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USHAIRI: NADHARIA NA TAHAKIKI (14)

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USHAIRI: NADHARIA NA TAHAKIKI (14)
#1
13. Muhammed S. Khatibu: Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar
SURA YA KUMI NA TATU
Historia ya visiwa vya Zanzibar ni historia ya harakati, harakati hizo zikiwa dhidi ya tawala za kinyonyaji za kitumwa, kimwinyi au kisultani na kibepari; katika umbo la ukoloni wa Mwingereza aliyeshirikiana na sultani; na leo hii dhidi ya ukoloni mamboleo. Kilele cha mwanzo cha harakati hizo kilifikiwa tarehe 12 Januari 1964, wakati wananchi wa visiwani walipojizatiti wakashika silaha na kuupindua utawala dhalimu wa kisultani.
Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar ni zao la historia hiyo ya visiwa vya Unguja na Pemba. Kwa hakika historia hiyo, hasa tukio la mapinduzi ya januari 1964, imezaa wimbi kali la fasihi ya Kiswahili kutoka visiwani ambalo limevipiga kumbo vitabu vilivyokwepa kuyashughulikia mapinduzi hayo, kwa mfano vile vya upelelezi vya Muhammed Said Abdulla vya Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale (EALB, 1960), Kisiwa cha Giningi (Evans: 1960), Duniani Kuna Watu (EAPH, 1974), Siri ya Sifuri (EAPH, 1975). Vitabu hivi, zaidi ya kutokuyagusia mapinduzi hayo, vimetetea na hata kuuombea msamaha ubinafsi wa wanyonyaji.
Wimbi hilo kali la kifasihi limejitokeza hasa npande wa riwaya kama tuonavyo katika riwaya za: Nyota ya Rehema ya M.S. Mohamed (Oxford: 1976), Asali Chungu ya S.A. Mohamed (Shungwaya: 1978), Kasri ya Mwinyi Fuad na Kuli za Shafi Adam Shafi (TPH: 1978 na 1979). Zote hizi zimechota fani na maudhui yake kutoka katika harakati za wananchi wa Visiwani dhidi ya uonevu; nazo zimetoa welekeo wa matumaini mema kwa wanyonge, kinyume na zile za upelelezi za M.S. AbduIIa, ijapokuwa yeye pia sawa na waandishi hao amezaliwa na kukulia Visiwani Zanzibar.
Utenzi huu umetumia mbinu mbalimbali za “mapokeo” ya tenzi za Kiswahili hasa kimuundo. Kwa mfano mwanzo wa utenzi huu ni uleule kama wa tenzi mbalimbali za mapokeo – wa dua. Baada ya hapo utenzi huu umeeleza asili ya watu wa Zanzibar (beti za 27 na 28) na maisha yao kabla ya majilio ya wageni (beti za 69, 84, na 95-106). Sehemu hii twaweza kuiita kuwa ndiyo “Dibaji” ambayo kwa kutuonyesha jinsi maisha ya watu wa Visiwani yalivyokuwa ya kimawafikiano hapo awali, inatupa msingi mzuri wa kujadili ukoloni na athari zake katika maisha ya watu hao.
Baada ya dibaji hii, utenzi umetoa sababu na misingi ya kihistoria ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar. Tumepewa maelezo marefu kidogo kuhusu ukoloni na maovu yake kwa wahanchi kwa kuonyeshwa kwanza jinsi mamwinyi wa Kiarabu walivyowanyonya na kuwanyanyasa wananchi wa visiwani (ubeti wa 110 na 111):
Quote:
110 Tawala za Kiswahili
Zikatupiliwa mbali
Wakafika majahili
Watokao Arabiya
111 Walitumia ujanja
Machoni kutia wanja
Na kujifanya viranja
Usahibu kujitia
Lakini hawahawa waliojitia rafiki wa watu walianza kuwanyonya na kuwadhulumu kwa kujipa uongozi na “kuanzisha ujambazi” (ubeti wa 118). Twaelezwa na mtunzi kuwa kati ya mengi yaliyomvutia Seyyid Said aliyewasili pande hizi mwaka wa 1832, ni uzuri na utajiri wa Visiwani ambao ungeishamirisha biashara yake (ubeti wa 125), na pia utumwa (ubeti wa 129 na wa 130). Kwa hiyo basi, kutokana na utawala wa Seyyid Said wananchi wa Visiwani walinunuliwa katika biashara haramu ya utumwa, huku wengi wao wakilimishwa kwa mateso makubwa katika mashamba yaliyoibiwa kutoka kwao, wakalazimishwa kupanda mazao ya biashara kama vile minazi na karafuu, ambayo yote yalizidi kuwatajirisha mabwana wa Kiarabu (beti za 131-137).
