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UCHAMBUZI WA TENDI TATU ZA KALE

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UCHAMBUZI WA TENDI TATU ZA KALE
#1
Ikisir
Tangu Finnegan (1970:108) alipodai kwamba, katika fasihi simulizi ya Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara ni nadra sana kupata Tendi, dai hili limeibua mjadala mrefu wa kitaaluma miongoni mwa wataalam mbalimbali wakiwamo: John William, Thomas A. Hale na Stephen Belcher ambao ndio waliodondoa baadhi ya beti katika tendi za Kiafrika na kuziweka pamoja katika kitabu kinachojulikana kwa jina la Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent. Mbali na hao, mtaalam mwingine ni Mulokozi (1999) ambaye naye anathibitisha upo wa tendi katika Afrika Mashariki kwa kukusanya pamoja tenzi tatu za kale katika kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Pia kuna mtaalamu mwigine Belcher (1999) ambaye naye alizungumzia tendi za Kiafrika katika kitabu chake kinachojulikana kwa jina la Epic Tradition of Afrika. Hivyo basi, ni wazi kwamba uchapishaji wa vitabu hivi ni matokeo chanya ya tafiti zilizofanywa na wataalamu mbalimbali na kuamua kukusanya na kuziweka pamoja kama mifano ya uwakilishi wa utamaduni wa tendi Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara kwa lengo la kufungua milango ya kutambulika zaidi.
1.0 Utangulizi Makala hii itajishughulisha zaidi na mapitio-hakiki ya vitabu viwili ambavyo ni, Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent na Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Katika mapitio hayo vipengele mbalimbali vitajadiliwa kama vile: fasili ya tendi, mpangilio wa tendi katika vitabu hivyo, waandishi wa vitabu husika, uhakiki: usuli wa yeli/manju, usuli wa kijamii-kihistoria, utendaji-uwasilishwaji, udhaifu/mapungufu, ubora wa kazi, ulinganisho na tendi nyingine, hitimisho na marejeo. Kwa kuanza na fasili ya tendi;
1.1 Fasili ya Tendi Miongoni mwa wataalam waliofasili dhana ya utendi ni pamoja na Bowra (1930) yeye anatumia fomula kuelezea maana ya utendi kuwa ni E = M + Ms yaani, (Epic = Mars + Muse/music). Hii ina maana kamba utendi ni mungu, muziki na vita (U = M + V). Hivyo basi, maana ya maelezo ya Bowra ni kuwa utendi ni tukio la kimuziki linalozungumzia vita kwa njia ya ushairi ulioandikwa. Mulokozi (1996) anasema, Tendi ni nyimbo ndefu za kimasimulizi au za mawaidha, nyimbo hizo zinahusu visa vya mashujaa. Wamitila (2006) anasema, Tendi ni aina ya utenzi ambao unazungumzia maisha na matendo ya shujaa au mashujaa wa jamii fulani. Kwa hiyo, kutokana na fasili hizi tunaweza kusema kuwa, utendi ni kama Saiklopidia au maktaba ya jadi ya historia ya jamii fulani ambayo kupitia tendi mbalimbali jamii inatambua historia yake katika vipindi mbalimbali, chimbuko lake, mashujaa wao pamoja na kujua mila na desturi zao pamoja na utamaduni.
2.0 Mpangilio wa tendi katika vitabu Johnson na wenzake (1997) katika kitabu chao cha Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent wanajaribu kukigawa katika sehemu kuu tatu. Sehemu ya kwanza wameweka tendi mbalimbali za Afrika Magharibi, sehemu ya pili wameweka Tendi za Afrika ya Kaskazini na sehemu ya tatu wanamalizia kwa kuweka tendi za Afrika ya Kati. Je mpango huu ni wakinasibu au kuna uzingativu wa jambo fulani? Je tendi za Afrika Mashariki zinatambulika miongoni mwa tendi za Kiafrika? Kwa nini hazijitokezi katika kitabu hiki? Wataalamu hawa wanadai kuwa, tendi hazipatikani kila mahali, kuna matokeo ya muunganiko wa jamii na mazingira ya kihistoria pamoja na utendaji wa namna mbalimbali. Tendi zilizokusanywa katika ukanda huu zina sifa zinazoingiliana/zinazohusiana miongoni mwazo ingawa si lazima ziwe na utamaduni pamoja na historia inayofanana. Pia hata katika Tenzi Tatu za Kale mwandishi naye amekigawa katika makundi makuu matatu au sehemu kuu tatu ambazo ni: sehemu ya kwanza inahusu Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo, sehemu ya pili mwandishi amehakiki Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi na sehemu ya tatu ni Utenzi wa Mwanakupona.
