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UKUAJI NA UENEAJI WA KISWAHILI KATIKA ENZI ZA WAINGEREZA

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UKUAJI NA UENEAJI WA KISWAHILI KATIKA ENZI ZA WAINGEREZA
#1
Ukuaji na ueneaji wa Kiswahili umepitia hatua mbalimbali, kuanzia enzi za waarabu hadi wa kati wa ukoloni. Waingereza walipochukua koloni la Tanganyika kutoka kwa Wajerumani walikuta Kiswahili kimeimarika na kinatumika katika maeneo mengi ya nchi. Katika mada hii utaweza kujifunza mambo mbalimbali yaliyofanywa na Waingereza na ambayo yalichangia kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili.
Mambo yaliyosaidia ukuaji wa Kiswahili enzi za utawala wa Waingereza
Waingereza walipochukua koloni la Tanganyika kutoka kwa Wajerumani walikuta Kiswahili kimeimarika na kinatumika katika maeneo mengi ya nchi. Kwa kuwa nao walihitaji kutawala hawakupuuzia matumizi ya Kiswahili katika utawala wao japo hawakutumia Kiswahili kwa lengo la kukikuza lakini walijikuta wanakieneza na kukikuza bila ya wao kukusudia.
Waingereza walitumia Kiswahili kama nyenzo ya kusaidia shughuli zao za kiutawala. Hata hivyo kuna mambo waliyofanya waingereza yaliyosaidia kukua na kuenea kwa Kiswahili, mambo hayo ni kama yafuatayo:
Shuguli za kiuchumi
Shuguli za kiuchumi wakati wa Waingereza zilihusisha kilimo na biashara. Kwa upande wa klimo, Waingereza waliendesha kilimo cha mazao mbalimbali, na walitumia mfumo wa kuajiri vibarua kutoka sehemu mbalimbali za nchi. Vibarua hao walijulikana kwa jina la manamba.
Katika mkusanyiko wa vibarua hawa waliokuwa na usuli wa makabila tofautitofauti, lugha pekee iliyoweza kuwaunganisha ni Kiswahili ikizingatiwa kwamba Kiswahili kiliteuliwa kuwa lugha rasimi katika mawasiliano ya kiutawala. Walilazimika kuzungumza Kiswahili kwani bila hivyo mawasiliano yasingeweza kufanyika kwa urahisi.
Hata hivyo kupitia shuguli za kilimo maneno mapya ya Kiswahili yaliweza kuzaliwa, kwa mfano: yadi, belo, belingi, bani, mtama n.k, kwa hiyo kupitia shughuli hizi Kiswahili kilizidi kukua.
Shuguli za kiutamaduni
Shughuli hizi ni kama vile uigizaji wa tamthiliya za kigeni, uchezaji wa mziki wa kigeni hususani twisti. Tamthiliya za kigeni zilikuwa zikiigizwa majukwaani kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na hivyo ikasaidia kukua kwa msamiati wa Kiswahili.
Shughuli za kidini
Wakati wa utawala wa mwingereza pia kuliambatana na ujio wa wamishonari waliokuwa na lengo la kueneza dini ya kikristo.
Katika harakati hizi walitumia lugha ya Kiswahili ili kufanikisha malengo yao ikizingatiwa kwamba Kiswahili kilikuwa kimeshaenea vya kutosha wakati wa utawala wa Mjerumani, kwa hiyo wamishonari wa Kiingereza waliendelea kukiimarisha zaidi.
Pia shughuli za kidini zilipelekea kutafsiriwa kwa vitabu mbalimbali vya kidini kama vile Biblia na vitabu vingine. Tafsiri ya vitabu hivi ilikuwa ni kutoka katika lugha ya kiingereza kwenda katika lugha ya Kiswahili. kwa kufanya hivi Kiswahili kiliweza kuingiza msamiati mwingi sana na hivyo kukuza lugha ya Kiswahili.
Wamishonari walilazimika kujifunza Kiswahili hukohuko kwao ili wanapokuja huku Afrika Mashariki wasipate tabu ya kujifunza Kiswahili. Kwa sababu hii wamishonari waliokuwa wamekwishajifunza lugha ya Kiswahili walitunga kamusi za Kiswahili – Kiingereza   ili kuwasaidia wenzao pia kujifunza Kiswahili; kwa njia hii waliweza kukikuza Kiswahili.
Shughuli za kisiasa
Shughuli za kisiasa hasa katika uanzishwaji wa vyombo mbalimbali vya kiutawala, jeshi, polisi, mahakama, boma n.k. Kufuatia uanzishwaji wa vyombo hivi msamiati mwingi wa Kiswahili uliweza kuzuka na hivyo kukuza Kiswahili.
Shughuli za kiutawala
Makampuni ya uchapishaji yalianzishwa (East African literature Bureau), na kamati ya lugha iliundwa (Interterritorian language committee). Hatua hii iliimarisha matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili hali iliyosaidia kukua kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Shuguli za ujenzi wa reli na barabara
Shughuli hizi pia zilisaidia kuibuka kwa msamiati mpya kama vile, reli, stesheni, tiketi n.k.
