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HISIA KATIKA FASIHI ANDISHI

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HISIA KATIKA FASIHI ANDISHI
#1
Hisia Katika Fasihi Andishi
A.J. Saffari
Utangulizi
Makala haya yanazungumzia fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili. Maarubu yake ni kuonyesha kuwa kazi nyingi za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili zimeshindwa kufikia vipeo vya juu, hususan kisanii, kutokana na utovu wa matumizi ya hisia katika mazingira yanayohusika au kuzungumziwa.
Kwanza, makala yatafafanua maana ya hisia, kuelezea umuhimu na mkabala wake katika riwaya na tungo nyingine, hatimaye kutoa mapendekezo mintaarafu ya suala hili.
Hisia Ni Nini
Kuna aina kuu za hisia zinazotawala na kuongoza maisha ya mwanadamu: kuona, kusikia, kugusa, kuonja na kunusa. Ni vigumu kusema ni hisia gani muhimu kuzidi nyingine ingawa ni dhahiri athari kubwa humuangukia mahuluku asiyeweza kuona. Inasemekana kuwa mishipa ya fahamu inayounga ubongo na macho ni mikubwa zaidi kuliko mishipa ya fahamu inayounga ubongo na viwambo vya masikio. Na katika maisha na nyendo za kila siku kuona hupewa uzito mkubwa minghairi ya kusikia. Pengine basi sio ajabu, kama itakavyobainika punde baadaye, kuwa kazi nyingi za fasihi andishi zimeelemea mno katika hisia hii kana kwamba zile nyingine kuu hazipo kabisa. Hakika hili ni kosa. Maana kusikia, kugusa, kuonja, na kunusa nako ndiko humkamilisha mwanadamu aweze kuyafaidi maisha yake. Na hata mbele ya sheria, ushahidi huweza kutolewa mintaarafu ya kusikia, kugusa, kuonja na kunusa alimradi shahidi awe amesikia, kugusa, kuonja, au kunusa mwenyewe. Ushahidi wa kuambiwa haukubaliwi.1
Kwa hiyo basi kazi ya sanaa ambayo itazituma fikira za msomaji zihisi kuona, kusikia, kuonja, kugusa, na kunusa matendo na mazingira yanayosimuliwa humpeleka msomaji huyo katika mipaka na nyanja za juu za ufahamu na furaha.
Umuhimu wa Hisia
Kila hisia ina umuhimu wake kutokana na mazingira ya tukio linalohusika au kusimuliwa. Maana kazi zote za sanaa hutokana na matendo na maisha ya watu ambao katika matukio, visa na mazingira yao hutumia hisia zao zote tano ama kwa pamoja au kwa nyakati mbalimbali. Ili basi msomaji aweze kupata mandhari kamili, na hata yeye mwenyewe ashiriki katika matukio yenyewe kwa kuchukia, kuonea huruma, n.k., muhimu, kabla ya yote, apate hisia zote hizo tano. Kazi ya sanaa inayojihusisha na hisia moja tu au mbili huwa muflisi kisanii kwa vile inashindwa kuwasilisha mandhari za hali halisi kwa msomaji. Je, mara ngapi nyoyo zetu husononeka au kuripukwa kwa maya kwa sababu ya sauti ndogo tu ya ndege aliaye pekee nyikani, au nyimbo ya zamani? Sauti ya ndege huweza kuleta majonzi ya miaka mingi mno ya utotoni wakati ambapo mtu alifiwa na mzazi, ndugu, jamaa au sahibu wake. Kadhalika nyimbo ya kale huweza kuchimbua ashiki ya zamani baina ya wapenzi, au kutonesha jeraha la masaibu na madhila yaliyopita. Na wala sio nyimbo na sauti ya ndege tu, pengine hata harufu ya maua huwa na nguvu za kumbukumbu kubwa mno.2
Licha ya yote hayo, matumizi ya hisia nyingi yanasaidia kujenga mandhari kamili ya tukio katika akili ya msomaji. Mathalan badala ya kuelezwa tu kuwa paliandaliwa chakula kizuri, msomaji anaelezwa vitu ambavyo vimeandaliwa pamoja na harufu yake. Au badala ya kuambiwa mtu fulani alikuwa na wajihi wa kutisha, huelezwa na kuelewa vyema zaidi kwa kuainishia jinsi pua, macho, rangi, nywele, mdomo na meno ya mtu huyo yalivyo. Na hivyohivyo kwa mifano mingine kadha wa kadha kama vile hasira na ucheshi. Kutokana na maelezo ya kutosha ya hisia msomaji huweza kumuashiki janabi, au akadondokwa na ute kutamani chakula ambacho hakipo mbele yake. Na kadhalika.
