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VIPERA VYA USHAIRI SIMULIZI

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VIPERA VYA USHAIRI SIMULIZI
#1
VIPERA VYA USHAIRI SIMULIZI
(1) Nyimbo
Nyimbo ni tungo za kishairi zenye mahadhi ya kupanda na kushuka kwa sauti, muwala maalumu na mapigo ya kimuziki na huwasilishwa kwa kuimbwa. Hutumia lugha yenye uwezo wa kuleta picha akilini. Msingi mkubwa wa nyimbo ni kuwako kwa sauti. Nyimbo huweza kuimbwa na mtu mmoja au kikundi cha watu. Nyimbo ndio asili ya ushairi. Kuna aina mbalimbali za nyimbo ambazo hutegemea mambo kadha: malengo, umri, jinsia, maudhui, wakati wa kuimba na mahali pa kuimba nyimbo hizo.
Sifa za nyimbo
  • Kuwapo kwa watu wanaoimbiwa au hadhira inayosikiliza uimbaji huo.
  • Muktadha wa kuimbwa kwenyewe, yaani wimbo unawasilishwa wapi na katika muktadha gani. Kwa mfano harusi, ibada na kadhalika.
  • Kuchezwa au miondoko ya kucheza ya mwili ya mwimbaji au hadhira yake.
  • Maneno yanayoimbwa au matini yenyewe.
  • Wimbo unaweza kumlenga mtu au hadhira iliyopo au isiyokuwepo.
  • Sauti ya mwimbaji au waimbaji : mmoja huwaongoza wengine.
  • Huandamana na matumizi ya ala za muziki kama ngoma, baragumu, siwa, zumari au chochote kile ambacho hutegemea jamii husika.
  • Hugusa na kuibua hisia kwa njia mbalimbali.
  • Waimbaji wanaweza kuwa na maleba ingawa si lazima.
  • Nyimbo hutumia lugha nzito yenye kuibua taswira na hisia nzito za furaha, huzuni,mapenzi.
  • Hutolewa kwa mahadhi ya kupanda na kushuka kwa sauti.
  • Nyimbo hutumia lugha ya mkato yenye mpangilio maalum wa silabi, mishororo na beti zenye mapigo ya kimuziki.
  • Huwa na takriri.
  • Huweza kuwa na kiitikio kinachokaririwa.
Umuhimu wa nyimbo katika jamii
  • Huhifadhi matukio muhimu ya kihistoria.
  • Hutumiwa kama burudani ya kutumbuiza waimbaji na hadhira.
  • Hutumiwa kuliwaza na kufariji wenye majonzi.
  • Hudumisha na kuwasilisha usanii wa tamaduni za jamii mbalimbali.
  • Hutumiwa kuhamasisha watu kushiriki katika kutenda mambo fulani.
  • Hutumiwa kama chombo cha kupitisha utamaduni wa jamii.
  • Huelimisha, hukejeli na kuonya.
  • Hutumiwa kuongoa watoto walale ama hata wapende kitu.
  • Hurithisha sanaa yenyewe kwa vizazi kwa kupokeza kizazi hadi kingine.
  • Hutumiwa katika vipera vingine kama vile ngano kuhusisha hadhira.
  • Huchangia katika kukuza uzalendo, kwa mfano wimbo wa taifa na mengine ya kisiasa.
  • Hukuza utangamano. Nyimbo za kazi (hodiya) zinapoimbwa hufanya watu kutangamana katika kundi moja.
  • Hutia ujasiri. Wimbo kama vile nyiso na ule wa kivita huwapa wahusika ujasiri kukabiliana na yanayowaka bili au yatakayowakabili.
  • Huweza kutumiwa kuwazindua watu walioko katika hali fulani (nyimbo za kisiasa)
  • Hutumiwa kuonyesha ustadi wa msanii. Wimbo bora huonyesha ubora wa msanii husika.
  • Ni mojawapo wa njia za kujipatia riziki.
Muundo wa nyimbo
  • Nyimbo hugawika katika mafungu (beti)
  • Beti au mafungu huwa na mistari inayoitwa mishororo.
  • Mishororo huwa na silabi zenye mdundo wa kimuziki.
  • Huweza kuimbwa kwa kupokezana baina ya kiongozi na waimbaji ambao huimba kiitikio.
  • Mafungu au mistari yanaweza kurudiwarudiwa kama kiitikio.
