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FASIHI, UANDISHI NA UCHAPISHAJI (11)

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FASIHI, UANDISHI NA UCHAPISHAJI (11)
#1
SEHEMU YA PILI: UANDISHI
10. Matatizo ya Waandishi Chipukizi
I.C. Mbenna
Utangulizi
Waandishi wowote wale – wa habari, magazeti, vitabu au sanaa yoyote inayoambatana na uandishi – wana mwanzo. Kuna kipindi walipoanza kusimama dede katika uandishi. Walitamani kuandika vizuri, wakashindwa pa kuanzia na kumalizia. Walitamani kuinua majina yao yasomeke na waandishi na wasomaji wenzao, lakini walijikuta wakibweta bila mafanikio. Kazi ya uandishi ilikuwa ngumu, yenye kuhitaji uvumilivu na kujifunza. Mwandishi chipukizi huwa na mazingira kama hayo. Ni nia ya makala haya kumwangalia mwandishi chipukizi katika mazingira ya aina hiyo, kutafakari matatizo yake, kutafuta ufumbuzi.
Dhana ya Mwandishi Chipukizi
Mwandishi chipukizi ni nani? Bila shaka maelezo yangu ya mwanzo yamekupa fikra ya kwamba mwandishi, na hasa mwandishi wa vitabu, ni mwanafunzi asiyejua kikamilifu mambo yanayohusu uandishi, au anayejizoeza tu kama asimamavyo dede mtoto mchanga. Dhana ya mwandishi chipukizi ni pana. Kwa maneno mengine, kinyume cha mwandishi chipukizi ni mwandishi aliyekomaa.
Katika kupima kama mwandishi ni chipukizi au amekomaa, nitatumia vigezo kadhaa. Vigezo hivyo kwa mawazo yangu ni vipengele sita: kipaji, mafunzo, lugha, fikra, vitabu vilivyoandikwa, na soko la mwandishi.
Ni wazo linalokubalika na wengi kwamba kipaji katika sanaa ni jambo muhimu sana. Sanaa ya uandishi inahitaji sana mwandishi mwenyewe awe na kipaji cha kuzaliwa nacho. Kipaji hicho hujitokeza katika nafasi mbalimbali katika maisha yake, na ataonyesha hamu au kupenda sana uandishi na maandishi hata kama hajawahi kuandika. Ili kipaji chake kiwe na maana, hana budi kukilea na kukikuza. Mwandishi chipukizi ama atakuwa na kipaji kilichodumaa au hakipo kabisa. Mtu asiye na kipaji ataonyesha kupenda uandishi. Mchonga kinyago cha Kimakonde asipokuwa na kipaji, atapoteza juhudi na muda wake kwa kazi ambayo haitawapendeza watazamaji au wanunuzi wa kinyago chake. Ukosefu wa kipaji utajionyesha katika matokeo au matunda ya kazi yenyewe ya sanaa.
Aidha, kipaji peke yake hakiwezi kutoa kazi bora sana. Bali mwandishi mwenye kipaji akikifanyia mazoezi ya kuandika na akipata mafunzo kutoka kwa wenzake wenye uzoefu na vipawa zaidi, kipawa chake kitakua na atakuwa na uwezo zaidi.
Yanayomkumba mwandishi chipukizi ni kwamba mara nyingi hajui apate ushauri wapi, na aandikapo maandishi au makala yake, hapati wa kumsaidia. Tatizo hili huwapata waandishi wengi kwani hakuna chombo cha taifa au binafsi kinachotekeleza jambo hili. Vyombo vya uchapishaji hupenda zaidi kushughulikia maandishi yatokayo kwa waandishi wazoefu. Mnda kwao ni mali wasiyopenda kupoteza kwa kuyasoma maandishi yaliyoandikwa ovyoovyo, ya mwandishi chipukizi, ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa hayafai kuchapwa kitabu au kurekebishwa ili yawe bora. Katika nchi nyingine duniani kama vile Uchina, Urusi, Amerika, Uingereza, vipo ama vyama vya waandishi au wakala (literary agents) mahsusi wa kushughulikia maandishi mbalimbali. Kama ni vyama, basi ni wanachama wanaohudumiwa kwa kuelekezwa. Iwapo ni wakala mwandishi hutekeleza masharti fulani na maandishi yake kusomwa na kupimwa kufaa kwake.
Katika nchi hizo zilizoendelea vipo pia vyuo maalumu vinavyofunza mbinu za uandishi katika nyanja mbalimbali kama vile uandishi habari, hadithi fupi, riwaya, tamthiliya na vitabu.
Jambo jingine linaloonyesha kama mwandishi ni chipukizi au amekomaa ni matumizi ya lugha. Mwandishi bingwa ana msamiati mkubwa sana na matumizi yake ya mbinu za utunzi kama methali, semi, mafumbo na sarufi ni ya kiwango cha juu sana. Hapati taabu katika kujieleza au kueleza tukio au dhama fulani anayoiandikia. Chipukizi, walakini, anababaika; anatumia maneno yaleyale machache ayajuayo au msamiati wake ni maneno magumu sana ambayo pia haelewi maana yake sawasawa. Ni vigumu kutambua hasa kipawa chake ni kipi na nafsi yake haionekani katika maandishi yake.