Na sio hivyo tu. Hisia zinazotumiwa huweza kumfanya msomaji atafakari zaidi. Ataweza kufikia uamuzi kuhusu picha zinazochorwa kutokana na hisia mbalimbali na wala sio kauli za mkatomkato za mwandishi kama ilivyogusiwa hapo juu. Kauli za mkatomkato sio tu hudumaza sanaa, bali pia hudhalilisha hata akili ya msomaji: kwani umbuji wa mwandishi ni pamoja na kufanya matendo na mazingira anayoyasimulia yawasilishe na kuwakilisha fikira za wahusika wake na hata zake mwenyewe.
Hivyo ni dhahiri kuwa hisia humsaidia msomaji kuzama katika matendo na kuelewa fikra za mwandishi mwenyewe, asili na makazi yake, kuwadadisi na kuwaelewa wahusika wenyewe, n.k.
Kama ambavyo itazingatiwa punde kidogo, ni nadra kuona waandishi wa kazi za sanaa wakitumia hisia japo tatu au zotc kwa pamoja. Vibaya zaidi ni kuwa hata pale hisia moja tuinapotumika haielezwi kwa kimowi. Mathalan katika riwaya’ Ukitoa Siri Utachinjwa3 Bedui, mhusika mkuu, anaelezwa kuwa “alikuwa na umri mkubwa kuliko umri wake.”4Kutokaoa na maelezo hayo ni muhali kuivuta sura ya Bedui na kuimaizi kiasi cha kutosha. Bedui haingii machoni na akilini mwa msomaji bali anapitapita mithili ya kivuli usiku wa manane. Udhaifu huo unajidhihirisha mno kwa kufananisha namna Sembene Ousmane alivyomsawiri Daouda5 katika The Last of the Empire, au Alex la Guma anavyomsawiri Michael Adonis katika A Walk in the Night.6 Mfano mwingine bora ni jinsi Said Mohammed anavyomuelezea Shoka katika Utengano7 sa Fauz katika MtiMkavu.8 Kutokana na undani pamoja na ustadi wa maelezo ya waandishi hao watatu, wahusika wao hudhihirika bayana machoni mwa msomaji kama vile wapo ilihali hawapo. Raha iliyoje hii kwa msomaji kupelekewa mke au mume, mshenzi au muungwana, mnyama au pengine hata maua na harufu yake kwa maneno tu!
Katika mifano yote ya hapo juu hisia iliyotumiwa ni moja tu: kuona. Tena imetumiwa kuelezea vitu vyenye uhai, hususan watu. Lakini hisia ya kuona, hali kadhalika, inaweza kutumiwa vyema au vibaya mintaarafu ya vitu visivyo na uhai kama vile mazingira. Mfano ni namna Alex La Guma anavyoelezea jinsi mawingu yalivyosonga, kuugonga kisha kuuambaa Mlima wa Meza9 au vile anavyoupamba usiku;10 au Willieboy anavyofungwa mikononi mwa askari dhalimu wa Makaburu.11 Katika faala hizohizo Said Mohammed anafuzu mno kuelezea kasi ya upepo12 na chano cha maakuli.13
Hisia Katika Riwaya
Ushahidi unathibitisha riwaya nyingi zinajihusisha na aina moja kuu ya hisia yaani kuona tu, na pengine kusikia.