  • Lugha huwa nzito na fiche.
  • Hutumia lugha ya mkato.
  • Waimbaji wanaweza kubuni maneno ya ziada na kuongezea kulingana na hafla.
  • Baadhi ya nyimbo huwa na vina.
Sifa zinazofanya nyimbo ziwe mashairi
  • Huwasilisha ujumbe kwa kutumia lugha ya mkato.
  • Kifungu kimoja au kadha huweza kukaririwa sawa na kibwagizo katika ushairi.
  • Beti za mashairi hulinganishwa na stanza au vifungu vya nyimbo.
  • Baadhi ya nyimbo huzingatia urari wa vina n ahata mizani katika mishororo na vifungu.
  • Mishororo inayounda ubeti inalinganishwa na mistari inayounda vifungu katika vya nyimbo.
Umuhimu wa nyimbo katika masimulizi ya hadithi
  • Nyimbo hutumiwa kurefusha masimulizi ili kujenga hali ya taharuki
  • Hujenga uhusiano wa karibu kati ya mtambaji na ha dhira yake.
  • Nyimbo hutumiwa kuibua hisia kwa msimulizi kama vile hisia za furaha, huzuni na kadhalika.
  • Nyimbo hutumiwa kuelezea jambo la siri kati ya wahusika, kwa mfano, mhusika aliye kwenye taabu fulani huweza kuomba msaada aokolewe kisirisiri kwa kutumia nyimbo.
  • Husisimua hadhira na kuondolea ukinaifu wa masimulizi makavu.
  • Huangazia maadili katika hadithi.
  • Hutenganisha matukio yanayojumuisha hadithi.
  • Ni kama kipumuo.
  • Nyimbo huburudisha wakati wa utambaji hadithi.
Athari hasi za nyimbo
  • Kuna ukosefu wa maadili katika baadhi za nyimbo.
  • Huweza kutumika kueneza propaganda kwa kutoa ujumbe au picha isiyo ya kweli kwa nia ya kufaidika kwa mwimbaji huku wakipotosha wasikilizaji.
  • Huweza kuibua hisia za ukabila au utabaka na kwa hivyo kuchangia kuleta au kukoleza uadui au kutoelewana kwa wahusika.
  • Nyimbo zinalevya; zinapumbaza.
  • Baadhi ya nyimbo huwa na mawaidha mabovu,
hivyo, huwapotosha watu katika jamii. Kwa mfano, nyimbo zinazowapotosha vijana kuhusu kushiriki mihadarati.
Vibainishi vya nyimbo
(i) Vigelegele
Vigelegele ni mlio wa sauti ifanywayo kwa kutembeza ulimi mdomoni upesiupesi. Katika wimbo, vigelegele hutumika kuonyesha upeo wa juu wa furaha. Vigelegele huweza kupigwa pia kumpongeza mchezaji ambaye amecheza vizuri au mwimbaji kwa uimbaji wake muruwa.
(ii) Mkarara
Huu ni ule msitari au ubeti ambao hurudiwarudiwa mara nyingi na washiriki. Mkarara hasa ndio huwafanya wasikilizaji kushiriki.Husaidia kuondoa  udhia wa kumsikiliza mshiriki mmoja.Aidha, huondoa usingizi na kumpa mwimbaji fursa ya kupumzika kidogo.
(iii) Mshindo
Ni mapigo ambayo hupigwa kwa mwendo ule ule katika nyimbo zetu, hususa zile za kucheza.Mapigo haya hufanywa kwa mguu mmoja au miwili. Katika baadhi ya jamii, miguu ya wachezaji hufungwa njuga, msewe au makopo.Njuga husababisha mlio ambao huleta uzuri au utamu wa aina yake.
(iv) Makofi
Makofi hutumika kumtia hamasa mchezaji aliye katikati yao na kadiri makofi yaongezekavyo ndivyo mchezaji huchangamka.
Aina za nyimbo
Nyimbo huainishwa kutegemea wahusika, sherehe au shughuli zinazohusishwa. Zipo aina nyingi sana za nyimbo za fasihi simulizi
Ifuatayo ni mifano ya aina hizo:
(a) Bembelezi/ bembea/ pembejezi
Ni nyimbo za kuwafariji au kuwabembeleza watoto walale au waache kulia.