Sio lazima mtu asome sana ili kuwa tajiri wa lugha; walakini akisoma vya kutosha, uwezo wake unakuwa mkubwa zaidi. Elimu inampa upeo mkubwa na kwa hivyo anaweza kuandika mambo mengi zaidi katika maisha yake. Inaaminika pia kwamba kujua lugha za mataifa zaidi ya moja kunasaidia zaidi.
Lugha ya Kiswahili ni tajiri katika msamiati. Matumizi yake yanakua kila siku. Katika hali kama hii ni dhahiri kwamba Kiswahili kinazidi kukua katika msamiati na kuchukua dhana nzito zaidi ambazo hazikuwepo katika mazingira ya Waswahili hapo awali. Hii ina maana pia kwamba mwandishi hana budi kujifunza, kuijua, na kuisoma lugha aitumiayo katika uandishi wake. Asiridhike na kile anachojua. Hii ni kweli kwa mwandishi chipukizi na aliyekomaa. Wapo wanaosema kuwa Kiswahili ni lugha rahisi sana. Lakini wakipewa vitabu vyake kuvisoma ndipo wanapojua kuwa yawapasa kujifunza. Kuzaliwa Mswahili sio kujua Kiswahili.
Hapo awali nimeeleza kuwa mazoezi na mafunzo ya uandishi ni muhimu. Napenda kusisitiza kuwa mazoezi hayo lazima hatimaye yazae matunda, yaani ‘kitabu’ au ‘makala’. Mwandishi asiyeandika kitu kikajulikana kwa umbo dhahiri atabakia chipukizi aliyejaa nadharia na ndoto za kuwa mwandishi. Uandishi wa vitabu, kwa mfano, hauna maana kama mwandishi ataishia kusema: “Nitaandika kitabu kizuri.” Anaweza kusema maneno kwa nguvu zote, kwa kutamba na kudharau wengine walioandika vitabu. Lakini kama hatakaa chini, kuchukua kalamu na karatasi, na kuandika kurasa kadha wa kadha, hatakuwa mwandishi kamwe.
Ukitaka kuwa mshairi, andika mashairi. Ukitaka kuwa mkulima, lima. Kwa hivyo napenda kuwahimiza waandishi chipukizi kuandika vitabu au makala; huko ndiko kujifunza na kupata stadi zake.
Wapo baadhi ya wananchi waliowahi, na wengine bado wanaendelea, kuandika vitabu. Baadhi ya vitabu hivyo tunaviona madukani, na kwenye vibanda vya kuuzia magazeti. Wasomaji wa kawaida hupima umaarufu wa mwandishi kwa idadi ya vitabu alivyoandika. Mwenye vitabu vingi ndiye mwandishi hodari na aliyepea. Kwa kweli hiki ni kipimo kimojawapo. Lakini anaweza akawa bado ni chipukizi tu. Wingi wa vitabu si hoja kama haulingani na ubora wa kile anachoandika, uzito wa fikra katika maandishi yake, pamoja na ubingwa wa kutumia fikra hizo zimfikie msomaji na kumwelewesha fika. Uzito wa fikra utaonyesha ama ni maandishi ya kitoto au ya kiutu uzima. Ni rahisi sana kuandika uchafu na hata pengine ukapendwa na wachapishaji, wachapaji na wafanyabiashara wenye tamaa ya fedha tu. Na kwa tabia ya binadamu, ni sawa kama nguruwe anayependa kula na kugaragara katika taka. Wapo wasomaji wanaopenda kusoma vitabu vichafu visivyofuata ada, mila zozote au itikadi ya jamii waishimo. Ni dhahiri wanazo sababu zao.
Kigezo kingine unachoweza kutumia katika kumpima mwandishi ni jinsi anavyopokelewa na wasomaji pamoja na jamii yake. Kwa maneno mengine ni jinsi gani maandishi ya mwandishi yanasomwa na kutafakariwa. Wengine husema kuwa mwandishi bora huwa na soko kubwa. Vitabu vyake hununuliwa kwa wingi kila vitokapo. Lakini jambo hili si kweli daima. Pensime mwandishi wa vitabu vichafu atapendelewa sana, na pengine mwandishi bora husongwa na jamii na hata kushtakiwa na serikali yake kwa kuandika mambo fulanifulani.
Matatizo ya Mwandishi Chipukizi
Baada ya kumchambua mwandishi chipukm katika mazingira yake, tumepata pia picha mzuri ya matatizo anayopambana nayo. Matatizo hayo yasipopata utatuzi, yanamfikia pia mchapishaji, yakaathiri uchapaji, utoaji vitabu na usambazaji. Waandishi wana matatizo ya hali na mali. Wanakosa ujuzi; hawazijui taratibu za kufuata; hawana fikra nyingi nzito kutokana na kutojizamisha katika nyanja mbalimbali za uandishi na kutosoma vitabu vingi na mara kwa mara. Pengine hawana elimu ya kutosheleza. Aidha, fikra za waandishi chipukizi huongozwa na lengo la kupata fedha haraka kutokana na kuuza maandishi yao. Hawazingatii madhumuni mufti ya kuandika vitabu ambayo ni pamoja na kuelimisha, kustarehesha, kuchochea wanataaluma, kubadilishana mawazo, kuhifadhi elimu, n.k., hata bila kupata sifa au fedha kwa kazi yao.