Kwa kawaida mwandishi huandika anayoyaishi, kuyaona, kuyasikia, kuyaonja, kuyanusa au kuyahisi katika maisha yake ya dunia.14 Hivyo ni dhahiri mwandishi ataathiriwa na mazingira ya alipozaliwa, kukua na hata mastakimu yake. Waandishi waliokulia vijijini aghalabu huwapeleka wahusika wao vijijini, na wale waliokulia mijini huwapeleka mijini.15 Hata William Shakespeare aliathiriwa na mambo kama haya.16
Waandishi wa riwaya za Kiswahili wameshindwa kuelezea mazingira wanayoyajua kwa kutumia hisia zote tano au zaidi. Kitabu Sifi Mara Mbili,17 mathalan, kinazungumzia maisha na mazingira ya kijijini Maneromango kabla ya kuhamia mjini. Lakini hakuna tafauti yoyote ya wazi inayobainisha ushamba na mii katika riwaya hii. Ndivyo ilivyo katika riwaya nyingine nyingi tu kama vile Ukitoa Siri Utachinjwa,18 Mauaji ya Lojingi,19 kwa kutaja chache tu.
Mwandishi anao uhuru wa kuchagua mandhari na wapi kwa kuwapeleka wahusika wake. Iwe mjini au mashambani hakuna udhuru wa kutotumia hisia nyingi au zote tano. Hakika mwandishi wa riwaya ana uwanja mpana zaidi wa kuranda akitumia silaha kali ya kalamu na maneno. Riwaya ina upana na urefu wa kumwezesha mwandishi kujifaragua, hasa katika majitapo ya wahusika, nafasi ya mazingira na urefu wake.20
Kila sehemu ina mazingira yake ambayo kwayo mwandishi anaweza kuranda na kujifaragua. Shamba kuna mashamba, mjini kuna maghorofa; shamba kuna mito, mjini kuna mitaro; shamba kuna harufu ya maua, mijini harufu ya uturi, taka, na kadhalika.
Hisia Katika Tungo
Hapa tungo ina maana ya mashairi na tamthiliya. Kwa bahati mbaya, kama ilivyo katika riwaya, mashairi mengi yanazungumzia hisia ya kusikia zaidi na pengine kuona. Hivyo ndivyo ilivyo hata kwa kazi maarufu kama vile Sauti ya Dhiki21 na Malenga wa Mvita.22 Mathalan hata yale mashairi mwanana “Jana na Leo na Kesho”23 na “Zindukani”25yanaelezea hisia hizo mbili tu: kuona na kusikia. Hakuna haja ya kutoa mifano ya mashairi mengine mengi katika magazeti ya Uhuru au Mzalendo ambayo aghalabu si ya viwango vya chini kisanii tu, bali hata kimaudhui.
Kwa upande mwingine mfano mzuri wa shairi ambalo limesheheni hisia nyingi ni “Kufua Moyo” la Ustadh Hayati Shaaban Robert ambalo lina hisia ya kuona, kugusa, na kunusa.26
Ukiondoa Mashetani27 hali nayo ni hivyohivyo kuhusu tamthiliya. Bali kuna juhudi ambayo inaanza kutoa matunda, ingawa haieleweki kama jitihada hii ni ya kukusudia au ni ajali tu. Isinyago ni tamthiliya ambayo inafungua ukurasa mpya mintaarafu ya suala hili la hisia.28
Hitimisho
Kuna haja kubwa ya waandishi kuzichunguza jamii zao kwa makini, wapenye katika nafsi za wahusika na mazingira yao ambayo ni muhimu mno ili kuwaelewa wahusika wenyewe pamoja na kuleta maana na taswira kamili ya mkasa unaoelezewa.
Maneno ni zana ya pekee inayoweza kumkaribisha au kumtenga mwandishi na wasomaji wake. Kutokana nayo anaweza kuelezea hisia nyingi ambazo zitamfanya awe kipenzi, mcheshi na pengine hata mkomhozi wa wasomaji. Sio lazima hisia zote ziwekwe au kuelezewa pamoja, kwani hivyo ni kushurutisha na ni kinyume cha mambo. Kinachosisitizwa ni kuwa hisia mbalimbali zionekane katika kazi nzima kwa jumla ili kuipa ubora na sura ya juu.
Said Mohammed anasema kwamba uandishi ni kazi ngumu, lakini ni kazi va hiari pia. Ugumu wake ni kama sabaganga, una kazi nyingi ndani ya moja29. La muhimu ni idili na saburi. Chambilecho Abdilatif Abdallah:
Quote:
Mambo yataka busara, kinguvunguvu hayendi,
Yatakatuvu fikira, nyot’u sizo na mapindi,
Fikira za kitwa bora, kitwa bupu hakiundi.30
Tanbihi
1. Fungu la 61, “Sheria ya Ushahidi”, Na. 6, 1967.
2. C.G. Mung’ong’o, Mirathi ya Hatari. TPH., Dar es Salaam, uk. 3.
3. J. Simbamwene, (1987) Ukitoa Siri Utachinjwa. Jomssi Publications, Dar es Salaam.
4. k.h.j., uk. 4.
