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HISTORIA YA NADHARIA YA FASIHI SIMULIZI

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HISTORIA YA NADHARIA YA FASIHI SIMULIZI
#1
NADHARIA ZA FASIHI SIMULIZI
Nadharia huchukuliwa kuwa dira ya kumwongoza mtafiti au mchambuzi kulikabili na kulielezea vyema jambo fulani kwa tazamao unaotazamiwa kuwa imara zaidi kuliko ule wa nadharia nyingine. Nadharia hutoa mwongozo katika utatuzi wa jambo fulani ambalo halijaweza kuhakikishwa ukweli wake. Ni mawazo, maelezo au mwongozo uliopangwa ili kusaidia kutatua au kutekeleza jambo fulani, kwa upande wetu jambo la kifasihi simulizi.
HISTORIA YA NADHARIA YA FASIHI SIMULIZI
Historia ya nadharia ya fasihi simulizi ilianza katika elimu ya ushairi, balagha n.k. ya Wagiriki toka karne ya 18. Katika karne ya 20 nadharia hii imekuwa ni mkabala mkubwa katika usomaji wa matini. Kuna nadharia mbalimbali za kifasihi kama vile Umuundo, Umarksi, Ufeministi nk.
Hivyo, tunaweza kujumuisha kuwa nadharia ya fasihi simulizi ni chombo kinachotoa mwongozo kuhusu mwelekeo wa jamii fulani. Hii ina maana kwamba ni mwangaza unaoimulika jamii juu ya mazingira na fikra zake. Kwa hali hiyo basi, nadharia hii haina budi kuzibainisha sifa na ushirikiano wa jamii husika.
Kuingia kwa ukoloni mamboleo kumefanya fikra na maarifa kutoka nje zitukuzwe na kuabudiwa huku fikra za ndani zikidumazwa kila kukicha. Kwa kufanya hivyo nadharia hizi zimeweza kuleta mabadiliko katika nadharia asilia zilizokuwepo. Kwa mfano; utamaduni wetu wa asili kama vile ususi, ufinyanzi, jando na unyago, nk zimebadilika baada ya kuingia kwa ukoloni mamboleo.
Hata hivyo, wahakiki wa Magharibi na Kiafrika wameangalia mambo mengi yaliyoikabili fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika kama tutavyoona katika nadharia za fasihi simulizi tutakazopitia.
Nadharia za Fasihi simulizi tutakazojadili katika kozi hii ni hizi zifuatazo:
1: Nadharia za kitandawazi
  • Nadharia ya Ubadilikaji Taratibu (Evolutionalism Theory)

  • Nadharia ya Msambao (Diffusionism Theory)

