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Mambo yanayoweza kuathiri mazungumzo ya watu katika jamii

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Mambo yanayoweza kuathiri mazungumzo ya watu katika jamii
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Jamii-lugha yoyote, yaani kundi la watu linalotumia au kuzungumza lugha ya aina moja, limekubaliana kuwa lugha haitumiki kiholela bali matumizi ya lugha hudhibitiwa na mambo fulani. Haya ndiyo tunayoita kaida za matumizi ya lugha. Kaida ni kanuni au sheria ambazo hazikuandikwa. Hii ni kumaanisha kuwa jamii-lugha zimekubaliana kuwa matumizi ya lugha hudhibitiwa na kanuni hizi. Kaida zenyewe ni zifuatazo:
Umri
Jamii-lugha zote zimekubaliana kuwa matumizi ya lugha huimarika kutegemea ongezeko la umri wa watu. Hii ndiyo sababu matumizi ya lugha ya mzee yanatarajiwa kusheheni tamathali nyingi za semi katika lugha. Wazee wanatarajiwa kuwa wanapozungumza, hawabwagi mambo kama vile vijana wafanyavyo bali huyagubika kwa mafumbo na tauria. Vijana kwa kawaida hawajali uteuzi wa maneno wanayotumia na zaidi hupenda kutumia lugha isiyo sanifu.
Wahusika na uhusiano wao
Matumizi ya lugha pia hutawaliwa na wahusika wanaoshiriki mazungumzo pamoja na uhusiano wao. Bila shaka, tukisikiliza mazungumzo yoyote yale, tunaweza kung’amua wahusika wana uhusiano gani. Mathalani, mazungumzo ya mahirimu yatasheheni matumizi ya lugha yenye utani, mzaha au maneno yenye ukali ilhali wahusika hawatiani magumi bali ni kuchangamka. Hiki ni kinyume cha matumizi ya lugha baina ya mzazi na mwanawe, au mtu na mkubwa wake kazini, ambapo matumizi ya lugha yatadhihirisha unyenyekevu na heshima.Maungumzo kati ya watu ambao wana uhusiano rasmi, kwa mfano, daktari na mgonjwa au hakimu na mshukiwa watatumia lugha yenye heshima na urasmi mwingi.Watu ambao hawafahamiani pia watatumia lugha kwa njia ya kipekee wakilinganishwa na wale ambao wanafahamiana. Kwa ujumla, sifa za matumizi ya lugha kati ya watumiaji tofauti vile vile ni tofauti.
Muktadha wa kihali
Matumizi ya lugha vilevili hutegemea hali ambamo mtu anajipata. Je, hali iliyoko ni ya furaha au majonzi? Je, watu wanasherehekea ama wana matanga? Je, ni hafla ya aina gani na ni msamiati wa aina gani ambao utafaa kutumiwa katika muktadha huo? Kufahamu hali iliyoko inasaidia kuteua msamiati wa kutumia.
Madhumuni au lengo
Lugha inapotumiwa huwa inalenga jambo fulani. Haya ndiyo madhumuni ambayo hudhibiti namna tunavyotumia lugha. Mazungumzo yanaweza kulenga kushutumu, kukashifu, kushauri, kunasihi na kadhalika. Malengo haya huhitaji lugha itumike kwa namna ambavyo lengo litaafikiwa. Nayo huhitaji wahusika katika mazungumzo kuteua msamiati unaochukuana na madhumuni ya mazungumzo hayo. Mathalani, iwapo anataka kuvutia msikilizaji, kama vile kasisi anapohubiri, lugha yake itakuwa na unyenyekevu na ushawishi kwa mpokezi.