2.1 Waandishi wa vitabu husika Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent ni kitabu kilichoandikwa na kuhaririwa na John William Johnson (Indiana University), Thomas A. Hale (The Pennsylvania State University) na Stephen Belcher (The Pennsylvania State University). Pia Mulokozi (Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam) ameandika na kuhariri kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Wataalam hawa katika kukusanya na kuhariri tendi mbalimbali za Kiafrika walibaini nduni bainifu za tendi za Kiafrika na masuala majumui yanayopatikana katika tendi za Afrika na tendi za Ulaya kama tutakavyoona hapo baadaye. Johnson na wenzake wanasema kuwa, koja/diwani hii yenye dondoo 25 za tendi za Kiafrika ni ya kwanza na ya aina yake kutokea duniani na ni toleo la tatu katika mkururo wa tendi za Kiafrika zilizozinduliwa na “Indiana University Press”. Hii ni hatua muhimu sana iliyofikiwa katika kubadili fikra za kimagharibi kuhusu tendi katika muktadha wa kiulimwengu.  Hegel (1963) akinukuliwa na Johnson na wenzake (kashatajwa) anadai kuwa, Waafrika hawana Literature, hivyo ni wazi kamba hata historia hawana. Dai hili halina mashiko, kwani leo hii tunaona kwa kupitia tendi uibukaji wa vyote viwili historia na Fasihi ya Kiafrika ambavyo vilifunikwa na ujinga wa wazungu kwa muda mrefu sana. Lakini pamoja na hayo, bado wanahoji juu ya fasili ya fasihi simulizi.
3.0  Usuli wa manju/yeli Kwa ujumla tendi ni tungo ndefu ambazo huimbwa na mafundi fulani wanaojulikana kama mayeli na huwahusu mashujaa walioishi au wanaosadikiwa kuishi katika jamii fulani. Mfano mzuri ni utendi wa Sundiata/Sunjata wa jamii ya Wamande nchini Mali ambao uliimbwa na mayeli wa jamii hiyo kama vile Fa-Gigi Sisoko. Pia utendi wa Fa-Jigi ambao yeli wake ni Seydou Camara akisaidiana na mkewe ambaye alikuwa akipiga narinya-kifaa cha muziki, utendi wa Sonsan of Kaarta ulisimuliwa kwa kuimbwa na Mamary Kuyate’, huku wimbo ukiambatana na muziki, utendi wa Almami Samori Toure’ yeli alikuwa ni Sory Fina Kamara. Pia wasimulizi au mayeli wa utendi wa Wagadu ni Diarra Sylla ambaye aliandika mistari 257 na Jiri Silla ambaye naye aliandika mistari 800. Kwa pamoja waliweza kupata simulizi moja linaloeleza mambo yaliyowatokea watu wa Wagadu. Aidha utendaji katika tendi za Kiafrika huweza kutofautiana kutoka yeli mmoja kwenda mwingine. Sababu za utofauti huo huweza kuwa masuala ya mila na desturi za jamii husika, hivyo huweza kukuta yeli/manju husimulia hadithi yake ya kiutendi kwa kuzingatia taratibu za jamii hiyo. Licha ya hayo, vilevile yeli huyohuyo huweza kusimulia hadithi ileile ya kiutendi kwa namna tofauti tofauti kulingana na muktadha. Katika tendi za Kiafrika mayeli walikuwa ni watu walioheshimika sana katika jamii husika, kwani wao ndio waliojua historia na tamaduni za jamii na ndio wanaopitisha historia ya jamii kutoka kizazi kimoja kwenda kingine. Mfano, Johnson na wenzake wanatuambia kuwa, katika jamii ya Wamande yeli (Sara) alikuwa mwanamke wa heshima sana na hata alipokufa mwaka 1989 ng’ombe 15 walitolewa sadaka wakati wa sherehe za maziko yake.