Utawala wa Kiarabu ulifuatiliwa na ule wa Kiingereza (beti za 143-146), na tawala hizi mbili zikaenda sambamba kimawafikiano kuwatesa wananchi wa Visiwani.
Kwa hiyo basi, kutokana na maelezo ayatoayo mtunzi, mbinu kuu zilizotumiwa na tawala hizo dhalimu kuwagandamiza watu wa Visiwani zilikuwa za umilikaji wa kimwinyi wa ardhi, pamoja na biashara ya utumwa. Katika biashara hii twaonyeshwa jinsi ambavyo watu walifanywa kuwa bidhaa za kusafirishwa nje (beti za 178 na 183) wakati ambapo Visiwani kwenyewe mateso zaidi ya wananchi yaliendelea (beti za 227-235) huku unyonge wa wananchi ukizidi kuongezeka, kama tuelezwavyo katika beti za 230 na 231:
Quote:
230 Wanyonge kitaka kazi
Hufanywa ndio wakwezi
Wanawake vijakazi
Majumbani kueneya
231 Wakipewa kazi ngumu
Asofanya mwanadamu
Kwao iliwalazimu
Viboko kuwalemeya.
Na, ili kuhakikisha kuwa utengano wa wananchi unanawiri, mbinu ya ukabila ilitumiwa, mbinu ambayo ilitumika si Visiwani tu bali katika nchi mbalimbali (kwa mfano, nchi zote za Afrika ya Mashariki) ili kuwafanya watu wachukiane wao kwa wao wasiweze kuungana na kumpinga mkoloni. Ubeti wa 232 unatuonyesha mbinu hiyo:
Quote:
232 Alitia ukabila,
Mpaka katika kula
Asohusu utawala
Hana atojipatiya
Hata hivyo hizo hazikuwa mbinu pekee zilizotumiwa na watawala wa Kiarabu na wa Kiingereza. Kulikuweko pia za kodi, biashara, umilikaji wa majumba makubwa ya kupangisha, ubaguzi kielimu, kimatibabu na kiuchumi, na kudhibiti uchumi kwa jumla. Haya yote yamejitokeza katika beti za 233 hadi 269. Pamoja na mbinu hizi, mabenki pia yalitumiwa kuwakamua wananchi huku viwanda vikuu pamoja na usafirishaji na uagizaji wa mazao muhimu ya biashara vikiwa vimewekwa mikononi mwa watawala (beti za 277 – 283).
Haya hayamaanishi kwamba wananchi wa Visiwani hawakufanya upinzani wowote dhidi ya uonevu huo. Katika beti za 135 na 136 tunaonyeshwa wazi kuwa upinzani ulikuwapo tangu awali:
Quote:
135 Walokuwa wakaidi
Kutomtii Saidi
Hawakuipata sudi
Viboko liwaingiya.
136 Wengine waliuliwa
Mashimoni kufukiwa
Sababu wamechukiwa
Kutumwa kutoridhiya.
Upinzani huu ambao watawala walijaribu kuuzima kwa vitisho na uonevu zaidi, uhendelea kwa cmnichini hadi baadaye ulipoibuka katika umbo la mwamko wa kisiasa kwa watawaliwa. Mwamko huu ambao twaelezwa habari zake katika beti za 299 na 300, ilibidi uelekezwe katika njia sahihi kwa mbinu. Kwa hiyo twaelezwa kuwa mwanzoni ulielekezwa katika michezo mbalimbali kama tuonavyo katika beti za 303-307 mtunzi anapoongelea kuhusu klabu ya mpira ambayo ilitumiwa kuwa chombo cha kuletea umoja wa watawaliwa – chombo ambacho kilizaa “mwana” kama beti za 307,308 na 309 zituonyeshavyo:
Quote:
307. Klabu kazaa mwana
Tena aliye mwungwana
Na hapo kapewa jina
Afrika Asosheniya
308 Ilikuwa jumuiya
Ya Wafrika wa Unguja
Ilofanya kila njiya
Watu kujiingiliya
309 Moja tisa tatu tano
Liundwa umoja huno
Jumuiya ilo nono
Hadharani kutokeya.