Huimbwa taratibu kwa sauti ya kuongoa. Huwa fupi na zinazoonyesha kuliwaza. Kuna kurudiwarudiwa kwa maneno. Hutumiwa lugha shawishi na
wakati mwingine hutolewa ahadi za kununuliwa watoto zawadi.
(b) Mbolezi/ tahalili
Huimbwa wakati wa matanga au kifo.Hutegemea jamii inayohusika
na hata umri wa anayehusika. Huimbwa kwa nia ya kuwafariji waliofiwa. Huwatoa woga kwani   hueleza kuwa kila mtu atafariki. Hukikashifu kifo na kukibeza kwa kuwachukuawapendwa. Aidha, mbolezi huweza kuimbwa katika hafla ya kuadhimisha makumbusho ya mtu.Mbolezi huimbwa kwa toni ya huzuni na pengine uchungu, hivyo kuibua hisia za ndani za mwombolezaji.
© Nyimbo za watoto / chekechea
Mtoto mchanga anapokua, akaweza kwenda, kukimbia na kusema, naye huanza kuimba pamoja na wenzake. Nyingi katika nyimbo hizi huimbwa katika michezo ya watoto; baadhi huimbwa kwa kujibizana.
(d) Sifo / tukuzo
Nyimbo za aina hii huweza kupatikana katika miktadha tofauti kama kwenye sherehe za kitamaduni, uwanja wa kisiasa, arusi na kwingineko. Hujaza maneno ya sifa na aghalabu  matumizi ya chuku, istiari (kwa mfano, kuwalinganisha wanaosifiwa na wanyama wakali).
(e) Nyimbo za kisiasa
Huimbwa katika hadhara ya kisiasa au kwingineko. Ni nyimbo za kawaida sana katika jamii zetu. Nyimbo za kisiasa huwa na maudhui mapana kama vile kuzindua, kuhamasisha, propaganda, mapambano, kutia ari, kukejeli.
(f) Nyiso
Hizi ni nyimbo ambazo huimbwa jandoni. Hutumiwa kuwaandaa kihisia
Wanaotahiriwa kwa kuwapa ari ya kupitia kijembe cha ngariba. Nyiso huhimiza ujasiri na kukebehi woga. Huwaambia kuwa wameingia katika hatua nyingine ya maisha, yaani hatua ya utu uzima.
 (g) Nyimbo za mapenzi / chombezi
Huimbiwa wapenzi. Hizi ni nyimbo ambazo huwa na maudhui ya kimapenzi. Huelezwa kwa maneno matamu yenye hisia nzito nzito. Huenda ukaimbwa na mtu  kumsifu mpenziwe, kuomba msamaha au hata kuomba uchumba.
(h) Kimai
Ni nyimbo zinazoimbwa katika shughuli mbalimbali za baharini. Hizi hujumuisha  nyimbo za mabaharia, wavuvi na wasafiri wa vyombo vyombo vya baharini. Nyimbo hizi hazina idadi kamili ya vina na mizani na pia swala la vina na mizani si lazima.
(i) Tumbuizo
Tumbuizo ni nyimbo ambazo huimbwa ili kuwafurahisha watu katika sherehe mbalimbali kama vile kwenye ngoma au kwenye harusi. Husifia wahusika wakuu katika sherehe husika. Huweza kuwa na sehemu zinazorudiwarudiwa.
(j) Nyimbo za migomo
Huimbwa na watu wanapoandamana na hukashifu serikali au shirika kwa
kutoshughulikia haki za wafanyikazi. Aidha, huwasifu viongozi wa wafanyikazi au kundi fulani. Nyimbo za migomo hunuiwa kuwashinikiza viongozi kuyatatua matatizo ya wagomaji.
(k) Nyimbo za vita
Hizi ni nyimbo zinazoimbwa au kuimbiwa watu wanaokwenda vitani kuwapa hamasa na moyo wa kuitetea hadhi na heshima ya taifa lao kwa matu mizi ya silaha.
(l) Hodiya / chapuzo
Hizi ni nyimbo ambazo huhusishwa na kazi kama vile kutwanga nafaka,
kufua nguo, kuvuna, kupalilia, kuinua gogo na kadhalika. Huimbwa wakati watu wanapofanya kazi. Huimbwa na kundi la wafanyikazi au mtu mmoja wakati anapofanya kazi.