5. Sembene Ousmane, (1985) The Last ofthe Empire. Heinemann, uk. 50.
6. A. La Guma, (1968) A Walk in the Night, Heinemann Educational Books, London, uk. 2:
Quote:
The young man wore jeans that had been washed several times and which were now left with a paleblue colour flacked with old grease stains and the newer, darker ones of the day’s work going white along the hard seams. The jeans had brass buttons and the legs were too long, so that they had to be turned up six inches at the bottom. He also wore an old khaki shirt and over it a rubbed and scuffed and worn leather coat with slanting pockets and woollen wrists. His shoes were of the moccasin type, with leather thongs stitching the saddle to the rest of the uppers. They had been a bright tan once, but now they were a worn dark brown, beginning to crack in the groves across the insteps. The thongs had broken in two places on one shoe and in one place in the other.
7. Mohamed, S. (1980) Utengano, Longman, Nairobi, uk. 110:
Quote:
Shoka alikuwa barubaru mmoja, fahali wa mtu, kavundumka mwili na kukecha musuli. Mwili wake haukujali suluba au kitisho chochote. Uso wake tinginya. Macho yake ni maboni yaliyojitahidi kutoka kwenye vibofu vyake, lakini hayakufuzu. Meno ya juu yamemng’oka kwa hivyo mdomo wake wa chini umechomoza mbele na ule wa juu umerudi nyuma. Pua yake ni pande la nyama lenye matundu mawili ya ndonya. Nywele zake zimejenga tuta huku na huku, katikati mlima safi unaoteleza. Nyusi nyingi zimetengana na macho. Juu ya urembo huu akapambwa na mbabuko wa mwili, na kwa hivyo rangi yake hapa na pale ilikuwa nyeusi na ya shaba.
8. Mohamed S. (1980) Dunia Mti Mkavu, Longman, Nairobi, uk. 6:
Quote:
Kwisha hivyo alimtazama Fumu kwa ushindi na kejeli. ‘Ha, ha, ha’ alicheka kicheko cha kiburi ambacho kilimwamsha Fumu kutoka jitimai ya kugandwa na jibwa na ule mlio wa bunduki. Alipozindukana, alijikuta amesimama hatua tatu karibu na Fauz. Macho yao yalikutana; ya Fumu yakiwaka moto na Fauz kama pilipili hoho. Fauz alikwaruza meno, ishara ya hamaki. Fumu alimeza fundo la mate; lililoonekana likisukumwa ndani ya umio. Na sasa Fumu alimwona Fauz amesimama kijeuri – miguu yake kaitawanya mmoja huku na mwingine kule bunduki yake imesimamia tako, ameikamatia kwenye mdomo kwa mikono yake miwili aliyoinyoosha. Alipasua kicheko kingine cha jeuri, na Roket, aliyerejea miguuni pake alikuwa akipungapunga mkia.
9. La Guma, m.y., uk. 48:
Quote:
In the dark a swamp of a cloud struggled along the edges of the Table Mountains, clawed at the rocks for a foothold, was torn away by the breeze that came in from the south east and disappeared.
10. La Guma, k.h.j., uk. 71:
Quote:
Night crouched over the city. The glow of street lamps and electric signs formed a yellow haze, giving it a pale underbelly that did not reach far enough upwards to absorb the stars that spotted its purple hide. Under it the city was a patchwork of greys, whites and reds threaded with thick ropes of black where the dark’ness held the scattered pattern together. Along the sea front the tall shadows of masts and spars and cranes towered like tangled bones of prehistoric monsters.