Jumuiya hii ilizidi kupanuka huku shughuii zake za ukombozi zikiendelea kueleweka kwa Waafrika; nayo iliomba sasa kutambuliwa na serikali ya kikoloni – jambo ambalo lilipingwa sana na wakoloni. Twazisoma mbinu za mkoloni za kupinga umoja huo wa wananchi katika beti 321-339. Japokuwa walijifanya kuwa wameikubali na kutambua jumuiya, waliendelea kuwagawa watu kitabaka (ubeti wa 322) na kirangi; kwa hiyo Washirazi wakawa pekee na Waafrika pekee, na huku wakiendeleza mateso yao kwa wananchi (ubeti wa 329).
Hayo hayakurudisha nyuma harakati za wananchi za kujikomboa kwani baadaye waliunda chombo imara zaidi kama atuhadithiavyo mtunzi katika beti zifuatazo:
Quote:
339 Shirav na Afrika
Wote wakajumuika
Uhasama kuuzika
Kheri kujitafutiya
340 Likiwa tarehe tano
Ni siku ya Muungano
Ni siku iliyo nono
Daima twakumbukiya
341 Mwezi Mfungo pili
Wa Februari kamili
Ziliungana kikweli
Hizi mbili jumuiya
342 Mwaka hamsini na saba
Ni mwaka wa matilaba
Yalipozidi mahaba
Afro na Shiraziya.
Ndipo Afro-Shirazi Party kilipoundwa, chama ambacho kiliongoza harakati za ukombozi wa Zanzibar tangu wakati huo kilipoundwa kwa kupigania haki za watu na kuwaeleza watu kuhusu umuhimu wa kuungana ili kumtokomeza adui.
Hata hivyo, kwa mara nyingine tena mkoloni bakusita kutumia mbinu za kuyapinga maendeleo hayo ya harakati za ukombozi wa wananchi wa Visiwani. Sasa aliandaa na kuendesha uchaguzi wa bandia ambao ulishindanisha vyama vyta Hizbu (cha Sultani) na Afro-Shirazi (cha Wananchi). Maelezo kuhusu hila hii tunayapata katika beti za 351-410. Japokuwa Afro Shirazi walijipatia ushindi katika uchaguzi huu, bado mkoloni (Mwingereza akishirikiana na Mwarabu) alifanya juu chini kukiua chama hicho cha wanyonge kwa kuwagawa mafungu mafungu wanachama wake. Ndipo walipotokea akina Shamte anibao waliunda chama cha ZPPP; ukaitishwa uchaguzi mwingine baina ya ASP, Hizbu na ZPPP. Ingawa matokeo ya uchaguzi huo yalionyesha dhahiri ushindi wa ASP bado mkoloni aliufitini ushindi huo kwa kuitisha tena uchaguzi ilimradi tu ajaribu kukitoa chama cha Afro Shirazi katika uongozi. Jitihada hizi zilifaulu kwa muda wakati Hizbu na ZPPP zilipounganisha kura zao, na kwa hiyo Sultani akapewa “madaraka” ya kuiongoza serikali huku akishirikiana na Mwingereza. Hata hivyo baadaye wananchi wa Visiwani waliamua kuwa njia pekee ya kuuondoa kabisa udhalimu wa mkoloni ni ya kutumia nguvu.
Udhalimu na hila za mkoloni ulichemsha hasira ndani ya mioyo ya wananchi wa visiwani, ambazo zililipuka na kufikia kilele walipofanya mapinduzi mnamo Januari 12, 1964. Maelezo juu ya mapinduzi haya tunayaona katika beti za 344-452. Katika beti hizi matumizi ya nguvu katika ukombozi wa jamii yamehalalishwa.
