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Mapokeo Simulizi kama historia ya Afrika

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Mapokeo Simulizi kama historia ya Afrika
#1
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Uchambuzi wa makala ya mwandishi Jan Vansina
Hapo Zamani za kale: Mapokeo Simulizi kama historia ya Afrika
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MUHTASARI WA MAKALA
Mwandishi anaanza kwa kumnukuu Mbope Luis wa Kongo anayesema “ vitabu vyetu vipo kichwani mwetu”.
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Makala imejaribu kuelezea historia ya masimulizi jadi yaliyokuwa yanapatikana Afrika. Mwandishi aanatofautisha jadi za namna mbili kwa kutumia jamii za Kiafrika na za Ulaya. Anasema kuwa tofauti na Ulaya ambako kusoma na kuandika vilikuwa kama kielelezo cha ustaarabu, jamii za Kiafrika kabla ya kuja ukoloni zilijitosheleza na kujieleza kwa kutumia mapokeo simulizi. Mwandishi anasisitiza kuwa nafasi na dhima ya mapokeo simulizi barani Afrika iliendelea kustawi hata baada ya kuingia kwa ustaarabu wa kusoma na kuandika, kwa maneno mengine Vansina anakiri kuwa kuna  uhusiano mkubwa kati ya jadi ya mapokeo simulizi na jadi ya maandishi.  Katika kulithibitisha hili anamtumia Profesa Willam A. Brown ambaye aliikuta barua huko masino ( Mali ) ambayo maudhui yake yalielezwa kwa kurejelea mambo mbalimbali. Yaliyokuwa yamesahaulika lakini yalikumbukwa kutokana na barua hiyo, barua hiyo ilikuwa kama chombo cha kutunza kumbukumbu hizo ili kurithisha desturi hizo.
Muundo, mfumo na dhima ya mapokeo simulizi ya jamii hubadilika kutokana na  maingiliano yanayotokea katika jamii ambayo husababishwa na mabadiliko ya kuachwa kwa vitu muhimu katika wakati maalum na hatua za mabadiliko hayo huitwa muundo wa usahaulifu “structural amnesia” kwa kuwa masimulizi jadi ya jamii, utamaduni ulirithishwa kwa mawasiliano ya ana kwa ana na kubadilisha maudhui, kila jamii ilieleza; imani, maadili, mawazo na mtazamo wake katika fasihi.
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Levis Straus anazungumzia muundo ndani wa mazungumzo, anasema kila kinachozungumzwa kina muundo kama huo, ila hujidhihirisha zaidi katika masimulizi. Muundo huu unahusisha msukumo, mtiririko wa maonesho, kujenga kilele kimoja au zaidi, usambamba, uradidi na kubadilika kwa onesho na hivi vyote lazima vichanganuliwe kabla.
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Pia anasema athari yake katika maudhui yanaweza kuonekana na mtu yeyote anayechanganua maana ya ishara “ taswira za tendi” au taswira maarufu katika historia.
Katika nukuu ya Levis Straus na wanaantropolojia waliofuata walisema masimulizi mengi yalikuwa ya kitalii.
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Kila tarihi ilieleza muundo halisi wa ishara za msingi zinazoeleza sio vitu vyenye thamani tu vilipendwa na jamii ya watu kiundani lakini pia utendaji wa kifikra wa binadamu, fikra za mwanadamu hazina budi  kuwa na ushirikiano wa kifikra kabla ya kuelewa na kuwasiliana.
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KUSUDI LA MWANDISHI
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Kusudi la mwandishi katika kuandika makala hii ni kutaka kuthibitisha kuwa Afrika kulikuwa hakuna masimulizi, mfano ngano, tendi, misemo, hadithi (masimulizi).
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NAMNA ALIVYOPANGA KUSHUGHULIKIA
Alishughulikia suala hili kwa kupitia tafiti za wataalamu wengine ambao tayari walikuwa wameshafanya utafiti  kuhusu mapokeo simulizi, mfano alimtumia Ernest Bernheim, ambaye katika utafiti wake alidondoa nyimbo, ngano, na saga, hekaya, masimulizi mafupi, misemo na methali.
Pia alimtumia Profesa William A. Brown kwa kutumia barua yake ambayo aliikuta huko Masino ( Mali) iliyokuwa na maudhui mengi kuhusu Afrika.