3.1  Usuli wa kijamii-kihistoria Kama tulivyosema hapo awali utendi ni kama saiklopidia ya jamii fulani kwani umesheheni masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii ikiwemo historia pamoja na mila na desturi za jamii mbalimbali. Mfano, tendi zote za Kiafrika kama vile wa Bamana Segu, Sonsan of Kaarta, Almami Samori Tuure’, Musadu, Fa-Jigi na Son-Njara kwa kuzitaja chache, zote zinaelezea masuala ya kijamii-kihistoria kama vile: matukio ya kivita, kidini-hija, asili ya koo mbalimbali, mila na desturi za jamii ya Wamande kama vile: masuala ya matambiko, salamu nk. Ndio maana utendi kama wa Sundiata umesimuliwa katika nchi za Ghana, Sudan, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Mali na Mauritius nk. kama njia mojawapo ya kurithisha amali za jamii hiyo. Vilevile utendi wa Wagadu ni simulizi maarifu sana katika historia ya Soninke’kuanzia wakiwa wamoja kabla ya kuanguka kwa ufalme na kusambaratika katika maeneo mbalimbali ya Sahel, Senegal na Ghana.
4.0  Utendaji-uwasilishwaji Tendi nyingi za Kiafrika hutumia mbinu mbalimbali katika uwasilishaji wake. Mfano huweza kusimuliwa kwa njia ya kinadhari au kwa njia ya ushairi/nudhumu yaani kuimbwa kama vile utendi wa Hambodedio and Saigalare,  Fa-Jigi huwasilishwa kwa kuimbwa na manju pamoja na mkewe ambaye husaidia kupiga kifaa kiitwacho narinya (nanga), pia utendi wa Sara wa jamii ya Maninka uliimbwa na Sara pamoja na kaka yake Yamuru Jabate’. Katika utendi huu unajitokeza urudiaji rudiaji wa korasi, mfano;
5. Chorus:       Ah! Sara is sung for those of one voice. Don’t you see it? Sira Mori: Sara! Sara is sung for those with promises. Don’t you see it? Pia mwandishi anafafanua kuwa, tendi simulizi za Afrika mara nyingi katika uwasilishwaji wake huambatana na uigaji wa matendo ya watu pamoja na muziki kutoka kikundi cha waimbaji na hadhira. Vilevile, mwandishi anaibua hoja juu ya mjadala ulioongozwa na Lucy Duran juu ya uwepo wa suala la ujinsia katika tendi. Japokuwa anakiri kwamba, mjadala haupo wazi sana kutokana na vyanzo visivyorasmi kushindwa kutofautisha kati ya sifa ziimbwazo na wote wanaume na wanawake na simulizi za kitamaduni katika utawala wa wanaume. Duran anadai kwamba, wanawake wataimba utendi mzima kama hakuna wanaume wa kuimba. Hata hivyo hakuna utendi wa mwanamke ulioonekana katika machapisho. Hoja hii inahitaji ushaidi wa kitafiti zaidi. Aidha katika mapitio haya inajibainisha wazi kuwa, tendi simulizi za Kiafrika hazina mpaka halisi unaotenganisha tendi, visasili, ngano, visakale, maghani, nyimbo, n.k. Kwa mfano Utendi wa son-Jara, una kisakale cha Biblia; masimulizi ya uumbaji wa Mungu kwa Adamu na Eva. Lakini katika tendi za kimagharibi tunaona mpaka uliodhahiri. Hivyo tunaona kwamba, tendi nyingi zinazohusu mashujaa