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TAMATHALI ZA SEMI KATIKA FASIHI

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TAMATHALI ZA SEMI KATIKA FASIHI
#1
Tamathali za semi ni maneno, nahau au sentensi ambazo hutumiwa na wasanii ili kutia nguvu katika maana, mitindo na hata sauti katika maandishi ama kusema. Wakati mwingine hutumiwa kama njia ya kuipamba kazi ya fasihi na kuongeza utamu wa lugha (Senkoro, 1984:13). Hii ina maana kwamba ili msomaji wa kazi yoyote ya fasihi apate ujumbe hana budi kufikiri kwa kina.
Pia tamathali za semi ni fungu la maneno lililogeuzwa maana yake kamili ili kiuwakilisha maana nyingine (Msokile, 1992:210). Akiwa na maana kuwa katika tamathali zipo maana na matumizi mengine ya kisanii ambayo msanii anapaswa kuyatumia ili aweze kufikisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa kwa hadhira.
Tamathali za semi ni viwakilisho au vifananisho vya dhana fulani kwa dhana nyingine tofauti zinazo fanana. Huu ni usemi unaobadilisha maana dhahiri au za kawaida za maneno ili kuleta maana maalumu ya fasihi iliyokususudiwa na msanii. (Mwamanda, 2008:42).
Kwa ujumla tamathali za semi ni maneno au sentensi ambazo hutumiwa na wasanii au waandishi wa kazi za fasihi ili kutia nguvu katika maana, mtindo na hata katika sauti za kusema au maandishi. Hutumika katika fasihi kwa lengo la kuipamba kazi ya fasihi na kuongeza utamu katika lugha iliyotumika katika kazi husika. Tamathali hizi huweza kugawanyika katika vipengele tofautitofauti kama vile tamathali za mlinganisho, tamathali za mafumbo, tamathali za msisitizo pamoja na tamathali nyingine za semi.
Vipengele vya tamathali za semi ni muhimu sana katika kuunda au kutoa msisitizo wa maana pamoja na kuunda maana mpya katika kazi za fasihi, vipengele hivyo huweza kufafanuliwa na kuweza kutumika katika kazi za kifasihi kwa namna tofautitofauti kama ifuatavyo:
Tashibiha au Mshabaha ni aina mojawapo ya tamathali za semi inayofanya kazi ya kulinganisha vitu viwili visivyo na hadhi sawa kwa kutumia viunganishi kama; mithili ya, mfano wa, sawa na kama vile. Mara nyingi aina hii ya tamathali za semi huweza kufanya kazi endapo tu pana vitu viwili vinavyolinganishwa, wakati kimoja hutumiwa katika kukirejelea na kuelezea kingine na aghalabu kimoja kati ya vitu hivyo huwa kinaeleweka na hivyo hutumiwa ili kuangazia hicho kingine. Mfano katika tamthilia ya    “Ngoma ya Ng’wana malundi” (Mbogo, 2008) anasema:
                              “Vizuu wanakula kwa kupokezana kama nguruwe au vichaa” (Uk. 18).
                              “Uso uliparama kama jiwe la kiama”  (Uk. 8).
Pia katika riwaya ya “Janga sugu la wazawa” ( Ruhumbika, 2001:88) anasema:
                                    “Basi siku hiyo hiyo Bugonoka alitambua hali hiyo mpya ya mama
                                      yake nayo pia ni sehemu ya janga lake na watu wake hapa
                                     duniani, sawa kabisa na kifo cha baba yake…………”
Kwa kutumia tamathali hii ya semi wasanii  wameshushughulikia mambo makuu matatu ambayo ni Kizungumzwa, Kifananishi na Kiungo. Kizungumzwa ni kitu halisi ambacho huzungumzwa na kitu kinachofananishwa kwa fumbo, kifananishi kipo katika mawazo na huzingatia maana dhahania na kiungo ni sifa zipatikanazo katika kitu kinachozungumzwa. Kazi yake kuu ni kuhusisha vitu vyote viwili katika kuunda maana kama inavyoonekana katika mifano hapo juu.