Hadhi au cheo cha mtu
Cheo au madaraka hutarajiwa kuathiri matumizi ya lugha ya anayehusika. Hakimu mahakamani, mwalimu shuleni, kasisi kanisani, imamu msikitini na kadhalika sharti wateue maneno kulingana na mamlaka au vyeo vyao. Aidha, tofauti katika vyeo pia huathiri matumizi ya lugha. Watu ambao wana cheo kimoja hutumia lugha bila urasmi mkubwa huku watu walio katika vyeo tofauti wakitumia urasmi mwingi. Kwa mfano, mfanyikazi ambaye atazungumza na meneja ama msimamizi wake huenda atumie lugha ambayo ni rasmi maana atakuwa anazungumza na mkubwa wake na shughuli zitakuwa rasmi. Hata hivyo, mfanyikazi akikutana na mwenzake ambaye wanafanya naye kazi afisi moja na cheo chao ni sawa, watatumia lugha ya utambulisho Fulani.
Jinsi/ uana
Takriban katika jamii-lugha zote, pana tofauti kubwa za matumizi ya lugha ya kawaida baina ya jinsia ya kike na ya kiume. Mathalani, tutapata kuwa matumizi ya lugha ya jinsia ya kike husheheni vihisishi vingi kuliko jinsia ya kiume. Aidha, matumizi ya lugha ya jinsia ya kike hudhihirisha kuwa na tauria au tasfida Zaidi kuliko yale ya jinsia ya kiume. Aghalabu wanapoongea, wanawake hufunikafunika mambo ya siri au yenye ukali mwingi kuliko wanaume. Wanaume mara nyingi huyabwaga mambo bila ya kuyatafutia tafsida. Aidha, wanaume hutumia lugha tofauti na wanawake wanapozungumza kati yao au kati ya mwanamke na mwanamume.
Aina ya tungo
Tungo mbalimbali hujibainisha kwa matumizi mahsusi ya lugha. Kwa mfano:
  • Mazungumzo – yatatumia kauli fupifupi kati ya wahusuka.
  • Barua rasmi – lugha rasmi ambayo haina ufafanuzi ama maelezo mengi.
Malezi
Malezi ya mtu nayo yana nafasi kubwa katika kudhibiti matumizi yake ya lugha. Haya hutegemea Zaidi mtu amezalika katika familia ya aina gani. Kuna familia ambapo mtoto hana uhuru wa kunena kwa namna yoyote mbele ya watu wazima. Endapo mtoto atasema chochote, ni pale tu ambapo ameulizwa swali na anatarajiwa kulijibu. Anapojibu, anatakiwa kutoa jibu fupi sana. Hali hii humwathiri mtoto kama huyu kwani hukosa kuingiliana na kustawisha stadi zote za lugha kikamilifu. Aghalabu watu kama hawa watatambulikana katika utu uzima wao kwa haiba ya undani (introvert). Malezi waliyoyapata yaliwaathiri katika matumizi ya lugha. Hawa ndio watu ambao hawachangii lolote katika tukio ambapo watu wanazungumza. Endapo watasema jambo, ni pale ambapo swali limewalenga wao wenyewe na hawawezi kuepuka. Hata hivyo, watalijibu kwa ufupi na kunyamaza.
Tabaka
Mara nyingi jamii-lugha inaweza kugawika katika matabaka kutegemea uwezo wa kiuchumi. Mgawiko huu hufanya tabaka fulani kujitengea eneo fulani kama makaazi yake. Tukichunguza matumizi ya lugha katika eneo linamoishi kila tabaka, tutatambua kuwa kuna tofauti kubwa sana. Tofauti hizi zinatokana na mgawiko huu. Mathalani, katika matabaka ya chini ambayo ni ya wachochole, aghalabu hali hii ya maisha huwafanya wanatabaka hawa kukosa vidhibiti ulimi wanapotumia lugha. Katika makaazi yao, si ajabu kusikia maneno mazito kama vile shetani, mbwa, nugu, malaya na kadhalika yakitumika kila dakika kwa kurejelea mtu. Hali hii haipatikani kwa wepesi katika maeneo ya mabwanyenye. Endapo shetani atatajwa katika sehemu hii, ni pale maabadini au wakati wa kumrejelea ibilisi wala si mtu. Vivyo hivyo, mbwa atatajwa kwa kumrejelea mnyama mwenyewe wala si mtu. Hata hivyo, lugha ya hawa ‘waliostaarabika’ huweza kuashiria kiburi kiasi Fulani maana inakuwa na kujivuna kutokana na uwezo wa jamii waliomo – labda gari la kifahari, jumba mithili ya kasri, biashara kubwa na kadhalika.