huingiza sifa nyingi za visasili, visakale, maghani au hata ngano ndani yake. Kwa mfano, utendi wa Fumo Liyongo, Wagadu, Lihanja, Mwindo, nk. sifa hii huonesha kwamba, tendi huchota visa vya sanaa jadi nyingine kutoka tamaduni zenye tendi simulizi. Kwa mfano, Fumo Liyongo, Mwindo, Rukiza, Sundiata, n.k. ni miongoni mwa mashujaa wenye sifa sawa na mashujaa wengine wa kiutendi ulimwenguni kama vile, Gilgameshi na wengineo. Tenzi Tatu za Kale ni kitabu cha fasihi chenye baadhi ya tungo mashuhuri za zamani, zilizokusanywa na kuhifadhiwa pamoja. Tungo hizo ni pamoja: Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo, uliotungwa na Muhamadi Abubakar Kijumwa mwaka 1913, Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi uliotungwa na Sayyid Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasiri na Utenzi wa Mwanakupona uliotungwa na Mwanakupona Binti Mshamu kwa ajili ya binti yake aliyeitwa Mwana Hashima binti Mataka. Mwandishi wa kitabu hiki amebainisha vipengele mbalimbali vya utendi vinavyojitokeza katika Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo. Anaeleza kwamba, Fumo Liyongo ni utendi unaohusu matukio muhimu ya kihistoria na kijamii, hueleza kuhusu ushujaa wa shujaa. Anamwona Fumo Liyongo kama shujaa anayependwa na watu. Sifa hii pia tunaiona hata katika tendi nyingine za Kiafrika. Kwa mfano: Utendi wa Sundiata unaakisi historia na utamaduni wa jamii, huelezea matukio ya kishujaa na mashujaa. Pia hata Utendi wa Lihanja nao anawakilisha chimbuko la taifa la Wamongo. Aidha, mwandishi anadondoa baadhi ya sifa za tendi za Kiafrika kwa kuhusianisha na shujaa Liyongo.
Anamwelezea shujaa huyu kuwa, ni mtu mwenye nguvu za kimwili. Mfano kitendo cha kubeba mizigo ya kujaza chumba kiliwashangaza Wagalla, kupuliza panda na kusua nk. Pia ni rijali. Mfano, Wagalla walimwomba sultani awaruhusu wapate mbegu yake. Licha ya nguvu za kimwili pia alikuwa na nguvu za kisirihi. Mfano, udhaifu wake ulikwa kitovuni, hivyo haikuwa rahisi kudhurika kwa namna yoyote ile isipokuwa kwa kuchumwa sindano kitovuni.  Vilevile alikuwa na mshikamano na jamii yake ndio maana hata aliweza kusaidiwa na mama yake pamoja na kijakazi Saada pindi alipokuwa kifungoni. Hatimaye alifaulu kutoroka. Sifa hizi alizonazo Liyongo pia zinajitokeza hata katika tendi nyingi za Kiafrika, kwa mfano Mwindo anasaidiwa na shangazi yake, mjomba pamoja na watu wengine kwenda kulipiza kisasi kwa baba yake. Pia mbali na sifa hizi, mashujaa wengi wa Kiafrika huzaliwa kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida. Kwa mfno, katika Utendi wa Jeki la Njambe’ Inono shujaa Njambe’ Inono kabla ya kuzaliwa anaongea tumboni akielekeza mahali atakapozaliwa. Baada ya kuzaliwa anarudi tena tumboni, halafu baadaye anataka kuzaliwa kwenye chupa. Mfano, …So