Takriri ni aina nyingine ya tamathali za semi ambayo yenyewe huhusika na urudiajirudiaji wa maneno, silabi  au sauti zinazolingana katika kazi ya sanaa. Mwandishi huamua kwa makusudi kurudirudia maneno au vipengele hivyo kwa lengo maalumu kwa kusisitiza jambo ama kuleta mkazo wa jambo linaloelezwa (Msokile, 1992:61). Kwa mfano, katika riwaya ya “RosaMistika ” (Kezilahabi, 1971:67) takriri inaonekana kama ifuatavyo:
                                                                “Rosa, Rosa, Rosa, mtoto wangu, mimi ninakufa.
                                                                 Njoo karibu nikuguse, njoo nikupe baraka yangu
                                                                 ya mwisho.”
Pia katika tamthilia ya “Nguzo Mama” (Muhando, 2007:13), takriri inajitokeza  kwa kutumia walevi waliosema,
              “Tia lijae
                Hilo kimbo
                Tia lijae
                Sio nusu
                Tia lijae.”
Na katika tamthilia ya “Chuano” (Paukwa Theatre Group, 1995:8) wanasema,
                “Paukwa
                  Pakawa
                  Paukwa
                  Pakawa
                  Paukwa
                  Pakawa.”
Katika mfano wa kwanza na wa tatu msanii ametumia takriri ili kumwandaa msikilizaji awe makini kusikiliza jambo linalotaka kuzungumzwa ili hali mfano wa pili umetumiwa kusisitiza juu ya utendaji wa jambo fulani.
Matumizi ya tafsida ambayo ni miongoni mwa tamathali za semi hupunguza makali ya maneno au matusi katika usemi. Pia, hutumika hasa katika makundi ya watu wenye umri tofauti lengo likiwa ni kulinda haiba ya watu fulani (Ntalangi:2004). Katika riwaya ya “Mzingile”(Kezilahabi, 1991:132), msanii ametumia tafsida ifuatayo:
              “Hata baada ya kumwingilia mkewe bado tu ilibidi aendelee kuwaza
                hao wasichana dogodogo zake wa nje, la sivyo mkia wake
                unaanguka!”
Pia katika tamthilia ya “Orodha” (Reynolds, 2006:1), tafsida mojawapo ni;
                “Akipiga hatua mbele kwa huzuni, Ningependa kusema maneno
                 machache kuhusu furaha, binti yangu aliyetutoka.”
Katika mfano wa kwanza msanii amewasilisha dhana ya uboo kwa kutumia neno mkia. Vile vile neno aliyetutoka katika mfano wa pili limetumiwa kujenga dhana ya kifo.
Mdokezo ni tamathali ambayo hudokeza kitu fulani na kukiacha bila kukikamilisha kwa maana ya kwamba kinaweza kukamilishwa na mtu mwingine kisanaa (JPO Compony, 2008:45). Katika tamthilia ya “Orodha” (Reynolds, 2006:9) mdokekezo umejitokeza katika sehemu mbalimbali kama vile;
                 “Ndiyo……….ndiyo…………mwanangu……….endelea…….
                   Bwana huyaona yote……….lengama.”
Pia katika riwaya ya “Rosa Mistika” (Kezilahabi, 1971:57) mdokezo imedhihirika kama ifuatavyo;
                 “Wanawake wafupi………….wanawake warefu………………
                   Jinsi ya k………….namna ya kumfahamu mvulana …………
                   Namna ya kuweza kuzaa mtoto wa kiume au kike…………
                   Stahili zifutazo……………
Mara nyingi msanii wa kazi za fasihi atumiapo mdokezo katika kazi yake anakuwa na lengo la kumfikirisha msemaji  au hadhira juu ya jambo analolizungumza. Hivyo ni jukumu la hadhira kufikiri na kukamilisha wazo la msanii katika kazi yake ya kifasihi.
Tamathali za semi ambazo ni tashihisi huitwa fasili ya binadamu kwani katika tamathali hii vitu visivyo na sifa na uwezo wa kutenda kama binadamu hupewa sifa na uwezo wa kutenda kama anavyoweza binadamu. Katika riwaya ya “Vuta N’ Kuvute”(Shafi) tashihisi zinazojitokeza ni kama;
                  “Nuru ya jua iliingia kwa hamaki” (Uk. 49)
                  “Upepo ulikuwa unabishana nao”  (Uk. 225).
Pia katika riwaya ya “Almasi za Bandia” (Chachage, 1991:30) tashihisi zilizotumiwa na msanii huyu ni kama vile;
                   “Alimtazama Yakini kwa yanayocheka” ( Uk. 30).