(m) Nyimbo za harusi
Nyimbo hizi huimbwa katika sherehe za harusi, kuwatakia mema maharusi katika uhusiano wao wa kindoa zinazoimbwa kumsifu Mtume Muhammad zinazoimbwa katika Maulidi.
(n) Jadiiya
Hizi ni nyimbo za kitamaduni ambazo zinaimbwa na kupokezwa kwa mdomo kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Nyimbo hizi husimulia mambo mengi hasa yaliyotukia katika historia ya jamii fulani kama vile majanga, ucheshi.
(o) Kijapuzi
Ni wimbo unaoambatana na hadithi.
(p) Kongozi
Nyimbo za kuaga mwaka mkongwe na kualika mwaka mpya hususa katika jamii ya Waswahili.
(q) Wimbo wa taifa
Ni wimbo unaotambulisha taifa fulani. Nyimbo hizi huimbwa na watu wa taifa moja kuonyesha mapenzi yao na uzalendo kwa nchi yao.
® Vave / wawe
Ni nyimbo zinzoimbwa na wakulima wakiwa katika shughuli za kilimo (kufyeka, kulima, kupalilia, kupanda mbegu, kukata magugu, kuteketeza moto na kadhalika) Baadhi ya wawe huwa na mtu anayewaongoza wengine katika uimbaji.
(s) Taarabu
Muziki wa mahadhi yenye asili ya mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki unaotumia ala za Mchanganyiko wa Kiarabu, Kihindi na Kizungu.
(t) Nyimbo za uwindaji
Huimbwa na wawindaji wakiwa katika usasi.
(u) Nyimbo za kidini
Nyimbo hizi huimbwa maabadini wakati wa ibada za sala / swala.
(v) Nyimbo za siku ya kuzaliwa
Nyimbo za aina hii huimbwa kuadhimisha ukumbusho wa siku ya kuzaliwa.
(w) Nyimbo za kishujaa
Huimbwa kusherehekea ushindi wa tukio fulani kama vita au kupata uhuru.
(2) Maghani
Maghani hutumiwa kuelezea ushairi ambao hutolewa kwa kalima, yaani kwa njia ya maneno badala ya kuimbwa au kughaniwa kama mengineyo. Sauti ya juu au ya chini katika neno hutilia uzito maana ya anayeghani. Kimsingi,huu ni ukariri wa nusu kusemwa na nusu kuimbwa. Kuna aina mbili kuu za maghani:
  • maghani ya kawaida
  • maghani ya masimulizi (maghani simulizi)
(a)  Maghani ya kawaida
Hutumiwa kuelezea aina ya tungo ambazo hupatikana katika fasihi simulizi na ambazo hugusia maswala mbalimbali kama mapenzi, siasa, harusi, dini, kazi na maombolezo. Mashairi yanayogusia maswala haya yanapoghaniwa (kukaririwa kwa kalima) basi huwa maghani ya kawaida. Maghani ya kawaida ni pamoja na kivugo /majigambo, tondozi na pembezi / pembejezi.
(b) Maghani simulizi
Haya ni maghani ambayo husimulia hadithi, tukio, kisa au historia. Usimulizi unaohusika hapa unaweza kuambatanishwa na muziki wa ala kama zeze, njuga, marimba au hata ngoma. Maghani ya aina hii hupatikana katika jamii nyingi Afrika na uhusishwa na wasimulizi ambao hujulikana kama yeli au manju. Mifano ya simulizi ni rara, tendi / utenzi, ngano.
Sifa za maghani
  • Maghani ni tungo za kishairi, kwa hivyo zina mapigo ya kimuziki au maneno mateule yenye muwala.
  • Huwa katika umbo la shairi.
  • Huzungumzia mashujaa na ushujaa.
  • Muundo huwa na utaratibu fulani.
  • Hueleza mambo ya kiutenzi.
  • Tamathali za usemi hutumika kwa wingi kujenga taswira.
  • Huweza kutolewa na mtu mmoja au kundi la watu.
  • Hutungwa papo hapo na kutongolewa mbele ya watazamaji / hadhira.
  • Hutumia tamathali za usemi kwa wingi.
Dhima ya maghani
  • Huwatukuza mashujaa
  • Hutumiwa kukejeli au kukashifu sifa mbaya katika jamii.
  • Kufurahia fanaka ya watu binafsi na jamii kwa jumla.
  • Hutumiwa kueleza sifa maalumu za mashujaa.
