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DHIMA KUU YA VIAMBISHI VYA KISWAHILI

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DHIMA KUU YA VIAMBISHI VYA KISWAHILI
#1
SWALI:
Kitezi cha kiswahili Mara nyingi hakiwezi kukaa peke yake kufuatana na viambishi vyenye uamilifu wa aina kadhaa, fafanua kauli hii kwa mifano ya kutosha.
Kiswahili ni lugha ambishi kama zilivyo lugha nyingine za Kibantu. Neno kiambishi lina maana ya kipashio chenye maana ambacho hufungiliwa kwenye mzizi wa neno ili kuletaKiswahili ni lugha ambishaji kama vile zilivyo lugha nyingine za Kibantu. Neno kiambishi lina maana ya kipashio chenye maana ambacho hufungiliwa kwenye mzizi wa neno ili kuleta maana inayokusudiwa. maana inayokusudiwa.
Tofauti na lugha zisizotumia viambishi kwa wingi kama vile Kiingereza ambapo msemaji huhitajika kubadilisha neno zima au kulazimika kutumia maneno mengi kwa nia ya kubadilisha kidogo tu maana iliyobebwa na kitenzi fulani, katika Kiswahili, msemaji hubadilisha tu viambishi katika kitenzi hicho hicho. Hebu tutazame mifano ifuatayo kuthibitisha madai haya. ‘He comes’ {Kiingereza} – ‘huja’ (Kiswahili); ‘He would have come’ (Kiingereza)- ‘Angalikuja’ (Kiswahili); ‘He who comes’ (Kiingereza) – Ajaye (Kiswahili) miongoni mwa mengine.
Lugha ya Kiswahili ina viambishi vya aina mbili ambavyo ni awali na tamati. Viambishi awali huwakilisha dhana tofauti za kisarufi ambazo ni pamoja na nafsi , ngeli, umoja na wingi, nyakati au njeo, urejeshi, mahali, wakati miongoni mwa nyingine. Viambishi tamati navyo huwakilisha mahali, wakati, rai na mnyambuliko.
Nafsi
Katika lugha ya Kiswahili, vambishi vya nafsi hutokea kabla ya mzizi wa neno. Viambishi hivyo ni vya aina sita: nafsi ya kwanza (umoja na wingi) nafsi ya pili (umoja na wingi), nafsi ya tatu ( umoja na wingi). Mifano : Mimi ninaimba wimbo mzuri, Wewe unatoka wapi? Yeye atakuja kesho. Tofauti inayojitokeza baina ya Kiswahili na Kihispania ni kuwa, viambishi vya nafsi vya Kihispania huja mwishoni mwa kitenzi ilhali vile vya Kiswahili hutokea kabla ya mzizi wa kitenzi. Tutaangazia mifano ifuatayo ili kuthibitisha jambo hili. Ninasoma(Kiswahili)- Leo (Kihispania), Unasoma (Kiswahili)- Lees (Kihispania), Tunasoma (Kiswahili)- Leemos (Kihispania). Herufi zilizokolezwa rangi zinawakilisha nafsi katika lugha zote mbili.
Ngeli
Tofauti na ilivyokuwa zamani, ambapo upangaji wa ngeli ulizingatia viambishi awali vya nomino, mtindo mpya unaojulikana kama upatanisho wa kisarufi unazingatia viambishi awali vya vitenzi katika kuziweka nomino katika makundi tofauti. Mifano: Kijiko kimevunjika- Vijiko vimevunjika, Uji umemwagika- Uji umemwagika.
Nyakati/Hali
Kiswahili kina nyakati tatu ambazo ni wakati uliopo, ujao na uliopita , tofauti na Kihispania ambacho kina takriban nyakati kumi na tano na Kiingereza ambacho kina nyakati mbili tu – wakati uliopo na wakati uliopita. Pamoja na nyakati hizo tatu, Kiswahili kina viambishi vya hali ambavyo pia hujulikana kama wakati kadiri ya hali. Hivi ni pamoja na: ki, ka, a, hu, me, ngali na kadhalika. Viambishi vya ( a) huwa havionyeshi wakati maalum wa kutendeka kwa kitendo kifanyavyo kiambishi (na) cha wakati uliopo. Waama, matumizi ya viambishi hivyo huwa hayaonyeshi mwanzo au mwisho wa kutendeka kwa kitendo. Mifano katika sentensi: Mama apika chakula; Wanafunzi hawa wajitahidi ; Tunda laanguka kutoka mtini; Maziwa yamwagika
Urejeshi
Huitwa viambishi vya urejeshi kwa sababu hutuarifu nomino inayorejelewa inapatikana katika ngeli gani. Vinaweza kuja kabla au baada ya mzizi. Vijapo kabla ya mzizi , huitwa ‘o’ rejeshi awali. Vitokeapo baada ya mzizi, huitwa ‘ o’ rejeshi tamati. Mifano: Jambo unalolifanya ni kinyume cha sheria (‘o’ rejeshi awali); Jambo ulifanyalo ni kinyume cha sheria (‘o’ rejeshi tamati). Muundo wa virejeshi hutofautiana kulingana na ngeli.
Mahali
Hivi huwakilisha ngeli ya mahali ya pa-ku-mu. Mifano katika sentensi: Ulipoketi pana siafu, Ulikoketi kuna siafu, Ulimoketi mna siafu. Zaidi ya kiambishi ‘po’ kutumiwa kuwakilisha mahali maalum, kinaweza kuonyesha wakati. Mfano: Utakapokuja utanikuta nikisoma. Hata hivyo, ‘po’ huwa haionyeshi wakati kamili wa kutendeka kwa kitendo hadi pale itakapoandamana na viambishi vingine; ‘napo’- wakati uliopo, ‘takapo’ – wakati ujao, ‘lipo’-wakati uliopita. Mifano katika sentensi: Anapokula hazungumzi; Atakapofika tutamlaki kwa shangwe; Alipomwona alimfanya tambiko la risasi.
Mwl Maeda
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DHIMA KUU YA VIAMBISHI VYA KISWAHILI - by MwlMaeda - 11-28-2021, 11:31 AM

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