Vile vile katika riwaya ya “Mfadhili” (Tuwa), tashihisi mojawapo iliyotumiwa na msanii huyu ni:
                  “Midomo yake ilikuwa inamtembea polepole” (Uk. 14).
Mara nyingi msanii anatumia tashihisi kuvutia msomaji na kukwepa kuweka wazi maana au wazo kiurahisi kwani si kila kazi ya fasihi inatakiwa kueleweka kiurahisi nyingine zinahijaji fikra za msomaji au mtizamaji kuweza kubaini baadhi ya mambo baada ya kufikiri na kuchambua kwa kina juu ya kazi hizo za kifasihi. Pia, msanii hutumia tashihisi ili kukwepa wimbi la udhibiti katika kazi yake.
Sitiari ni tamathali ya semi ambayo iko sawa na tashibiha lakini hulinganisha vitu ama watu lakini bila kutumia viunganishi linganishi vya mithili ya, sawa na, kama na kama vile. Hivyo katika tamathali hii vitu au watu hulinganishwa na vitu au watu wengine kana kwamba vitu na watu ni sawa kabisa. Waandishi mbalimbali wa kazi za fasihi wametumia sitiari kama ifuatavyo:
Katika Tamthilia ya “Chuano” (Paukwa Theatre Group) wanafasihi hawa wameweza kutumia sitiari kama ifuatavyo:
                “Tofauti kati yangu na maua ilikuwa haipo” (Uk. 48).
Aidha katika tamthilia ya “Nguzo Mama” (Mhando,2007:39), ametumia sitiari mbalimbali ambazo zimefanya kazi ya kusisitiza maana aliyokusudia. Kwa mfano:
                “Mbwa mume wako anayefuata wanawake ovyo.”
Wakati katika tamthilia ya “Chuano” (Paukwa Theatre Group) sitiari ambazo zimejitokeza ni pamoja na:
                 “Dunia ni kimbunga hung’oa nyumba zenye misingi nya mwamba”
                 “Dunia ni jinamizi hutia hofu unapostarehe usingizini”( Uk. 43).
Hivyo lengo kuu la wasanii wa kazi za kifasihi kutumia sitiari katika kazi zao ni kuonesha uhusiano au ulinganisho wa vitu na watu tofautitofauti katika kujenga uzito wa maana.
Katika tamathali mjalizo kunakuwa na mfuatano wa maneno katika sentensi yasiyo na viungo vyovyote (Senkoro 1984:19). Hivyo mjalizo ni maneno ambayo huweza kutajwa kwa mfululizo ambayo huunganishwa kwa alama ya mkato. Wasanii mbalimbali wametumia mjalizo katika kazi zao kama ifuatavyo;
Hussein katika tamthilia yake ya “Mashetani” ametumia mjalizo katika kazi yake kama vile:
          “Mimi shetani, ninajenga, ninabomoa, ninatukuza” (Uk. 1).
Hivyo mjalizo hutumiwa kwa lengo la kuifanya kazi ya sanaa ivutie na kuwa na uzuri wa kipekee na wa kisanaa ambapo msanii hutumia na kuifanya kazi yake kuwa ya kushawishi. Kwa kutumia maneno yanayofuatanafuatana kwa mfululizo bila kutumia viunganishi.
Nidaa ni msemo ambao huonesha kushangazwa kwa jambo fulani. Misemo hii huambatana na matumizi ya alama za  mshangao katika kukubali jambo, kuchukia au kuonesha heshima maalum (Msokile, 1992:63). Katika tamthilia ya “Nguzo mama”  Muhando (2007:12), nidaa imejitokeza sehemu mbalimbali kwa mfano pale Tololo alipokuwa anacheka:
            “Lo! hata na wewe Bi pili siku hizi unapika pombe, lo!
Pia katika tamthilia ya “Kaptula la Marx”(Kezilahabi,1999:2) nidaa mojawapo iliyojitokeza ni:
            “Aaa! Tayari! Nimetoboa tobo! ( Uk. 2).
Waandishi wa kazi za kifasihi hutumia nidaa kwa lengo la kuonesha kushangazwa au kushangaa juu ya mambo mbalimbali yaliyokuwa yakifanywa na baadhi ya wahusika. Mshangao huo ndio unaosisitiza maana husika.