  • Hukuza uhusiano bora miongoni mwa wanaojigambia wenzao.
Kipera cha maghani kinaweza kuainishwa katika vijipera vifuatavyo:
(i) Kivugo/ majigambo
Haya ni mashairi yanayohusu majisifu ambayo hutungwa na mtu anayehusika. Hutungwa kwa namna ambavyo hujenga taswira ama picha ya anayehusika kwa hadhira yaje kwa kuonyesha ubingwa wake katika jambo fulani kama vile vita, masomoni, michezoni, ucheshi na kadhalika.
Majigambo huwa ni ya papo hapo na huelekezewa wale wanaomjua na kumtambua anayejisifuna hivyo huwa vigumu kwa wale wasiomjua kuelewa. Katika jigambo hilo anaweza kujieleza jina lake, ukoo wake na lakabu zake.
(ii) Tondozi
Haya ni maghani ambayo huwasifu watu, wanyama au vitu. Tondozi inaweza Kumsifu mtu kwa mambo kama umbo, kimo, tabia, sura, wema, na kadhalika. Pia mnyama wa mwitu anaweza kusifiwa kwa ukubwa wake, ujasiri, ukali kama ambavyo mti unaweza kusifiwa kwa umbo ama manufaa yake. Msingi hapa ni kuwa kinachosifiwa kinapewa sifa fulani. Lugha ya kuvutia na yenye kuvuta taswira hutumika katika tondozi.
(iii) Pembezi / pembejezi
Hizi ni tungo za kusifu kama zilivyo tondozi. Pembezi hutumiwa kuwasifu watu mashuhuri ambao wametenda matendo maarufu kama ya ushujaa, uongozi  namaendeleo ya jamii husika.Watu hawa husifika pia kutokana na nafasi au nyadhifa walizonazo katika jamii.
(iv) Simango
Ni maghani ambayo dhima yake kuu ni kumsimanga mtu fulani juu ya mambo aliyoyafanya au anayoaminiwa kuyafanya na sifa alizonazo mtu au  anazoaminika kuwa nazo. Kwa kawaida, anayosimangiwa mtu huwa ni mambo mabaya na hayakubaliki katika jamii ya binadamu.
(v) Tendi /utenzi
Tendi ni tungo ambazo hutumiwa kusimulia matukio ya kihistoria yanayohusishwa na watu maarufu katika jamii. Mara nyingi wahusika wa tendi huwa mashujaa au majagina wanaodhaniwa waliishi katika jamii na walifanya matendo ya kijasiri. Tungo hizo huyaeleza maisha ya mashujaa hao kuanzia kuzaliwa hadi kufa kwao. Wahusika wanaopatikana katika tendi huwa na sifa zinazokiuka uwezo wa binadamu wa kawaida. Huwa na sifa zinazofanana na mashujaa wa mighani.
(vi) Rara
Rara ni hadithi fupi na nyepesi za kishairi zinazosimulia tukio la kuvutia.Tukio hilolaweza kuwa la kweli kama sherehe za uhuru au liwe tukio la kubuni tu. Rara hutongolewa ukiandamanishwa na ala za muziki.
(vii) Rara nafsi
Huu ni ushairi wa kinafsi ambao hutungwa na mtu kuelezea hisia, matatizo na fikra zake mwenyewe kama vile kuhusu mapenzi, usaliti, talaka, kifo. Rara nafsi huwasilishwa kwa njia ya uimbaji unaoandamana na ala za muziki.
(viii) Ngano
Hizi ni tungo ambazo hutokea katika muktadha wa utambaji wa ngano lakini huwa pia zinaandamana na ala za muziki kama marimba, njuga na mengineyo.
(3) Ngonjera
Ngonjera ni tungo za kishairi ambazo huwa na muundo wa kitamthilia. Mazungumzo katika ngonjera ni kulumbiana au kujibizana. Mhusika mmoja husema au huuliza jambo na mhusika mwingine hujibu au kuendeleza mazungumzo. Mazungumzo yanaweza kuwa baina ya watu wawili au zaidi. Ngonjera huanza na fikra kinzano yakiwa na azma ya kutatua utata fulani kuhusu jambo fulani. Suluhisho la utata huo hupatikana hatimaye mwishoni mwa ngonjera.
Mwl Maeda
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VIPERA VYA USHAIRI SIMULIZI - by MwlMaeda - 01-04-2022, 09:14 AM

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