tungo hizo.
Kwa sababu hiyo, ushairi una uwezo wa kuzungumzia mambo chungu nzima kwa muhtasari kuliko maelezo yanayotolewa na waandishi wa tanzu nyinginezo za fasihi kama vile riwaya, tamthilia na hadithi fupi (Webstar, 1990).
Uwezo huo wa ushairi kuzungumzia mambo mengi kwa ufupi unatokana na kutumika kwa zana mbalimbali za lugha na hasa zile zinazohusu matumizi ya tamathali za usemi.
Kahigi na Mulokozi (1982:32) wanazieleza tamathali za usemi kuwa ni:
“…vifananisho au viwakilisho vya dhana fulani kwa dhana nyingine tofauti. Ni usemi wenye kupanua, kupuuza au kubadilisha maana dhahiri za kawaida za maneno ili kuleta maana maalum ya kishairi iliyokusudiwa na mtunzi kuchelewesha uelewa wa ujumbe alioufumbata katika kazi yake ya kisanaa”.
Uteuzi na mpangilio wa maneno
Kwa kuzingatia kipengele hiki washairi hupanga na kuteua maneno yao kulingana na ama uhusiano wa kimfululizo wa maneno au kwa kuzingatia uhusiano wa kimsimamo wa maneno hayo.
Katika upangaji wa maneno kwa kuzingatia uhusiano wa kimfululizo, mshairi hukiuka mpangilio uliozoeleka wa maneno husika. Kwa mfano, sentensi sahili ya Kiswahili huanza kwa nomino kisha sifa ya jina hilo ikatokea baadaye katika mfuatano wa kiima, kitenzi na yambwa.
Ingawa huo ndio mfumo uliozoeleka na ulio sahihi kisarufi, washairi hupewa kibali maalum kama wanafasihi. Kutokana na uhuru au kibali hicho, tunaona kwamba washairi wanatuwasilishia maumbo ya sentensi ambayo si sanifu ingawa yakubalika kama moja ya mbinu za kishairi. Hivi utapata washairi wakisema:
“Wangu moyo” badala ya “Moyo wangu”, au “Kizuri sana kitabu” badala ya “Kitabu kizuri sana”. Mpangilio huu wa maneno hautumiki kisadfa bali unaendeleza matakwa na haja tofauti za mashairi kama vile kukuza urari wa vina na kwa ujumla kuibua hisia za kifasihi.
Muundo
Ni mjengo au sura ya nje ya shairi inayotegemezwa kwenye mfuatano na idadi ya beti, mpangilio wa vina na vipande pamoja na urari wa mizani na vituo. Mashairi ya Kiswahili yana miundo mingi na urefu wa mishororo unaotofautiana kwa kutegemea mtiririko wa wazo au hisia iwapo ni shairi huru. Urefu wa beti aghalabu hutegemea idadi ya mishororo. Muundo huweza kuathiri mtiririko na kiini cha maana ya shairi. Kwa ufupi, muundo ni umbo la nje ya kazi ya sanaa.
Mtindo
Ni namna ambavyo msanii hutunga kazi na kuipa kazi hiyo uzuri kifani na kimaudhui. Mtindo huambatanishwa na tabia ya utungaji ambayo humpambanua mtunzi mmoja kutokana na mwingine. Katika muktadha huu, mtindo hubainika katika jinsi mtunzi anavyoteua kujieleza kwa kuchanganya ndimi, kutumia methali na mafumbo au kufumbata ujumbe kwenye ufupi au urefu wa sentensi zake. Aidha, dhana ya mtindo huenda ikajumuisha wasanii wa kipindi fulani cha kihistoria na sifa zao za uandishi kwa kutegemea matumizi ya lahaja au maneno ya kale.
Wahusika
Mashairi ya kawaida hayategemei sana wahusika ili kuwasilisha ujumbe. Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya bahari za ushairi ambazo hutumia sana wahusika ambao aghalabu hutumiwa kama kinywa cha kuwasilishia hadhira jumla ya fikira za mtunzi.
Pamoja na bahari hizo ni ngonjera au tenzi ambazo mara nyingi hubainisha kuwepo kwa nafsi-neni (persona) na nafsi-nenewa, sifa ambayo aghalabu huandamwa na mashairi ya Kiingereza.
Mwl Maeda
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