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SABABU ZILIZOCHOCHEA USANIFISHAJI WA KISWAHILI

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SABABU ZILIZOCHOCHEA USANIFISHAJI WA KISWAHILI
#1
SABABU ZILIZOCHOCHEA USANIFISHAJI WA KISWAHILI
KIINI cha kusanifishwa kwa lugha ni zao la jitihada za kutaka kukidhi au kutosheleza mahitaji ya kimawasiliano ambalo ni jukumu kuu cha lugha yoyote duniani.
Mbali na hatua za utowekaji na hatimaye kufa kwa lugha, lugha vilevile inaweza kuhifadhiwa au hata kufufuliwa.
Uhifadhi na ufufuzi wa lugha huweza kutokana na hatua za kimakusudi za serikali ya taifa au juhudi za kipekee za jamii husika za kutaka kutambuliwa hasa ikizingatiwa kwamba, lugha ni kitendo cha kijamii na ni zao la amana ya mwingiliano wa jamii wenye kudhibitiwa na mifanyiko ya kijamii. Lugha hupata sura yake kutokana na muundo wa jamii husika.
Utowekaji wa lugha ni pale ambapo tabia ya kawaida ya matumizi ya lugha fulani A huachwa na kuchukuliwa na matumizi katika lugha nyingine B.
Wazungumzaji wa lugha A huhamisha matumizi yao kwa kuiga lugha ya pili, B (Weinrich 1979).
Utowekaji kwa msingi huu basi ni mfanyiko wa kiurazini unaotokana na nguvu au misukumo ya nje au ya ndani ya jamii, ambapo jamii ama kwa kukubali au kutokubali kuacha lugha yake kwa kutegemea mtindo wa wakati, huanza kutumia lugha nyingine mpya.
Utowekaji ni hatua mojawapo tu katika kufa kwa lugha kwa sababu kufa kwa lugha hutokea baada ya kipindi kirefu cha wakati. Ingawa hivyo, kuna jamii chache ambazo zimeshuhudia lugha zao zikifa bila ya kuwepo kwa hatua hii ya utowekaji.
Mfano ni lugha za Bugi (Marsabit), Oromo (Kaskazini Mashariki ya Kenya), Yaaku-Mogogodo au Mukogodo (Maasai) na Suba (Kisiwa cha Mfangano) ambayo ilimezwa pakubwa na Dholuo kwa sababu za kisiasa.
Mkondo wa utowekaji unaweza kubadilishwa na lugha husika kuhifadhiwa iwapo hatua maalum za kimakusudi zitachukuliwa ama na wanajamii wenyewe au serikali ya nchi.
KUKIDHI MAHITAJI
Hatua hizi zinaweza kutokana na sababu za kutaka kuhifadhi tamaduni mbalimbali ambazo ni jumla ya utambulisho wa taifa fulani.
Namna mojawapo ya kuhifadhi lugha ni kwa kuiandikia au kutolesha machapisho, kuitumia katika vyombo vya habari pamoja na kueneza au kutangaza itikadi za jamii husika.
Mfano mzuri ni hatua za kimakusudi zilizochukuliwa na jamii ya Suba katika kutafsiri Biblia kwa Kisuba katika hali ya kujitambulisha kama jamii tofauti na jamii jirani ya Waluo.
Fishman (1972), anasema kwamba taaluma ya uhifadhi na utowekaji wa lugha inajihusisha na uhusiano uliopo baina ya mabadiliko au uimara katika ruwaza ya matumizi ya lugha kwa upande mmoja na mifanyiko ya kisaikolojia, kijamii na kitamaduni kwa upande mwingine katika jamii zinazotumia zaidi ya aina moja ya lugha katika maingiliano ya kila siku kati yao au miongoni mwa jamii nyinginezo.
Ni katika mazingira ya mgongano na mwingiliano ambapo watu huweza kutambua tofauti kati ya lugha yao ikilinganishwa na lugha nyingine. Hapo ndipo usafi au ubora wa lugha hujitokeza kama ishara ya umoja wa jamii fulani husika.
MAINGILIANO YA JAMII
Katika jamii, lugha inaweza kufa na kutoweka kwa sababu mbalimbali. Mojawapo ya visababishi hivyo ni mwingiliano wa jamii ambapo jamii huweza kuathiriana kwa namna tofauti.
Katika hali hii, mtagusano na ubadilia wa lugha husababishwa na wasemaji kujifunza lugha nyingine tofauti kutokana na misukumo ya kipekee.
Lugha huathiriana kwa namna tofauti na kusababisha ujozi au wingi-lugha. Ujozi-lugha ni hali ya kuzungumza lugha mbili ambapo pana uwezekano wa lugha mojawapo kuathirika zaidi kiasi cha kwamba matumizi yake hudumishwa mradi tu inahitajika.
Asasi mbalimbali za dini na masomo katika jamii hulazimu mtu kujifunza lugha nyingine ya pili au ya tatu ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kimawasiliano katika mazingira ya aina hiyo.
Pamoja na haya, maingiliano ya kindoa, mahusiano ya kisiasa na idadi ndogo ya wanajamii vilevile husababisha utowekaji wa lugha.
HAJA YA MAWASILIANO
Ingawa hivyo, lugha pia inaweza kufa kutokana na shinikizo la msimamo au mtazamo na hisia za wanajamii, elimu, uhamaji, kuishi mipakani au hata kasumba ya kuiasi lugha zinadhaniwa ni duni kwa ajili ya kutimiza malengo ya ajira.
Uhifadhi wa lugha basi ni hali ambapo lugha huendelea kutumiwa na wanajamii bila ya kujali athari zinazoletwa na lugha ya jamii jirani ambayo inaweza kuwa na nguvu zaidi.
Suala la mtagusano wa lugha ni lile linalodhihirisha namna mbalimbali za maingiliano kati ya lugha na jamii; na huweza kuathiri mipango ya lugha katika ngazi za kiserikali.
Kwamba kila serikali inaporejelea suala la lugha, ni lazima izingatie athari na matokeo ya mipango yoyote ile kwa taifa au jamii mbalimbali zilizomo katika taifa hilo.
Mwl Maeda
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