Idadi ya lugha azijuazo mtu
Idadi ya lugha katika jamii na uwezo wa wahusika katika kutumia lugha hizo ni jambo jingine linalodhibiti matumizi ya lugha. Iwapo lugha zinazotumika ni zaidi ya moja na wahusika wana uwezo wa kuzitumia, moja kwa moja patatokea hali ya kuchanganya ndimi au msimbo, na vilevile kubadilisha ndimi au msimbo. Ujuzi wa lugha azijuazo mzungumzaji huzusha kuchanganya ndimi iwapo mzungumzaji hana ufasaha wa kutosha katika lugha anayoitumia.
Hali ya mtu
Hii ni kaida nyingine ambayo hudhibiti matumizi ya lugha. Hali inayoibusha hisia kama za hamaki humfanya mtu kusema jambo ambalo atakuja kujijutia baadaye. Hii ndiyo sababu methali zimezuliwa kuelezea matokeo ya hasira na kuwatahadharisha wanajamii dhidi ya kuzungumza au kufanya jambo katika hali ya hasira. Methali Hasira hasara au Hasira za mkizi, tijana ya mvuvi hutumika kuelezea hali hii.
Matumizi ya lugha pia yatategemea iwapo mzungumzaji yu mgonjwa, mlevi, mchangamfu, mwenye furaha, mwenye huzuni. Kwa mgonjwa hutumiwa lugha ya kuliwaza na yenye huruma. Mlevi naye hutumia lugha ovyo bila kuzingatia matumizi ya lugha ya adabu.
Muktadha au mazingira
Muktadha au mazingira ambamo mazungumzo hutokea huwa na nafasi kubwa sana katika kudhibiti matumizi ya lugha. Watu hutumia lugha kulingana na muktadha au mazigira waliyomo. Iwapo mazungumzo yanatokea ofisini au mazingira mengine rasmi, basi lugha itakayotumika ni ya heshima na pia yenye urasmi. Iwapo mazungumzo yanatokea mitaani au nyumbani, basi kiwango cha urasmi kitapungua.Aghalabu mazungumzo ya mtaani au nyumbani hutumia lugha isiyo rasmi. Katika kiwango cha msamiati, mabadiliko hutokea kutoka mahali pamoja hadi pengine.Kwa mfano, msamiati wa hospitali ni tofauti na ule wa mahakamani au maabadini.
Mada au yaliyomo katika mazungumzo
Mada ni muhimu sana katika uamuzi wa namna ya kutumia lugha. Kwa mfano, ikiwa mada inayozungumziwa inahusu siasa, basi msamiati na hata namna ya kuzungumza itakuwa ya kisiasa. Aidha, iwapo mada inayozungumziwa ni ya huzuni, au ya kuliwaza, lugha itakuwa ni ya kuliwaza na iliyojaa msamiati wa kutia moyo au kuhimiza.Mathalani, iwapo mazungumzo yanahusu mada ya kutawala, istilahi na msamiati unaoafiki mada ya utawala utateuliwa na kutamalaki katika mazungumzo. Lugha ya kisheria hutumia sentensi ndefu ndefu, marudio na istilahi maalumu za kisheria.
Njia za mawasiliano
Matumizi ya lugha yanaweza kuchukua njia ya mazungumzo rasmi, mazungumzo ya kawaida, mazungumzo kwa njia ya simu au maandishi.
Mawasiliano kwa njia kama hizi huweza kutofautiana. Kwa mfano, mawasiliano ya maandishi huhitaji matayarisho kabambe kuliko yale ya mazungumzo. Maandishi huhitaji muda wa kupanga mawazo, kuteua msamiati, miundo ya sentensi na kuakifishwa. Iwapo haya hayatazingatiwa, huenda mawasiliano yasitokezee barabara. Mazungumzo ya mdomo, hasa yasiyo rasmi, hayatilii maanani mambo haya sana na wakati mwingine huenda yakapuuzwa na mawasiliano yakatokea. Hii ni kwa kuwa kinyume na maandishi, mazungumzo ya mdomo yanaruhusu matumizi ya viziada lugha, kama vile kukonyeza jicho, kukunja au kukunjua uso, kutabasamu na kadhalika. Haya ni mambo yasiyowezekana katika maandishi.
