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MATATIZO YA UCHAPISHAJI WA RIWAYA

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MATATIZO YA UCHAPISHAJI WA RIWAYA
#1
Matatizo ya Uchapishaji wa Riwaya

Cleveland Nkata
Nataraji kuchunguza kwa ufupi upeo wa matatizo yanayoambatana na uchapishaji wa vitabu vya riwaya. Makala haya hayawanii kutoa tiba bali kuyakinisha maradhi. Kwa sababu, kwa maana moja shughuli za uchapishaji zina namna ya ubinafsi ndani yake. Kutokana na ubinafsi huo, basi, kila kampuni ya uchapishaji, baada ya muda, huzua namna ya utendaji kazi wake ulioathirika kwa namna fulani na ujuzi, uwezo na tabia ya watendaji wa kampuni hiyo. Hivyo wakati wa matatizo kila kampuni huwa na ufumbuzi unaoonyesha athira hizo za kibinafsi.
Hata hivyo, yapo matatizo yanayoikabili shughuli ya uchapishaji katika ujumla wake. Na kulingana na kuathirika kuliko sawa kunakotokana na matatizo hayo, unakuwepo uelewano, kwa kiwango fulani, kwa wengi miongoni mwa wanaohusika na shughuli za uchapishaji kuhusu namna ya kuyashughulikia baadhi ya matatizo hayo. Nimejaribu kudokeza kwa muhtasari’tu njia ya ufumbuzi wa matatizo haya.
Ili kutoa mwangaza zaidi wa upeo na kina cha matatizo yanayoambatana na uchapishaji wa vitabu vya riwaya, nimeona yafaa kutenganisha matatizo hayo katika mafungu mawili.
Kutokana na asili ya matatizo yanayohusika nimeyaita mafungu hayo matatizo ya kiufundikiutamaduni, na matatizo ya kibiashara. Mafungu haya huingiliana. Masuala ya fedha yanayohusu uchapishaji kama biashara, huathiri sana maamuzi ya awali ambayo mchapishaji hufanya katika ngazi ya kiufundikiutamaduni kuhusu kuchapisha au kutochapisha muswada, maamuzi ambayo hatimaye huihusisha kampuni yake katika majukumu ya kifedha kwa maelfu ya shilingi. Matatizo ya kiufundikiutamaduni yanachukuliwa katika makala haya kama mkusanyiko wa matatizo yote yanayoihusu kazi ya riwaya kutoka mwanzo kabisa wa mawazo ya kuandika mpaka wakati mchapishaji anapomiusisha kampuni yake na uchapisluui wa riwaya hiyo kwa kutia sahihi yake katika fomu ya makubaliano ya mrabaha wa mwandishi.
Katika kuyatizama matatizo ya kiufundikiutamaduni, inalazimu kugusia masuala ambayo awali yanaonekana kana kwamba hayahusiani moja kwa moja na shughuli ya uchapishaji kama inavyoeleweka kikawaida (japokuwa kwa makosa). Mathalani, kwa mchapishaji kuchukulia matatizo ya kutojua kusoma kwa jamii kubwa ya Watanzania yanayotokana na kiwango kidogo cha maendeleo ya utamaduni wa jamii hiyo kama sehemu ya matatizo ya uchapishaji hakuhalisi. Walakini uchunguzi zaidi utadhihirisha kuwa matayarisho ya kielimu kwa jamii yana uhusiano mkubwa sana na masuala ya mawasiliano baina ya mwandishi na msomaji, ambayo bila ya shaka yoyote ndiyo shughuli ya mchapishaji. Kwa upande wa matatizo ya uchapishaji yanayohusiana na biashara, nitayashughulikia zaidi masuala ya mahitaji na utoaji wa vitabu.
Matatizo ya Kiufundi-Kiutamaduni
Kwa muhtasari, mwandishi anapoandika riwaya, uandishi wake huathiriwa kwa kiwango kikubwa na nguvu za kiasili zinazotawala maisha yake kama binadamu, pamoja na namna yeye mwenyewe anavyoyaelewa mazingira yake. Ni namna mwandishi anavyoitikia kisanii miito inayotokana na mazingira yake pamoja na uwezo na kiwango cha ustadi wake kuhusu ufundi na miiko ya sanaa inayohusika ndivyo hatimaye vinavyoathiri sifa za kipekee zilizomo katika muswada anaomkabidhi mchapishaji. Mgongano uliopo katika ngazi hii ni mfano wa mvutano mkubwa unaojitokeza katika ngazi ya uchapishaji unapochukuliwa katika ujumla wake. Mgongano huu upo katika fani ya mvutano kati ya mwonjo wa kisanaa wa mwandishi na mtazamo wake kwa upande mmoja; na kwa upande mwingine, jukumu la mchapishaji kuhusu sifa za muswada aliokabidhiwa na masuala ya fedha yanayohusu uchapishaji, uchapaji na uuzaji wa vitabu, pamoja na matakwa maalumu ya kampuni ambayo mchapisbaji anaiwakilisha.