Matunda ya mapinduzi haya yameelezwa, baadhi yake yakiwa ni wananchi kupewa madaraka (ubeti wa 457), kuondolewa kwa rahani na poni (ubeti wa 460), lugha ya Kiswahili kupewa hadhi yake kama lugha rasmi ya shughuli zote za sefikali (beti za 465-567), kutaifishwa kwa ardhi (beti za 478-479), wazee kujengewa nyumba (beti za 480-484), na kadhalika.
Baada ya maelezo yote hayo hatua mpya ya muungano baina ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar na kuzaliwa kwa Tanzania imcelezwa na kuonyeshwa jinsi ambavyo iliupevusha zaidi ukombozi wa Waafrika kwa kuimarisha umoja baina yao. Hatua hii ilizidisha pia matunda ya uhuru yaliyoleta mambo kama vile elimu kutolewa bure kwa wananchi, na kadhalika. Vilevile twaelezwa na mtunzi kwamba ubaguzi wa rangi, utabaka, uboi na udhalimu mwingine wowote ule ulifutiliwa mbali huku ujenzi wa jamii mpya ukiimarishwa katika nyanja zote za maisha ya watu za utamaduni, uchumi na siasa kwa jumla. Kutokana na hatua hizi, twaelezwa na mwandishi katika ubeti wa 643:
Quote:
Uovu kila namna
Nchini haupo tena
Watu wote wapendana
Imani imeeneya.
Ubeti huu kidogo unapingana na beti zinazoufuatia ambazo zinaeleza juu ya jaribio la kuiangusha serikali ya Zanzibar ambalo matokeo yake yalikuwa kuuawa kwa Sheikh Abedi Karume. Tukio hali linaonyesha dhahiri kuwa uovu bado ulikuwapo na si kweli kuwa watu wote walikuwa wakipendana.
Mwishoni, Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar unamalizika kimapokeo, kwa sala na dua za kuiombea roho ya marehemu Karume ilazwe mahali pema peponi, na kuwaombea hen viongozi wa sasa wanaoendeleza mbele ukombozi wa Tanzania.
Maoni kwa Jumla na Hitimisho
Uko ugumu wa kuandika uhakiki wa tenzi za kihistoria hasa ikiwa zimeandikwa kama huu tulioutazama. Mara kwa mara mhakiki wa tenzi kama hizi hujikuta akifasili zaidi kuliko kuhakiki; hujikuta kwa mfano, akieleza historia hiyohiyo iliyoelezwa kwa njia tofauti cu ya nathari. Jambo hili hutokana na sababu kuwa watunzi wengi, zaidi ya kuzisifu pande waziungazo mkono katika historia wanazozieleza katika tenzi zao, mara nyingi hawayachambui na kuyahakiki matukio wayaelezayo. Huwa wanatoa mlolongo tu wa matukio kama yalivyoelezwa na kama yalivyojitokezakatikahistoria, japo wanatumia ushairi kufanya hivyo.
Tatizo jingine lijitokezalo katika Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar linahusu fani. Ni kweli kuwa utenzi huu unaeleweka haraka kwani rugha yake ni ya moja kwa moja. Hata hivyo sifa hii hapohapo imeonekana kuwa ni udhaifu kutokana na kukosekana kwa msisimko wa kishairi wakati msomaji asomapo utenzi huu. Ikiwa tunakubaliana kuwa lugha ya kipicha ni muhimu sana katika ushairi, basi ni dhahiri kuwa lugha nu haikujitokeza sana humu. Jambo hili, pamoja na uchache wa tamathali za usemi, limeufanya utenzi huu uwe mkavu mno kisanaa. Huenda yote haya ndiyo yameongezea ugumu wa kuuhakiki utenzi huu kama kazi ya sanaa.