11. La Guma, k.h.j., uk. 93 – 94: Hapa hisia tatu: kugusa, kuona na kusikia, zimetumika kama ifuatavyo:
Quote:
Delirium was an anaesthetic and he no longer felf pain. But his fingers and hands seemed to have thickened and begun to lose all sense of feeling, so that even when he knew that he moved them over his body they did not seem to touch anything. They were like thick, smaller, lifeless things. Also he had difficulty in seeing the darkness inside the van, and there was highpitched ringing sound running through his brain. He tried to look through the darkness but the power of sight had gone from his eyes. They remained open although he could no longer see. Then his mouth was suddenly full of bile and blood and he tasted the sourness and the salt for an infinitesimal instant before he was dead.
12. S.A.M. Khamisi, (1983) “Hatua Mbalimbali za Kubuni na Kutunga Riwaya”, katika                            TUKI, Makala za Semina ya Kimataifa ya Waandishi wa Kiswahili, Juzuu III, Fasihi.Dar es                  Salaam, uk. 242. Hapa hisia tatu zimetumika: kusikia, kugusa na kuona:
Quote:
Upepo upepo ulivuma, ulivuma ukanguruma katika hamsauti wenye kuogofya mithili ya mirindimo ya radi, ulimvaa Sibu ukamkumba, ukataka kumpeperusha, ila alikita kwa uzito, akatia nanga huku akimia kanzu yake iliyokuwa ikipeperushwa isimfedhehi. Mbali kwenye bonde alitupa jicho kwenye uwanda, aliona nyasi zikisukwasukwa.
13. S. Mohamed, (1980) m.y.k., uk. 5.
Quote:
Ilikuwepo treya moja ya vitoweo – kuku wa kupaka wa mbano, katika sahani yake; kuku wa kuchoma, mwekundu kwa pilipili aliyerembwa nayo, kuku wa makshai aliyekaukia, maini kidogo, yamechemshwa kwa malimau na kurashiwa pilipili manga, mnofu wa samaki wa kukaanga, kamba wa kutokosa na zaidi chatne ya kuchachua kinywa.
14. S.A.M. Khamisi, (1983) m.y.k., uk. 241
15. E. Kezilahabi, (1983) “Utunzi wa Riwaya na Hadithi Fupi”, katika TUKI, Makala za Semina ya Kimataifa ya Waandishi wa Kiswahili, Juzuu III, Fasihi, Dar es Salaam, uk. 227
16. F.E. Caroline, (1961) Shakespeare’s Imagery. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
17. Nico ye Mbajo (1984) Sifi Mara Mbili. Mcheshi Publications, Dar es Salaam.
18. J. Simbamwene (1987) Ukitoa Siri Utachinjwa. Jomsi Publications, Dar es Salaam.
19. J. Simbamwene (1987) Mauaji ya Lojingi. Jomsi Publications, Dar es Salaam
20. Khamisi, (1983) m.y.k., uk 245.
21. A. Abdalla, (1973) Sauti ya Dhiki. Oxford University Press, Nairobi.
22. A. Nassir, (1974) Malenga wa Mvita. Oxford University Press, Nairobi
23. Abdalla, (1973) m.y.k., uk. 42.
24. k.h.j., uk. 10.
25. k.h.j., uk. 69.
26. S. Robert, (1968) Kielezo cha Fasili. Nelson, Nairobi, uk. 48.
27. E. Hussein, (1969) Mashetani. Oxford University Press, Nairobi.
28. E. Mbogo, Isinyago (Ms), uk. 53; ambapo ametumia hisia nne za kuona, kunusa, kugusa na                     kuonja.
Quote:
Namanduta mwana wa Simbaulanga
Na Singo – mwindaji shujaa
Marafiki wa pete na kidole
Mwayaona maisha haya thakili yaliyokithiri?
Watu hawa wenye uvumilivu uliotendesa
Nchi yao kama ujauzito
Wakulu wao kama watoto wao
Jasho lao kama mbeleko zao
Wakiwabeba migongoni waungwana hao
Kama watoto’ wachanga wenye
Vitovu vibichi matumboni. mwao
Wakiwanyea, wakiwakojolea migongoni mwao
Na huku akina nani kajamba wakifyonza
Wakisafisha kwa ustadi mkubwa
Kamasi za waungwana hao
Kwa kutumia ndimi na midomo yao.
29. Khamisi, (1983) m.y.k., uk. 240.
30. Abdalla., (1973) m.y.k., uk. 56.
Mwl Maeda
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HISIA KATIKA FASIHI ANDISHI - by MwlMaeda - 12-28-2021, 03:55 PM

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