Yapo maswali kadhaa ambayo mchapishaji hujiuliza kuhusu muswada anaoushughulikia. Mathalani, atapendelea kuwa na uhakika jinsi kazi yenyewe ilivyo kulingana na sifa za kisanaa, hususan, kutokana na maudhui na uwezo wa mwandishi kuwasiliana na hadhira anayoikusudia.
Atapenda kujiridhisha na namna maandishi yanavyoonyesha migongano mbalimbali katika jamii na jinsi migongano hiyo ilivyowasilishwa ikitiliwa maanani matumizi ya lugha, ufundi wa uchoraji wa wahusika na mazingira, mtiririko wa matukio, mtindo na muundo wa riwaya yenyewe. Mchapishaji atataka kuwa na uhakika kuhusu namna muswada unavyotofautiana na vitabu vingine vilivyokwisha kuchapishwa na ambavyo tayari vimo katika maduka ya vitabu, kutokana na uasili na ubora wa mawazo yanayowasilishwa kulingana na dhima ya fasihi katika jamii yetu.
Hatima ya riwaya Bwana Myombekere na Bibi Bugonoka na Ntulanalwo na Bulihwali iliyoandikwa na marehemu Aniceti Kitereza na kuchapishwa na Tanzania Publishing House ni mfano mzuri wa baadhi ya masuala yaliyotajwa hapo juu. Bwana Myombekere na Bibi Bugonoka ni riwaya iliyoathir»wa kwa kiwango kikubwa na hisia za kikulima, si kimaudhui tu bali hata kutokana na mtazamo wa mwandishi.
Riwaya ya marehemu Kitereza ina sifa tele za sanaa zinazotakiwa. Kwa upande wa maendeleo ya historia ya uandishi wa riwaya nchini Tanzania, Bwana Myombekere na Bibi Bugonoka na Ntulanwalo na Bulihwalini hatua muhimu katika historia ya fasihi. Walakini hadithi inayojitokeza juu ya mahesabu ya mauzo ya riwaya hii ni ile ya wasiwasi unaoweza kumpata mchapishaji endapo ataamua kuchapisha kazi ambayo kutokana na umuhimu wa mvuto wake hailingani na hisia ya wale katika jamii wenye uwezo wa kufurahia kazi za fasihi andishi na uwezo wa kununua vitabu. Mauzo ya riwaya ya Mzee Kitereza yanadokeza masuala mengine. Riwaya hii inadhihirisha kutokuwepo kwa tabia ya kusoma miongoni mwa jamii ya wakulima, na kutokuwepo vilevile kwa tabia ya kununua vitabu hasa kwa sehemu za nchi yetu nje ya miji.
Inaelekea kwangu mimi kuwa leo hii mnunuzi wa vitabu vya Tanzania hupatikana sana mijini. Lau kama aghalabu yeye ni kizazi cha mkulima, mtazamo wake wa vitu na mambo huhitilafiana na ule wa wazazi wake. Atbari za mji mimi naziona kuwa zinasaidia kumfanya awe mpokevu wa fasihi andishi. Ni mijini ambako ubinafsi na maisha unapokuwa zaidi. Ubinafsi huu unalingana na ubinafsi katika utamaduni uliozaa riwaya. Sasa kwa mchapishaji tatizo ni namna ya kuitikia hamu ya mwandishi ya kuwasiliana katika fani ambayo kwa sehemu kubwa ya umma wa wakttlima ni utamaduni mpya!
Matatizo ya Biashara
Ili kuelewa asili ya matatizo yanayoambatana na uchapishaji wa riwaya kama biashara, inapasa mtu aelewe japo kidogo tu namna ‘viwanda’ vya utamaduni vinavyofanya kazi yake. Tunazungumzia uchapishaji kuwa mfano wa viwanda vya utamaduni kutokana na shughuli zake muhimu, yaani uchapaji na usambazaji wa vitabu kufanyika kibiashara. Misingi ya maamuzi mengi muhimu huzingatia zaidi fedha kuliko utamaduni.