Ritifaa ni tamathali ya semi ambayo mtu huzungumza na kitu au mtu asiyekuwepo ambapo mtu huyo husikiliza maongezi hayo katika fikra tu. Kwa mfano mtu anapoongea na mtu aliyekufa katika tamthilia ya “Janga Sugu la Wazawa” (Luhumbika, 2001:110) anasema:
         “Bugonoka, badala ya kulala na kujipumzisha kidogo alijikuta
           akiongea na ndugu zake wa ahera: Mama na baba mmeniona leo!
           Kazi yangu nimemaliza. Niko tayari sasa, siku yoyote kuja kujiunga
           nanyi. Nimemaliza kazi mliyoniachia. Mjukuu wenu nimemfikisha
           kwenye maisha tuliyokuja kumtafutia……………….”
Wasanii hutumia ritifaa ili kufikisha ujumbe kwa hadhira ambapo huonesha maisha halisi ya binadamu katika dunia akilinganisha na maisha ya ahera.
Taniaba ni tamathali nyingine ya semi ambayo jina la mtu binafsi hutumiwa kwa watu wengine wenye tabia, mwenendo, hali au kazi sawa na ya mtu huyo. Kwa mfano jina la Osama humaanisha mtu gaidi. Hali kadharika katika kazi za fasihi waandishi wametumia taniaba katika kazi zao kwa mfano katika riwaya ya “Almasi za Bandia” (Chachage, 1991:3) anasema:
            “Daktari David Livingstone, yule mmishenari aliyejitanguliza Afrika
             karne iliyopita kama Yohana mbatizaji.”
Tabaini ni usemi unaosisitiza jambo kwa kutumia maneno ya ukinzani mfano, Amekuwa mrefi si mrefu, mfupi si mfupi wa kadri. Katika tamthilia ya “Pambo” (Muhando, 1982:2), taniaba imejitokeza kama ifuatavyo:
           “Hivyo ninajua huna hela lakini leo ninakuambia tutakwenda
             upende usipende.”
Katika mfano huu tabaini imetumika kusisitiza utendaji katika tamthilia, ukilenga zaidi mtu asipuuzie jambo au kile anachoelezwa katika kukitenda au kukifanyia maamuzi kulingana na maelekezo yanayotolewa.
Taashira nacho ni kipengele cha tamathali za semi ambapo jina la sehemu ya kitu kimoja au la kitu kidogo kinachohusiana na kingine kikubwa hutumiwa kuwakilisha kitu kamili
(Senkoro, 1982). Kwa kutumia tamathali hii msanii huunda maana mpya kabisa, kwa mfano jembe hutumika kuwakilisha mkulima, Ikulu huwakilisha rais na kiti huwakilisha kiongozi. Katika diwani ya “Mloka” (Mloka, 2002:10) shairi la “Ardhi ujitizame”, msanii anasema:
                                 “Jembe bado nainama, sijatulia kulima,
                                  Ardhi ukae vema, ni japo sina huruma,
                                  Unainuuma intima, uliponiaja nyuma,
                                  Kila nilipo kufuma, meniacha nayoyoma,
                                  Umenitupia homa, augue hata mama,
                                  Jembe nitakaporejea, ardhi ujitazame.”
Hata katika jamii ya leo watu hutumia taashira katika mazingira mbalimbali kwa mfano hutumia neno pete kuwakilisha ndoa.
Tamathali nyingine ni ile ya mwigo ambayo hujikita zaidi katika kuiga sauti au milio mbalimbali katika kazi za fasihi. Mwanafasihi huwa na juhudi ya kujaribu kuiga kitu kama kinavyosikika katika mazingira ya kawaida. Aidha mwigo hujenga uhalisia wa kile wanachozungumzia (Msokile,1992). Tamathali hii imetumiwa na wanafasihi mbalimbali katika kazi zao kama vile katika riwaya ya “Usiku Utakapokwisha” iliyoandikwa na Msokile, anasema:
           “ Kree………………..kiti kikavutwa ( Uk. 14)
           “ Mya!mya!mya! sauti kali ya paka ilisikika juu ya paa” (Uk. 2)
           “ Akapiga ko……ko………ko……………(Uk. 16).