they began to go back with waves. It was then that a voice spoke from Ngrijo Epee Tungum’s womb: “Ina! Sit down in the water and give birth to me!” Mulokozi (2002) katika utafiti wake kuhusu tendi za jamii ya Wayaha hasa Utendi wa Rukiza anaungana mkono na mawazo ya Johnson japokuwa anaongeza kuwa, shujaa wa Kiafrika sharti awe ni msaada kwa watu wake na hivyo: (USHUJAA: Ushakiri+Sihiri+Watu) Hivyo basi, tunaweza kusema kuwa, Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo una sifa fawafu kama ilivyo katika tendi nyingine za Kiafrika. Kwanza ni masimulizi ya kinadhari yenye uunganifu, pili nudhumu, yaani ni utungo wa kishairi, tatu ni simulizi linalohusu matukio muhimu ya kijamii-historia na mwisho huelezea kuhusu ushujaa. Fauka ya hayo, mwandishi wa Tenzi Tatu za Kale amejadili pia Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi kuwa ni miongoni mwa tenzi mashuhuri sana katika lugha ya Kiswahili na ulichipuka kutokana na jadi ndefu ya tenzi za Kiswahili mjini Pate. Utenzi huu ulitungwa na Sayyid bin Ali bin Nasiri mwaka 1800-1820 unahusu matukio mbalimbali yaliyotokea katika jamii ya Waswahili wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki, kwa mfano, mgogoro hasa wa kuanguka kwa mji wa Waswahili kulikosababishwa na uvamizi wa Wareno. Kihalisia ni kweli mambo hayo yametokea. Kwa hiyo utenzi huu una dhima ya kihistoria katika jamii ya watu wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Pia unawakilisha utamaduni wa jamii ya Waswahili wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki kutokana na lugha iliyotumika ambayo ni Kiswahili kilichochanganyika na Kiarabu kwa kiasi fulani, utamaduni wa watu hao, miji iliyotajwa ambayo ni Pate, Kilwa, Lamu na  Mombasa. Vilevile katika Tenzi Tatu za Kale kuna Utenzi wa Mwanakupona ni utenzi wa kimawaidha uliotungwa na Mwanakupona Binti Mshamu kwa ajili ya binti yake aliyeitwa Mwanahashimu binti Mataka mwaka 1858. Utenzi huu unaonekana kuwakilisha vyema tungo za utamaduni na maonyo ya wakati huo. Lakini pia aligusia kwa vijana wengine wa kike wapate kuusoma utenzi huu ili nao wapate maonyo hayo (Ubeti wa 94 na 95). Utenzi huu unaonekana kuibadilisha jamii ya uswahilini baada ya kuona kuwa unafaa hasa kwa malezi ya kijadi kwa watoto wa kike kwa kuwafunda. Yawezekana Jambo hili ndilo linaloufanya utenzi huu uonekane kuwa msaada wa jamii hata leo hii. Kihistoria, tunaelezwa kuwa huu ni utenzi wa kale uliokuwa unaendana na mazingira ya wakati huo. Mwandishi aliuandika kwa kuilenga jamii ya wakati ule hasa kwa kufuata mila na desturi za jadi za wakati huo kama vile: heshima ya ndoa, wanawake kuwekwa utawani, kutoonesha sura zao mbele ya watu, kumtukuza mume kama Mungu wao wa pili. Pia unaonekana kuwa ulikuwa ni utenzi wa tabaka tawala.