Njia mojawapo nzuri iwezayo kuuondoa ugumu huo ni ile ya kuuchambua utenzi huu sambamba na kazi zingine zilizoshughulikia suala la ukombozi wa jamii, au walau zile ambazo zioa mshabihiano wa aina fulani na utenzi huu. Kwa mfano, Utenzi wa Jamhuri ya Tanzania wa R. Mwaruka, (TPH, 1969); Utenzi wa Vita vya Uhuru wa Shaaban Robert (Oxford University Press, 1967); Utenzi wa Uhuru wa Kenya wa Salim A. Kibao (Oxford University Press, 1972); na Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Msumbiji wa J.M.M. Mayoka (Oxford University Press, 1976); ni baadhi ya kazi ambazo mhakiki huweza kuzilingamsha na kuzilinganua na Utenzi wa Ukombou wa Zanzibar kwa upande wa fani na maudhui. Hapa mhakiki huweza, kwa mfano, kuchambua dhana za ukombozi na uhuru jinsi zinavyofanana au kutofautiana katika tenzi hizo.
Siyo lazima kulinganisha na kulinganua utenzi huu na kazi za ushairi tu. Twaweza kuuchunguza utenzi huu sambamba na kazi kama vile za riwaya tulizozitaja mwanzoni: kazi ambazo zenyewe mizizi yake imejikita katika historia ya watu wa Visiwani, hususan katika tukio la mapinduzi ya Januari 12,1964.
Pamoja na kazi hizo, kazi mbalimbali za fasihi simulizi ya watu wa Visiwani zinazolieleza tukio la mapinduzi huweza kuwa kianzio kizuri cha kuuchunguza Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar kwa kuulinganisha na kuulinganua nazo. Nyimbo za taarab za makundi kama ya Mila na Utamaduni, Zanzibar; Kwahani Social Branch, Zanzibar; na mengineyo, huweza kuwa kazi nzuri za kulinganishwa na kulinganuliwa na utenzi huu.
Kwa ujumla, Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar unaeleza kwa uwazi mlolongo wa matukio ya historia ya huko Visiwani; lakini kutokana na udhaifu wake wa kisanaa si rahisi sana kuutofautisha na maelezo ya vitabu vya historia wakati wa kuuhakiki.
Maswali
1. Jadili dhamira ya ukombozi kama ilivyojitokeza katika Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar,
2. Je ni kwa vipi Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar huweza kuhusishwa na Mashairiya Saadani ya Saadani A. Kandoro?
3. Jadili matumizi ya lugha, picha na tamathali za usemi katika Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar.
4. Jadili kauli isemayo kuwa japokuwa Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar umeshughulikia masuala muhimu ya historia ya jamii ya Visiwani, udhaifu wake kisanaa umeufanya uonekane mkavu mno kwa wasomaji.
5. Yajadili mapendekezo yaliyotolewa kuhusu njia nzuri za kuchambua Utenzi wa Ukombozi wa Zanzibar,
Kinyume
 
Wanafunzi, walimu na hata baadhi ya wanafasihi, hulalamika kuwa ushairi wa Kiswahili ni mgumu kueleweka. Kikwazo hiki huwafanya wapenzi hao wa fasihi ya Kiswahili wachelee kusoma na kufaidi uhondo uliomo katika utanzu huu.
Ushairi: Nadharia na Tahakiki ni kitabu kinachorahisisha usomaji wa ushairi huo na kuimarisha sana mbinu za uchambuzi wake. Hiki ni kitabu pekee kinachochambua vigezo muhimu vya ushairi huku kikielezea nadharia iambatanayo na vigezo hivyo. Baadhi ya vitabu ambavyo vimechambuliwa kwa kutumia vigezo hivyo ni Raha Karaha, Mashairi ya Saadani, Teuzi za Nafsi, Kielezo cha Fasili, Kichomi, Sauti ya Dhiki, n.k.; vitabu ambavyo aghalabu hutumika sana katika masomo na mitihani ya fasihi.
F.E.M.K. Senkoro ni Mhadhiri Mwandamizi wa somo la fasihi katika Idara ya Kiswahili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Ana shahada za B.A. na M.A. za Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, na pia shahada ya M.A. ya Chuo Kikuu cha Alberta, huko Canada. Yeye pia ni mwandishi wa riwaya na vitabu mbalimbali vya taaluma ya fasihi. Vilevile makala zake mbalimbali ni maarufu katika majarida kadhaa ya kitaaluma.
DAR ES SALAAM UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Mwl Maeda
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