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CHIMBUKO NA ASILI YA LUGHA YA MWANADAMU

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CHIMBUKO NA ASILI YA LUGHA YA MWANADAMU
#1
Kwa Mukhtasari:
Hakuna maafikiano yoyote miongoni mwa wanaisimu kuhusu ni wapi, lini, namna gani au nani hasa alianzisha lugha. Hapa kuna nadharia mbalimbali zinazoeleza chimbuko na asili ya lugha.
HAKUNA maafikiano yoyote miongoni mwa wanaisimu kuhusu ni wapi, lini, namna gani au nani hasa alianzisha lugha.
Hii inatokana na ukweli kwamba, binadamu alianza kuishi tangu kale katika kipindi cha wakati ambao hata hivyo bado haujajulikana. Suala ambalo halina pingamizi ni kuwa, lugha inatumiwa na mwanadamu na kila jamii ina lugha yake mahsusi inayodumisha mawasiliano ya kila siku. Hata hivyo, kuna nadharia mbalimbali zinazoeleza chimbuko na asili ya lugha.
Mtazamo wa kidini
Msingi wa nadharia hii ni kwamba, lugha iliumbwa na Mungu na akapewa mwanadamu kwa nguvu za Kiungu. Inaeleza kuwa, haja ya Mungu kuwasiliana na kiumbe wake Binadamu ndiyo iliyomchochea aumbe lugha.
Inaaminika kuwa, Mungu ndiye alikuwa wa kwanza kutumia lugha, aliumba ulimwengu kwa kutumia neno, na kwa neno kila kitu akiwemo mwanadamu kilifanyika. Inaaminika kuwa lugha zote zilitokana na lugha moja iliyoumbwa na Mungu.
Hata hivyo, kuna visasili mbalimbali vinavyoeleza asili ya lugha katika nadharia ya Uungu.
Kwanza ni, pale Mungu alipompa Adamu uwezo wa kuzungumza kwa kuwatajia majina wanyama wote na pale ndipo lugha ilipoanza (Mwanzo 2:19).
Nadharia hii ya Uungu pia huchagizwa na kisasili kingine cha Wamisri, Wababiloni na Wahindi. Kwa mujibu wa kisasili cha Wababiloni, inasemekana kuwa hapo kale Mfalme wa Babeli aliamuru kujenga mnara mrefu ulioitwa Mnara wa Babeli ili kumfikia Mungu.
Kwa lengo hilo, Mungu alikasirishwa sana akaamua ‘kuwachanganya lugha’ wajenzi wa mnara huo na hivyo wakashindwa kuelewana na hatimaye azma yao ikasitishwa.
Kwa hiyo kutokana na imani hiyo waumini wengine wanakubali kuwa, yawezekana lugha nyingi zinazoonekana leo ni tokeo la mnara wa Babeli. Kama hivyo, haitoshi Wamisri wanachagiza nadharia hii kwa kuwa na mungu wao aliyeitwa “Thoth” ambaye ni ‘mungu wa lugha’.
Wahindu walihusisha uwezo wa mwanadamu wa kuzungumza na mungu wao wa kike aliyeitwa “Brahma” ambaye kwa imani yao ndiye mungu muumbaji wa ulimwengu lakini lugha alipewa mwanadamu kutoka kwa mke wake aliyeitwa “Sarasvati”. Suala la msingi katika nadharia hii ni kwamba, lugha za mwanadamu zina chanzo kimoja na ndio maana wanaisimu wa baadaye wamekuwa wakizungumzia suala la sarufi bia. Udhaifu wake ni kwamba, zinashindwa kujibu maswali kama vile – kwa nini lugha nyingine zinazuka tu siku hizi na hazitoki kwa Mungu. Vile vile, mtazamo huu haujajikita katika tafiti za sayansi ya lugha, yaani, isimu. Pia haujafuata taratibu za kiuchunguzi za kiisimu ambazo huunga sayansi ya lugha.
Kuiga sauti za asili
Nadharia nyingine inayoeleza kuhusu asili ya lugha ni ile ya Wigo. Kwa mujibu wa Yule (2010), nadharia hii inashikilia msimamo kuwa, sauti za awali kabisa za lugha ya binadamu ni matokeo ya binadamu kuiga sauti asilia ambazo wanawake na wanaume walizisikia katika mazingira yao. Nadharia hii inapigiwa upatu na baadhi ya maneno ambayo yanatokana na sauti asilia za milio ya vitu kama vile vitu vinapodondoka au kugongana ambayo huitwa onomatopoeia. Pamoja na ithibati inayoweza kutolewa kwa maneno hayo machache ambayo huenda kila lugha inayo, bado kuna udhaifu katika nadharia hii. Nadharia hii haijitoshelezi kwa kuwa, kuna maneno mengi tu ambayo kwa asili yake hayatokani na milio ya vitu, kama majina, na vitenzi ambavyo ni matokeo ya njia nyingine za uundaji wa maneno na si miigo ya sauti asilia.
Mahusiano ya kijamii
Nadharia hii inashikilia msimamo kuwa, wakati fulani katika maisha ya mwanadamu, alihitaji msaada wa mwanadamu mwingine katika kufanya kazi. Katika kazi hizo, binadamu hao walitoa milio na sauti mbalimbali za kuhamasishana. Kutokana na sauti hizo yasemekana ndipo lugha ilipoanza. Hata hivyo, nadharia hii inatupa wazo moja muhimu kwamba maendeleo ya lugha ya mwanadamu yanatokana na mazingira ya kijamii alimoishi mwanadamu. Kwa hivyo, wanadamu lazima waliishi katika makundi ya kijamii, kama hilo linaweza kukubalika, lazima tukubali kuwa, yamkini kulikuwa na kanuni maalum ambazo zilitawala mfumo wao wa mawasiliano katika maisha yao na mahusiano yao ya kijamii. Pamoja na hayo, nadharia hii bado inatunyima majibu ya swali letu la msingi kuhusu asili ya hizo sauti zilizozalishwa. Kama chanzo cha lugha ni mahusiano ya kijamii, kuna wanyama wengine wanaoishi katika makundi makundi kama vile tumbili na ngedere lakini mawasiliano haya hayaendelei kuwa matamshi ya lugha.
Maumbile ya mwanadamu
Badala ya kuchunguza asili ya sauti za mwanadamu na kutoa tamko kuwa huenda ndizo chanzo na asili ya lugha ya mwanadamu, ni vyema kuangalia sifa za kimaumbile alizo nazo mwanadamu.
Uchunguzi huu unajikita katika zile sifa ambazo viumbe wengine (wanyama) hawana (Yule, 2010).
Msimamo wa nadharia hii ni kuwa tofauti ya kimaumbile kati ya mwananadamu na wanyama wengine ndicho kilichokuwa chanzo cha lugha ya mwanadamu. Lugha hiyo ndio wenzo muhimu anaotumia binadamu kufanikisha mawasiliano ya siku baada ya siku.
Mwl Maeda
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CHIMBUKO NA ASILI YA LUGHA YA MWANADAMU - by MwlMaeda - 07-07-2021, 11:57 AM

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