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Baada ya hapo aliamua kufanya tafiti yeye mwenyewe ili aweze kuziba pengo la wale wataalamu wengine na kuweza kulinganisha kile walichokipata wataalamu waliopita na kile alichokipata yeye kuhusu mapokeo simulizi ya Kiafrika.
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JINSI ALIVYOPATA DATA
Aliangalia masimulizi ya Warundi na Warwanda na kuona kuwa masimulizi ya waburundi yalikuwa mafupi kwa sababu yanatolewa katika mkusanyiko usiokuwa rasmi lakini masimulizi ya Warwanda yalikuwa katika mchanganyiko yaani marefu na mafupi.
Pia waliangalia nyaraka zilizoandikwa, makumbusho sanaa halisi, malighafi ya tamaduni na habari ya Wanaismu. Japokuwa data zote hizi isipokuwa ile ya matini iliyoandikwa na zilikuwa zimesomwa na wataalamu wengine.
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Zilizoandikwa katika Afrika zilifanywa na wageni ambao hawakuelewa shughuli za jamii na tamaduni walizoshughulikia. Aligundua kuwa nyaraka za zamani zilikuwa na ukweli zaidi, mfano kwa kutumia barua aliyoikuta Masino ( Mali ) na kwa kuangalia masimulizi ya Warwanda na Waburundi.
DATA HIZO ZILIKUWAJE?
Jan Vansina anasema jamii nyingi za Afrika Kusini mwa jangwa la sahara zilitumia mapokeo simulizi kwa muda mrefu, japokuwa zilitumia maandishi kwa kiasi kidogo, hivyo zilitawaliwa na jadi ya kimasimulizi. Kila kitu kilichohusu maisha yao, ikiwemo historia yao kilihifadhiwa katika masimulizi hayo. Hivyo mwanahistoria yeyote mwenye nia ya kutaka kuifahamu historia ya Wafrika hana budi kutambua kuwa mhimili mkuu wa historia ya jamii hiyo ni mapokeo simulizi.
Kwa upande wa Tanzania maeneo mengi ya kati, mapokeo simulizi yalikuwa chanzo kikuu cha historian a maarifa mpaka miaka ya 1880, ambapo historia ya falme za Kongo zilikuwa zimebadilishwa kuwa katika maandishi.
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Hayo mapokeo simulizi yalitumika katika siasa ya kijamii, kiuchumi, dini, misafara mbalimbali na shughuli za kiutamaduni.
Data hizo pia zilionyesha mwingiliano wa matini katika mapokeo simulizi, kuhusu hili Vansina anasema suala la mwingiliano matini huhusisha ujitokezaji wa vipengele vya nyimbo za kidini, methali, ngano, katika mapokeo simulizi kama masimulizi ya kijadi yaliwekwa katika mpangilio ( tarihi za matukio mbalimbali ).
Kwa upande mwingine Vansina anafafanua kuwa nyimbo maarufu katika baadhi ya jamii ziliimbwa kwa kurudiwa mara nyingi na zingine kwa nadra. Kwa mfano katika familia za kifalme miongoni mwa jamii za Bushoong ya Kasai (Kongo) nyimbo hizo ziliimbwa kipindi cha kumsimika mfalme. Huko Afrika Magharibi miongoni mwa jamii ya Wadogoni nyimbo hizo ziliimbwa katika shughuli za kidini na kijamii kama vile matambiko na sherehe za kijadi. Katika jamii hii, nyimbo mashuhuri zilizohusu matambiko na sherehe za kijadi zilisimuliwa kwa jamii nzima  hasa mara moja kila baada ya miaka sita.
HITIMISHO LAKE
Kutokana na utafiti wake alioufanya kwa kutumia data mbalimbali, alihitimisha kwa kusema kuwa Afrika kuna jadi ambazo zimetokana na masimulizi.
UFAWAFU WA MAKALA
Kila jamii ina umuhimu wake hata kama inatimiza kwa kiasi kidogo mambo mazuri au malengo au dhima yake inaweza kubadilika kipindi cha urithishwaji kwa sababu jamii imebadilika, tathmini ya kuharibika ambayo hutokana na msukumo katika jamii wakati mwingine ni vigumu kukadiria.
Kuna uhusiano mkubwa kati ya mapokeo simulizi na maandishi, katika kuthibitisha hili anamtumia Profesa William A. Brown aliyeikuta barua Masino ( Mali ) ambayo maudhui yake yalielezwa kwa kurejelea mambo mbalimbali yaliyosababishwa lakini yalikumbukwa kutokana na barua hiyo.