5.0  Udhaifu katika kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale na Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent. Pamoja na kwamba, Utenzi wa Mwanakupona una baadhi ya sifa za utendi kama vile: unudhumu, uunganifu, unahusu masula ya kijamii mfano, mafundisho katika jamii, mianzo na miisho ya kifomula, nk. bado hatuwezi kuuingiza kwenye kumbo la tendi kwani unakosa baadhi ya sifa za msingi za kitendi kama vile: masuala ya kishujaa na mashujaa, matendo ya kivita nk. Vivyo hivyo hata katika Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi pia unakosa sifa hizo za msingi. Kimsingi Utenzi wa Inkishafi na Mwanakupona hazizungumzii suala la ushajaa wala shujaa zaidi ya kumwona mwandishi akitamalaki kwa kiasi kikubwa kama kwamba yeye ndiye shujaa. Swali la kujiuliza Mwandishi anawezaje kuwa shujaa? Kama ni shujaa ruwaza yake ni ipi? Anafuata kanuni za shujaa wa namna gani? Wa Kijadi/Kiafrika au Kimagharibi, au Kiarabu? Hoja hii haihusiani na kitabu cha Tenzi Tatu za Kale lakini inafaa kujiuliza maana wengine huweza kufikiri kwamba, mwandishi ni shujaa kutokana na tajiriba aliyonayo, mfano mtunzi wa Utendi wa Mwanakupona.   Pia katika Tenzi Tatu za Kale, mwandishi amechanganya pamoja Tendi na Tenzi na kuziita zote kwa pamoja TENZI TATU ZA KALE, yaani Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo na Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi pamoja na Utenzi wa Mwanakupona. Je, kigezo gani kimetumika? Kama mwandishi alilenga kuzishughulikia kazi zote tatu ndani ya kitabu kimoja, basi angepaswa kukwepa neno hilo ili kuepuka kuchanganya dhana mbili zinazotofautiana, badala yake angeziita TUNGO TATU ZA KALE. Nadhani msamiati huu ungekuwa fawafu kabisa kwa kazi zote tatu. Mkanganyiko mwingine tunaouona ni kwamba, mwandishi hakuweka bayana kuwa Utenzi wa Inkishafi ni utendi au ni utenzi, maana baadhi ya sehemu ndani ya kitabu ameita Utenzi na sehemu nyingine ameita Utendi. Mfano, ukurasa wa 73 anasema; “Utenzi wa Inkishafi unapata nguvu yake kutokana na lugha tukufu na taswira anazotumia mtunzi…” ilhali katika ukurasa wa 77, mwandishi anasema; “Inkishafi ni Utendi wa Kiafrika…” Hivyo tunaona kwamba, hapa mwandishi anawaweka wasomaji katika hali ya sintofahamu kipi ni kipi! Pia suala jingine la kujiuliza kuhusu Tenzi Tatu za Kale ni kwamba, je huo ukale anaousema mwandishi unaanzia wapi na unaishia wapi? Je tunawezaje kubaini mipaka ya ukale na usasa? Kwani ukale unaanza lini na unaisha lini? Aidha, mwandishi hajaonesha bayana mkabala au nadharia iliyomwongoza katika ubatizaji wa tungo hizi na kuziita TENZI TATU ZA KALE? Je ameangalia lugha iliyotumika au mambo yalisheheni katika tungo hizo? Suala la udhaifu pia linajitokeza hata katika Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent. Inaonekana kuwa, mwandishi hakufanya utafiti wowote katika Afrika Mashariki ndio maana hakuna chochote kilichoelezwa kuhusu tendi za Afrika Mashariki. Hii inawapa picha wasomaji kwamba, Afrika Mashariki hakuna tendi ilhali tunajua kuwa, Afrika Mashariki kuna tendi na wapo watafiti wabobevu waliofanya tafiti za tendi sehemu mbalimbali za Afrika Mashariki kama vile: Mulokozi, Mbele, Kagame, nk. Kosa kama hili tunaliona pia hata kwa Belcher (1999) katika Epic Traditions of Africa. Belcher amechunguza baadhi ya tendi za Afrika hasa tendi za Afrika Magharibi na Afrika ya Kati na kugundua kuwa zinamfanano katika baadhi ya vipengele. Hii inadhihirisha kwamba, katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki wataalamu wa tafiti katika uwanja huu ni wachache sana, hivyo kuna haja ya wataalamu chipukizi kumakinikia katika uwanja huu.