Katika tamthilia ya “ Kivuli kinaishi” iliyoandikwa na Mohamed tanakali sauti kadhaa zimetumika ikiwa ni pamoja na;
          “ Ha…….ha…….haaaaaaaa! (Uk. 59)
          “ Ha…….ha,ha…….ha,ha,ha,ha! ( Uk. 74)
           “ Bi Pili aliingia na vigelegele lululululululu! (Uk. 13)
           “ Bi moja aliingia na vigelegele Ai ai ai ai ai ai ( Uk. 2).
Msanii hutumia maneno yanayoiga sauti ya kitu fulani akiwa na lengo la kuburudisha au kuipa dhamira uzito fulani wa dhana na kuvuta usikivu.
Mubaalagha ni tamathali ya semi ambayo hutia chumvi katika maelezo yanayofanywa katika kazi ya sanaa hususani hadithi fupi ( Msokile 1992:56). Kimsingi tamathali hii husisitiza maana ya jambo linalozungumzwa. Wanafasihi hawako nyuma katika kuitumia kama inavyoonekana katika kitabu cha “ Misingi ya Hadithi fupi” ( Msokile, 1992:56) msanii anasema:
           “ Uso wake ulikuwa na mito ya machozi ya uchungu baada ya mume
              wake kushikwa na askari wa usalama wa taifa”
           “ Mwangalie alivyo na mlima wa matiti! Amebeba mzigo wa matiti.”
Vilevile mubaalagha umejitokeza katika tamthilia ya “Kaptula la Marx” (Kezilahabi, 1999:21) anasema:
          “Waziri wa mambo ya ndaniSadAkimvua Rais viatu vya matairi)
                                                          Siwezi kukutupa chama kimo katika
                                                          damu yangu.”
Pia, katika tamthilia ya “Ngoma ya Ngw’anamalundi” (Mbogo, 2008:35), kuna mubalaagha uliojitokeza kama vile:
            “CHIBUPA: Seche nikiziona nguo hizi moyo wangu unatirirka sumu
                                 ya mapenzi na utengano.”
Lengo la tamathali hii ni kufurahisha, kuchochea, kuchekesha au kusisitiza hoja. Hoja hizi mara nyingi zinaweza kuibua hisia za kuchoma moyo, kuchochea furaha na huzuni kama ilivyoonekana kwenye mifano ya kazi za fasihi hapo juu.
Tashititi ni mkazo wa maneno yasemwayo ama kuandikwa. Msanii hutumia mbinu za kuuliza maswali kwa jambo ambalo anafahamu jibu lake. Lengo ni kusisitiza jambo, kuleta mshangao (Msokile 1992:62). Katika tamthilia ya “ Nagona” (Kezilahabi, 1990), kuna tashititi ambazo zimejitokeza ikiwa ni pamoja na:
              Baba akimwangalia padri usoni aliuliza “Tumejuliana hali?”
              Padri alikaa kimya, wazee wote walimtazama “Je ulitaraji
              sisi sote hapa tukusalimu wewe kwanza?”
Aidha katika “Diwani ya Mloka” (Mloka, 2002:65) anasema:
                          “ Kweli amekufa kweli?
                            Watu walizua swali
                            Na huku wakijadili
                            Ajali ilivyokuwa”
Katika maswali yote yaliyoulizwa katika mifano hapo juu ni wazi kuwa majibu yake yanafahamika vyema kwa yule anayeuliza maswali hayo. Jambo la msingi linalooneshwa na  msanii ni msisitizo utakaotokana na kujibiwa kwa maswali hayo.
Kwa ujumla tamathali za semi zinamchango mkubwa katika kukamilisha kazi za kifasihi kwani hutumika kuunda au kusisitiza maana au kuunda maana mpya huku ikiwafanya wasomaji au watazamaji wahamasike kusoma au kusikiliza kazi husika.
MAREJELEO
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Muhando, P. (2007), Nguzo Mama, Macmillan Aidan Ltd, Dar es Salaam.
Msokile, M. (1992), Misingi ya  Hadithi Fupi, Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.
Mwamanda, J. (2008), Nadharia ya Fasihi Uchambuzi na Uhakiki, JPD Company & General Supplies Ltd, Da es Salaam.
Reynolds, S (2006), Orodha, Macmillan Aidan Ltd, Dar es Salaam.
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Mwl Maeda
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