Jadi nyingi za Kiafrika ni za kimasimulizi zikifungamana na nyimbo na mashairi lakini haziangukii katika aina ya jadi za Ulaya. Pia kimuundo zipo kama masimulizi, ndefu kuliko zilivyo hadithi zingine.
Maelezo hayo yana mchango mkubwa kwani yanadhihirisha kuwa Afrika kulikuwa na tendi ambazo zilikuwa katika umbo la masimulizi na kishairi.
MAPENDEKEZO
Mwandishi alipokuwa akisema jadi zimetokana na masimulizi hususani ushairi. Je huo ushairi ulikuaje? (ushairi ulikuwa unafuata kanuni au lah!) kwa hiyo utafiti ufanyike zaidi ili kujua huu ushairi ulikuaje.
Kama hizo jadi zilikuwa katika usimulizi, usimulizi huo ulikuwa ni rasmi au sio rasmi? Tunapendekeza mwandishi afafanue kuwa jadi zimetokana na usimulizi gani haswa, kwa hiyo tafiti ziendelee kufanyika.
HOJA NZITO
1. Uasili wa kijadi unaweza kuwa wa namna mbalimbali, kwanza kwa kushuhudia matukio, pia kutoka katika maandishi, mfano ngano ubunifu wa matukio ya kihistoria au shughuli za kifasihi, visa vya kubuni pamoja na vya kuiba.
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2. Afrika kuna tendi ambazo zimetokana na masimulizi ya kijadi.
3. kuna uhusiano mkubwa kati ya masimulizi jadi na maandishi.
4. Nyaraka zilizoandikwa katika Afrika zilifanywa na wageni ambao hawakuelewa shughuli za jamii na tamaduni waliyoshughulikia.
5. kila jadi ina umuhimu wake hata kama itatimiza kwa kiasi kidogo mambo mazuri au maadili.
6. muingiliano matini katika masimulizi jadi ni jambo ambalo haliepukiki mfano; nyimbo za kidini, methali, ngano, yaliwekwa katika mpangilio (tarihi ) za matukio.
HOJA TETE
Jadi za ulaya zina muundo rahisi lakini zina mpaka rasmi na ni za kawaida katika ubora.
JAMBO MUHIMU KATIKA MAPOKEO SIMULIZI YA KIFRIKA
Mapokeo simulizi yamekuwa yakitumika na yanatumika zaidi na zaidi katika historia ya Afrika. Mtiririko huu ni ushahidi katika makala za kihistoria za Kiafrika. Tangu mwanzo mwa mwaka 1960 makala zilikuwa na angalau kipengele kimoja kwa mwaka kilichokuwa kikizungumzia mapokeo simulizi, katika vipindi vyote vitatu vya karibuni vya historia ya Afrika Mashariki vimekuwa vikielezea Mapokeo simulizi kati  ya mwaka 1500-1850, hasa sehemu za kati ya Tanzania.
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Utaratibu wa kukusanya mapokeo simulizi unapatikana kwa kufuata utaratibu wa kutafuta tamaduni za kifamilia  au hata kwa kuona, kuhesabu matukioa kutoka kipindi kimoja hadi kingine. Kwa mfano, katika kipindi cha  ukoloni tukio kama vile vita vya majimaji (1905-1907) Afrika Mashariki. Hali kama hii pia ilipatikana huko Afrika ya kati na maeneo ya Sudan.Jitihada za kukusanya na kuhifadhi data za kimapokeo simulizi zinadhihirika pia huko Jamhuri ya Niger ambapo tunafahamishwa kuwa kuliandaliwa eneo maalumu kwa ukusanyaji na utunzaji wa sanaa jadiyya. Swali ambalo mwandishi anajiuliza ni kuwa pamoja na kuwepo kwa jitihada za kutosha katika kukusanya na kuhifadhi data za mapokeo simulizi hakuna haja ya kujiuliza maswali kuwa Mapokeo simuliz yanaweza kutumika kama chanzo cha taarifa za kihistoria?.  Anaendeleza mjadala kwa kusema kuwa haja ya kujiuliza ipo kwani suala hili  linategemea namna ya ukusanyaji na uchanganuzi wa data.
Mwl Maeda
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