Sasa kwa Tanzania tatizo kubwa ni lile lililodokezwa hapo awali kuhusu mvutano kati ya sanaa na biashara. Mvutano huu ndiyo sifa kubwa ya viwanda vya utamaduni. Viwanda vingi vya kawaida vinatengeneza na kuuza bidhaa zinazoweza kuwekewa thamani katika masoko bila matatizo yoyote. Viwanda vya utamaduni hufanya kazi yake, kwa kweli katika hali ambayo mahitaji ya bidhaa zake hayaeleweki vizuri. Mwandishi wa riwaya, mathalani, kwanza kabisa huamua kuchukua kalamu yake na karatasi si kutokana na mategemeo ya pesa atakazozipata pindi kitabu chake kitakapouzwa, bali kutokana na msukumo ndani ya nafsi yake unaompa hamu kubwa ya kutaka kuwasihana na wenzake. Lakini hata hivyo shughuli za uchapishaji na kwa hivyo biashara inayotokana na shughuli hizo zinaendeshwa kana kwamba tayari kuna soko lenye nia na uwezo wa kulipia gharama ya vitabu. Madhara makubwa ya uvutano uliopo baina ya uchapishaji kama sanaa na uchapishaji kama biashara ni kwamba kile kinachofikishwa kwenye duka la vitabu si lazima kiwe cha kuridhisha kisanaa.
Kwa hivyo, basi, matokeo ya uchapishaji usio na msaada wa kifedha na ambao unatarajiwa kutii sheria za biashara yanapingana sana na mategemeo ya waandishi wa maana wa riwaya. Kwa msomaji wa kawaida matumizi ya vitabu, hasa vya riwaya, hayana sifa ya kurudiwarudiwa kama vile bidhaa za sukari, mavazi na mafuta ya taa, ambayo huhitajiwa mara kwa mara mpaka mtumiaji anapofariki. Aidha tofauti kidogo tu ikitokea katika kipato cha mnunuzi basi hata ukubwa ama wingi wa manunuzi yenyewe, hususan bid haa kama vitabu vya riwaya, hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa.
Profesa Breton amelihusisha tatizo la wasiwasi wa biashara unaoambatana na uzalishaji na uuzaji wa bidhaa za kitamaduni na kutorudiwarudiwa kwa matumizi ya bidhaa hizo na athari za mabadiliko ya kipato juu ya wingi wa manunuzi. Mtu anapata picha nzuri zaidi ya tatizo la mchapishaji ukiongeza matatizo mengine kama vile uhaba wa mtaji na urefu wa muda kabla gharama ya kuchapishia haijarejeshwa na kampuni kuanza kupata kijifaida kidogo.
Matatizo ya usambazaji vitaou nayo huwa kipingamizi kikubwa sana kati ya mwandishi na msomaji. Maduka ya rejareja ya kuuzia vitabu ni haba. Na pale yanapopatitcana hayapati vitabu vya kutosha vya kuuza kutokana na uhaba wa mtaji wa kufanyia biashara. Njia za mawasiliano ni mbovu na gharama za kusafirishia vitabu kwa njia ya posta zinakatisha tamaa.
Matarajio ya Uchapishaji
Sharti la msingi kabisa ambalo lazima litiliwe maanani tunapofikiria maendeleo ya shughuli za uchapishaji ni maendeleo ya uchumi wa taifa zima. Muungano wa uchumi na utengenezaji na matumizi ya bidhaa za kitamaduni hauhitaji kuimbiwa nyimbo. Jamii shurti iwe na uwezo wa kujitimizia manitaji yake ya msingi ndipo inaweza kuanza kufikiria masuala ya bidhaa za kitamaduni.
Kuna baadhi ya watu wanaodai kuwa kampuni za uchapishaji sasa hazina uwezo wa kutosheleza mahitaji ya waandishi na wasomaji. Watu hawa wanapendekeza kubadili miundo’ ya kampuni za uchapishaji. Wengine wamependekeza uchapishaji kwa misingi ya ushirika wa waandishi.
Madai hayo ni ya kweli kabisa. Walakini kasoro ipp katika kuzingatia chanzo na asili ya matatizo yanayokabili kampuni za uchapishaji. Ndiyo maana ufumbuzi unaonekana kana kwamba upo katika kubadilisha miundo ya kampuni za uchapishaji.
Ingefaa ieleweke kwamba chanzo na asili ya matatizo yanayokabili shughuli za uchapishaji ni ya kifedha. Nguvu ya matatizo hayo inaongezwa na serikali yetu wenyewe ambayo mpaka sasa haijaona umuhimu wa kuwa na sera madhubuti ya kitaifa katika uwanja wa utamaduni inayoweza kuongoza shughuli za upatikanaji na matumizi ya bidhaa za kitamaduni.