Usanifishaji wa Kiswahili
Usanifishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili pia lilikua ni jambo jingine muhimu sana lililosaidia kukua kwa msamiati wa Kiswahili. Lengo la usanifishaji wa Kiswahili lilikuwa ni kuleta ulinganifu wa matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki.
UENEAJI WA KISWAHILI
Ukuaji na Ueneaji ni maneno mawili yenye maana zinazokaribiana lakini zinazotofautiana. Ukuaji humaanisha ongezeko la msamiati katika lugha na ueneaji ni uongezekaji wa matumizi ya lugha kieneo. Kwa hiyo hapa tutaangalia yale mambo yaliyosababisha Kiswahili kitumike katika eneo kubwa. Mambo hayo ni haya yafuatayo:
Vyombo vya habari
Vyombo vya habari vilivyokuwepo kwa wakati huo ni redio, magazeti na majarida mbalimbali. Kwa upande wa redio kulikuwepo na redio Tanganyika iliyoanza kurusha matangazo yake kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili. Na magazeti yaliyokuwa yakichapishwa wakati huo ni pamoja na: Mambo leo, Sauti ya Pwani, Kiongozi na Habari za leo. Magazeti haya yote yalikuwa yakichapishwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo kwa kutumia vyombo vya habari (redio na magazeti) kiswahili kiliweza kuenea.
Kilimo
Kupitia kilimo watu waliweza kukutana pamoja, watu wa makabila tofautitofauti. Kwa hiyo katika kipindi chote walichokaa kwenye makambi ya mashambani waliweza kujifunza Kiswahili na walipomaliza muda wao walirudi nyumbani wakiwa wamejifunza lugha mpya na hivo kwa njia hii waliweza kuieneza lugha ya Kiswahili.
Muundo wa jeshi la kikoloni (KAR)
Jeshi la KAR liliundwa na watu kutoka makabila mablimbali, na lugha iliyokuwa ikitumika jeshini ni Kiswahili, askari hawa walisaidia kueneza lugha ya Kiswahili ndani na nje ya nchi kwani kila walipokwenda walikuwa wakizungumza Kiswahili.
Mfumo wa elimu
Chini ya utawala wa Waingereza Kiswahili kilitumika katika masomo yote kwa ngazi ya shule ya msingi, na pia kilitumika kama somo kwa ngazi ya shule za sekondari. Kwa hiyo hii pia ilichangia kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Harakati za kudai uhuru
Chama cha TANU kilianzisha harakati za kudai uhuru, harakati hizo ziliendeshwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo kupitia harakati hizo Kiswahili kiliweza kuenea kwa kiwango kikubwa.
Tathimini ya maendeleo ya Kiswahili wakati wa Waingereza
Licha ya maendeleo ya lugha ya Kiswahili katika utawala wa Waingereza, pia kulikuwa na changamoto zilizoikabili lugha ya Kiswahili katika kupiga hatua ya maendeleo. Changamoto hizo ni kama zifuatazo:
Kutofundishwa kwa Kiswahili shule zote nchini
Wakati wa utawala wa Waingereza Kiswahili kilifundishwa katika shule za watoto wa kiafrika tu, wakati katika shule za watoto wa kizungu Kiswahili hakikufundishwa. Kwa hiyo suala hili lilifanya Kiswahili kipewe msukumo mdogo sana na hivyo kuhafifisha ukuaji wake.
Kutotumika kwa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kufundishia
Lugha ya Kiswahili ilitumika kufundishia katika shule za msingi pekee ilihali lugha ya kiingereza ilitumika kuanzia shule za sekondari hadi elimu ya juu. Hali hii ilisababisha watu kujitahidi sana kujifunza kiingereza; kwa kuzungumza kiingereza ilikuwa na ishara kwamba wewe ni msomi, na hivyo kutokana na hali hii Kiswahili kilendelea kukua polepole sana.
Kukosekana kwa vyombo vya kizalendo vya kukuza Kiswahili
Vyombo vilivyokuwa vinahusika na masuala ya ukuzaji wa Kiswahili wakati wa ukoloni vilikuwa vimeanzishwa na wakoloni wenyewe, kwa mfano Kamati ya Lugha ya Afrika Mashariki (Inter-Territorial Swahili Language commitee) na Shirika la maandiko la Afrika Mashariki (East African Literature Bureau). Katika hali kama hii ukuzaji wa Kiswahili ulikosa msukumo mkubwa wa kizalendo.
Kasumba ya kuthamini Kiingereza
Wananchi walikuwa na kasumba kwamba mtu anayezungumza Kiingereza alichukuliwa kuwa ni mtu mwenye maendeleo na msomi, kwa hiyo hali hii ikapelekea watu kutothamini Kiswahili na hivyo Kiswahili kudharaulika.
Mwl Maeda
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