6.0   Ubora wa kazi hizi Mbali na mapungufu ya hapa na pale, pia tutakuwa wachoyo wa fadhila kama hatutaona ubora uliosheheni katika kazi hizi. Kwa mfano, Johnson na wenzake katika kitabu chao cha Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent wamefanya kazi nzuri sana katika kuzitambulisha tendi mbalimbali za Kiafrika kwa ulimwengu mzima ili hata wale waliopotoshwa na Finnegan waweze kubadili mtizamo wao. Pia wamesaidia kuonesha ufanano mkubwa uliopo katika tendi za Kiafrika hasa katika baadhi ya mambo kama vile manju au mayeli, japokuwa kuna utofauti za kimsamiati lakini dhima yake ni ileile. Kwa mfano wanajulikana kwa majina kama: gewel, gawlo, jali, jeli, mabo, gesere, jesere, nk. Vilevile mwandishi wa Tenzi Tatu za Kale amefaulu sana katika kutoa maana mbadala za maneno au msamiati mgumu uliotumika ili kuwarahisishia wasomaji kuelewa kwa urahisi ujumbe unaokusudiwa katika tungo zote tatu. Licha ya hayo, utangulizi na maelezo ya mwandishi wa Tenzi Tatu za Kale yamenisaidia sana kama mwanafasihi chipukizi hasa kujua maudhui ya tungo hizi tatu na pia kujua namna bora ya kujenga hoja zenye mantiki na maelezo yenye mtiririko fawafu.
7.0 Hitimisho Kwa ujumla tunaweza kuhitimisha makala haya kwa kusema kuwa, wataalamu hawa wamejitahidi kwa kiasi kikubwa kutuonesha namna tendi simulizi za Kiafrika zinavyoakisi historia ya jamii husika katika utamaduni, mila na desturi, mahusiano na mshikamano wa kijamii. Vilevile wote kwa pamoja wametuonesha kuwa, utendi pamoja na hadithi mbalimbali za mashujaa huwa na ruwaza inayofanana ambayo hutuwezesha kupata muundo wa msingi wa tendi ambao ni wa kimajumui. Mulokozi (kashatajwa) ameainisha sifa za shujaa wa tendi za nanga kama ifuatavyo: Anatoka tabaka la juu au la kawaida, shujaa huwa ni jasiri, anatumia sihiria, anakuwa rijali, hutegemea nguvu za wahenga au mizimu na anahitaji msaada wa umma. Ukiangalia tendi nyingi katika Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent ruwaza za mashujaa wa Kiafrika kwa kiasi kikubwa zinalandana na ruwaza za mashujaa Gilgamesh na Enkidu katika utendi wa Gilgamesh. Mwandishi Sandars (1960), haoneshi kuzaliwa kwa Gilgamesh na Enkidu. Utendi huu unawaonesha mashujaa hawa wakiwa tayari watu wazima kama vile kwa Fumo Liyongo. Gilgamesh ameanza kuelezewa tayari akiwa kiongozi wa mji wa Uruk wakati Enkidu ameanza kuelezewa tayari akiwa anaishi porini na wanyama.
Maelezo haya yanajidhihirisha katika kigae/kibao cha I & II na katika kitabu uk. 61. Kigae/kibao cha I na kitabu (uk. 61)  I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was a man to whom all things were known; this was the king who knew the contries of the world. He was wise, he was misteries and knew secret things, he broughy us a tale of the days before the flood Kibao/kigae cha II Then he, Enkidu, offspring of the mountains,who eats grasses with the gazelles,came to drink at the watering hole with the animals, with the wild beasts he slaked his thirst with water.
MAREJEO
  • Belcher, S. (1999), Epic Traditions of Africa, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
  • Finnegan, R. (1970), Oral Literature in Africa. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
  • Johnson, J. W. na wenzake, (1997), (Ed.), Oral Epics from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent, Bloomington, Indianapolis University Press.
  • Mulokozi, M. M. (1996), Fasihi ya Kiswahili, Dar es Salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.
  • (1999), (Mha.), Tenzi Tatu za Kale, Dar es Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi  wa Kiswahili.
  • (2002), The African Epic Controversy:historical, Philosophical and Aesthetic Perspectives on Epic Poetry and Performance. Dar es salaam,  Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
  • Wamitila (2006) Kamusi ya Ushairi, Nairobi: Vide-Muwa Publishers Ltd.
  • Sandars N. K (1960), The Epic of Gilgamesh. Cox & Wyman Ltd: Great Britain.
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UCHAMBUZI WA TENDI TATU ZA KALE - by MwlMaeda - 12-12-2021, 12:03 PM

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