Serikali inawajibika kujihusisha kikamilifu, kuandaa sera maalumu itakayoleta mwamko wa kkamaduni. Tayari serikali imekwishafanya mambo mengi, hasa katika kampeni za kufuta ujinga. Hata hivyo kampeni hizo shurti ziende sambamba na hatua madhubuti za kuendeleza tabia ya kusoma, ambayo bado haipo nchini. Tayari inadhihirika kuwa mafanikio yaliyokwishapatikana katika kampeni za kufuta ujinga yamo katika hatari ya kutoweka kadri idadi ya watu wanaosahau kusoma inavyoongezeka.
Ni mawazo yangu kwamba kinachotakiwa kufanywa ni kwa serikali kuunda sera yenye uhakika ya utamaduni, sera itakayoleta mwafaka baina ya utoaji na matumizi ambavyo kwa sasa vina ukinzani mkubwa katika mahusiano yao. Vilevile serikali itabidi iandae sera hii katika namna itakayosuluhisha mvutano uliopo baina ya thamani ya bidhaa zinazotolewa na ukubwa wa hadhira inayokusudiwa. Kwa maana nyingine serikali iongozwe na madhumuni mawili yaliyofungamana – kupanua uwezo wa janui kupata vitabu, na kuongeza uwezekano wa kitaifa wa kutoa vitabu kwa nyenzo mbalimbali na misaada.
Misaada inaweza kuwa ya moja kwa moja mathalani kwa njia ya misaada ya fedha ama ruzuku. Ama inaweza ikawa ya namna ya kusaidia kununua vitabu vinavyochapishwa. Tunaweza kuiga mipango mizuri ya nchi nyingine, kama vile Norway ambako serikali yao huhakikisha kuwa inanunua idadi maalum ya kila kitabu kilichoandikwa na Wanorway na kuchapishwa na kampuni za Norway. Mpango kama huo upaweza kusaidia kuhakikisha kipato cha mwandishi na kupunguza wasiwasi wa biashara kwa wachapishaji. Zaidi ya hapo mpango kama huo utawezesha kukuza tabia ya kusoma nchini.
Serikali ingeweza vilevile kusaidia kuongeza mitaji ya kufanyia kazi ya wachapishaji kwa kuwa na mpango maalumu ambapo kampuni za ucbapishaji zinashirikishwa kikamilifu, kutokana na uwezo wa kampuni hizo, katika mpango wa kuchapisha vitabu vya kiada kwa shule za msingi na za sekondari, kinyume na ule uliopo hivi sasa ambao kwa kweli ni chanzo cha matatizo zaidi badala ya kuwa ufumbuzi.
Tuzo ni njia nyingine ambayo inaweza kusaidia uchapishaji wa vitabu murua zaidi. Chama cha wachapishaji cha Tanzania (PATA) kilichoanzishwa nchini hivi karibuni kina mpango wa kuanzisha mfuko maalumu utakaotumika kwa ajili ya tuzo za tasihi ili kuleta msisimko kwa waandishi na kuwapa motisha wa kuandika vitahu vya hali ya juu.
Kinyume

Fasihi, Uandishi na Uchapishaji ni matokeo ya Semina ya Umoja wa Waandishi wa Vitabu Tanzania (UWAVITA) iliyofanyika Dar es Salaam tarehe 26 – 29 Oktoba, 1989.
Makala yaliyomo yanahusu maeneo matatu mahsusi ambayo ni, Uandishi, Uhakiki, na Uchapishaji.
Makala juu ya uandishi hayajadili mbinu za uandishi tu, bali yanajadili pia matatizo yanayowapata waandishi wanaoanza, na pia suala la uhusiano baina ya fasihi na jamii, hususan mipaka ya uhuru alio nao mwandishi katikajamii yetu, najinsi gani uhuru huo unaweza kulindwa na kuendelezwa.
Makala kuhusu uhakiki yanagusia mbinu na misingi ya uhakiki, dhima ya uhakiki na vipengele kadhaa vya historia, fani na maudhui ya t’asihi ya Kiswahili.
Mwisho, kuhusu uchapishaji. mvutano mkuhwa kati ya waandishi na wachapishaji unachambuliwa. Mvutano huu unasahahishwa na kushindwa kwa haadhi ya wachapishaji kuwahudumia waandishi ipasavyo. Tatizo hili imedhihirika limekuzwa zaidi na hali ngumu ya uchumi amhayo imeathiri vihaya shughuli za uchapishaji.
Kitahu hiki cha kipekee ni tunu kwa waandishi, wachapishaj! na wote wale wapendao kupata elimu ya vitahuni.
DAR ES SALAAM UNIVERSITY PRESS
ISBN 9976 60 081 x
COVER DESIGN: R.A. MTAWAZI
Mwl Maeda
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