Taaluma/ kazi
Tukichunguza matumizi ya lugha miongoni mwa wanataaluma, tutabaini upekee wake kutokana na sifa za matumizi yake. Matumizi ya lugha yatategemea taaluma husika. Istilahi hizi zinaeleweka na wale wanaoshirikiana ama wanaofanya kazi katika taaluma hizi. Kwa hivyo, kila mara wanataaluma wanapowasiliana, watatumia msamiati katika taaluma hiyo bila kutatiza mawasiliano yoyote. Ndivyo ilivyo katika fasihi ambapo istilahi fulani zinatumiwa na kueleweka katika muktadha wa taaluma hiyo. Hata hivyo, matumizi ya lugha kulingana na taaluma huwa na sifa zifuatazo:
Kuepuka matumizi ya msamiati au lugha inayoweza kuwa na fasiri nyingi na endapo litafanyika, mzungumzaji hulazimika kutoa ufafanuzi wa kounyesha maana mahsusi inayolengwa katika mazungumzo.
Matumizi ya lugha ya kitaaluma huzingatia ukweli wa mambo bila kuzua porojo, uzushi au uongo.
Aidha, hueleza mambo kimantiki, yaani kuelezea yanayozungumziwa kwa mtiririko maalumu unaoeleweka.
Katika matumizi ya lugha ya kitaaluma, kuna matumizi makubwa ya istilahi au msamiati wa taaluma husika.
Lugha hii huendesha maelezo kwa njia isioonyesha mapendeleo au hisia za mzungumzaji wake.
Kiwango cha elimu
Watu hutofautiana kulingana na jinsi wanavyotumia lugha kutegemea kiwango cha elimu walichonacho wahusika. Kwa mfano, wanafunzi wa shule za upili watazungumza kwa nji Fulani na kutumia msamiati ulio sawa ikilinganishwa na watakapowasiliana na wale wenzao wa shule ya msingi.Vilevile, mtaalamu wa chuo kikuu akianza kuwasiliana na mwanafunzi wa shule ya msingi atakuwa na wakati mgumu kufikiria na kuteua msamiati ambao utafaa kumweleza mwanafunzi huyo chochote atakacho kufahamu.
Wakati
Hii ni kaida nyingine inayodhibiti matumizi ya lugha katika jamii. Lugha ni chombo kinachotegemea mapito ya wakati. Kuna kipindi cha wakati ambapo msamiati au istilahi fulani itakuwa maarufu na itakuwa kinywani mwa kila mtu. Baadaye, matumizi ya istilahi hiyo hufifia na istilahi nyingine kuchipuka. Mathalani, katika uwanja wa kisiasa, misimu kama vile fuata nyayo, ruksa na kadhalika ilikuwa ikitumika pakubwa. Leo hii haitumiki sana kutokana na mpito wa wakati na kipindi kingine cha kisiasa. Kuna wakati noti ya shilingi mia tano ilikuwa imepewa jina Jirongo, hasa wakati wa kura za 1992. Hata hivyo, matumizi hayo nayo yalififia baada ya muda.
Imani za jamii
Jamii-lugha ni kundi la watu ambao huzungumza aina moja ya lugha. Kuna baadhi ya jamii ambazo huchukulia matumizi ya maneno mengine kuwa miiko ikilinganishwa na nyingine. Kwa hivyo, maneno haya huepukwa, na badala yake maneno ambayo ni safi ama msamiati usio na makali hutumiwa.
Mwl Maeda
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Mambo yanayoweza kuathiri mazungumzo ya watu katika jamii - by MwlMaeda - 06-22-2021, 06:59 AM

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