Waandishi chipukizi, aghalabu, wanayo matatizo ya ukosefu wa vifaa vya kufanyia kazi ya uandishi. Ni ada sasa kwamba ili maandishi yoyote yasomwe na kutathminiwa na wahariri, hayana budi kuandikwa kwa mashine (tapureta). Ni vigumu kwa mwandishi chipukizi kumudu kununua chombo hiki kwa gharama yake. Pia ni ghali kumkodisha mpiga taipu. Katika nchi zilizoendelea vifaa kama kalamu, karatasi, vitabu vya rejea vya kujisomea kwa ziada kama vile vitabu vinavyozungumzia mbinu mbalimbali za fani za uandishi, si shida. Vinapatikana kila vinapohitajika.
Mwandishi wa Kitanzania anapofanikiwa kuchapishiwa kitabu chake na kikaonekana madukani, anakuwa ametumia juhudi kubwa mno. Tuzo alipatalo ni faraja tu ya kuona kimetoka. Sio jambo linalomsaidia kuinua hali yake ya maisha. Mrabaha ni mdogo mno, hautoi motisha. Hali kadhalika kasi ya uchapishaji na uchapaji katika kampuni za umma na za kigeni ni ndogo sana. Si ajabu kuambiwa kuwa shirika limetoa kitabu kimoja au viwili tu kwa mwaka. Ukiangalia uwiano baina ya wingi wa maandishi yanayomiminika kwa wachapishaji na vitabu vinavyotoka hatimaye, utakatishwa tamaa ya kuandika zaidi.
Mapendekezo ya Ufumbuzi wa Matatizo
Matatizo ya waandishi wa vitabu ni ya miaka mingi sana. Waandishi waliotutangulia kama Sheikh Shabaan Robert na Mathias Mnyampala waliyaeleza mara kwa mara; hata sisi chipukizi tumeendelea kuyarudiarudia katika semina, mikutano na mihadhara kadha wa kadha. Ufumbuzi haujapatikana. Wengi wetu tumekilaumu Chama cha Mapinduzi na Serikali kwa kutamka tu bila kuonyesha vitendo vya kuwasaidia waandishi kwa kutoa fedha au vifaa. Malalamiko yanaonyesha kutotufikisha mbali, hasa katika hali mbaya ya uchumi nchini wakati serikali ina vipaumbele vingi na vya ‘kufa na kupona’ kuliko kuwafikiria akina Ebrahim na Penina wanaotaka tamthiliya zao zichapishwe kwa ajili ya Kidato cha Nne au kisomo cha watu wazima. Serikali itakapolazimika kuchagua katika mipango yake: ama kujenga dispensari Wilaya ya Makete au kuongeza ruzuku kwa Baraza la Kiswahili, au Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, au kuwasaidia wanachama wa UWAVITA, itaona vyombo vya lugha na sanaa havina umuhimu. Ni mawazo ya wanasiasa na wapangaji mipango wengi kwamba mambo ya sanaa yanaweza kusubiri ilimradi wananchi wanapata chakula, wanatibiwa na wanalindwa.
Kwa hivyo, basi, hatuna budi kubuni mikakati mingine ya kuwasaidia waandishi. Waandishi wengi sana tu chipukizi bado. Ni mapendekezo yangu kuwa yafuatayo yatasaidia kuondoa baadhi ya matatizo na kuimarisha uandishi wa vitabu na habari miongoni mwa wananchi Tanzania.
Quote:
1. Chama cha Waandishi Tanzania (UWAVITA) kiimarishwe kwa kutangazwa vya kutosha na waandishi wenyewe kujiunga nacho. Michango yao itasaidia kupata vifaa vidogovidogo na kudumisha mawasiliano na waandishi.
2. Kuanzishwe matawi ya UWAVITA mikoani ya kuwasaidia waandishi ili waweze kukutana na kusaidiana kutatua matatizo yao.
3. UWAVITA uanzishe miradi itakayosaidiwa na wahisani au wafadhili wa nchini na nje. Kwa mfano kuchapisha jarida litakalouzwa na pia kuwa mahali pa kufanyia mazoezi ya uandishi na kupeana mawaidha.
4. UWAVITA uombe hidaya au ruzuku kutoka Wizara ya Maendeleo ya Jamii, Utamaduni, Vijana na Michezo pamoja na mashirika au kampuni zenye ari ya kukuza Kiswahili na sanaa zake.
5. Mashindano ya uandishi wa riwaya, tamthiliya, mashairi, n.k., yafanywe kila inapowezekana kwa kushirikiana na vyama na vyombo vingine vinavyohusika na uandishi, uchapaji na uchapishaji.
Mwl Maeda
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