  • Nadharia ya Kisosholojia (Sociological Theory)
2: Nadharia za kitaifa
3: Nadharia Hulutishi
1. Nadharia za Kitandawazi
 Ubadilikaji Taratibu “Evolutionalism”
Mfuasi wa nadharia hii ni Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ambapo hoja zake zilikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa kwa wanafunzi waliokuwa wakijifunza kuhusu utamaduni kama vile Edward Burnet Tylor (1832-1917) na James George Frazer (1854-1941). Wote hawa waliamini juu ya misingi anuwai kuhusu kanuni zinazoongoza asili na maendeleo ya utamaduni wa mwanadamu.
Kundi hili liliona kuwa dhana ya ubadilikaji taratibu misingi yake mikuu ni viumbe hai. Wanaona kwamba viumbe hai vyote vinakuwa katika mchakato wa mabadiliko mbalimbali hadi kufikia maumbo vilivyonayo sasa.
Wanaedelea kusema kuwa kuna kanuni ambazo ni muhimu sana zinazochangia makuzi ya kanuni za binadamu. Wakaona kuwa kuna ukoo, akili au asili au jamii moja ambayo imezagaa ulimwenguni kote, na kama uchunguzi utafanywa wa kuchunguza jamii mbili kiutamaduni katika kipindi kilekile cha mabadiliko, itabainika kuwa elimu zao zina tabia zinazofanana.
Wanaendelea kusema kwamba, ili kuelewa jamii moja kwa ujumla ni vyema kulinganisha na jamii nyingine ya aina hiyo kwa kipindi kilekile cha ukuaji. Kwa mfano kuchunguza ngano za kijadi katika makabila mbalimbali ya Kusini kama vile uchawi na miviga na kulinganisha na jamii za Kiafrika.
Kwa ujumla katika nadharia hii tunabaini kuwa nadharia hii ilitawaliwa na mbinu linganishi (comparative methods).
Kwa mfano Frazer (kazi yake ni The Golden Bough ambayo ilikuwa katika majuzuu 13), alitafiti sanaa jadi ya Waitalia. Katika utafiti wake yeye alijihusisha na kutafiti chimbuko la matambiko ya uchawi na dini huko Italia. Alichokuwa anataka kuthibitisha kuhusu jamii ya Waitalia ni kwamba asili ya dini inapatikana katika magical rites za mtu wa kale.
Pamoja na watafiti wenzake, walikuja kama watawala na kuchunguza mila na desturi za Kiafrika ili kuzilinganisha na utafiti kama huo aliokuwa akiufanya huko kwao. Walitafiti na kuchunguza  jamii ndogo ndogo za Kiafrika na kisha kufanya ulinganishi. Kwa ujumla wataalamu hao walikusanya, walitathimni fani mbalimbali za Kiafrika kama vile ngano, nyimbo, vitendawili, methali na aina nyingine, za FS katika jamii mbalimbali za Kiafrika. Baadhi ya watawala wataaluma wa kikoloni walitafiti kuhusu fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika chini ya usimamizi wa Frazer ni pamoja na;
John Roscoe ambaye alitafiti jamii ya Baganda- Uganda.
Edwin Smith & Andrew Dale ambao walitafiti jamii ya Ila- Zambia.
Reverend Henri Junod- Tonga, Afrika Kusini
Robert Rattray- Akan-Ghana, pia Hausa- Nigeria
P. Amaury Talbot- Ekoi- Nigeria (Southeastern Nigeria)
H. Chatelain- Angola. Chatelain akichunguza kuhusu ngano za Angola na za Afrika kwa jumla, aligundua kuwa ngano za Kiafrika ni tawi toka mti mmoja wa ulimwengu.
Mwisho, wote kwa pamoja walihitimisha kuwa watu wa Afrika ni sawa na watu wengine popote pale ulimwenguni.
CHANGAMOTO
Dhana hii ya ubadilikaji taratibu iliathiri mbinu na matokeo ya utafiti wao kwa njia tofautitofauti kama vile:
Ø  Kila kilichokusanywa katika fasihi simulizi kilihesabika kama masalia ya zamani au mabaki ya fasihi zilizotangulia.
Ø  Kadri fani hizo zilivyorithishwa kwa njia ya mdomo toka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine ndivyo zilivyozidi kupoteza sifa mahsusi za ubora, zilichuja na kuchujuka
Ø  Chochote kilichosalia lazima kitakuwa na dosari fulani tofauti na kitu halisi cha zamani
Ø  Walijihusisha mno na maudhui na kamwe hawakujihusisha na sifa za kifani kama vile miundo na mitindo ya fani husika. Hii ni kutokana na ukweli kwamba lengo lao lilikuwa ni kufahamu hali halisi ya utamaduni wa jamii za watu wasiostaarabika na historia yao. Ili kuyafahamu haya waliona kuwa ni bora kupata muhtasari tu wa maudhui yanayojadiliwa ndani ya fasihi simulizi ya jamii husika na sio kujihusisha na fani ya fs hiyo
Ø  Hawakuoa umuhimu wa fanani na mtambaji: “no creator, no author of such tales,…….as a product of joint or communal authorship.”
Ø  Pia waliziona kazi za fasihi simulizi za Kiafrika kwamba hazina mwenyewe kwa kuwa ni mali ya jamii nzima. Walisema kwamba, ijapokuwa fasihi simulizi ni mali ya jamii, lakini sio kwa kiwango hicho walichokisema wao. Walisisitiza kuwa si kila mzungumzaji anaweza kuwa fanani wa fasihi simulizi. Wao walilipuuza suala la upekee wa muktadha.
HITIMISHO
Kimsingi, ilikuwa vigumu sana kupata matokeo sahihi katika uchunguzi ulioongozwa na misingi ya kiuibukaji. Hii ni kutokana na mbinu batili zilizotumika pamoja na kuongozwa na malengo muflisi na finyu kuhusu umbile la jamii za Kiafrika kwa jumla. Leo hii nadharia hii haitumiki tena katika mijadala ya fasihi simulizi. Wakoloni waliitumia kama njia ya kuhalalisha suala la uvamizi na ukoloni barani Afrika.
Nadharia ya Msambao “Diffusionism Theory”
Iliongozwa na mawazo na ushawishi wa Grimms na Thompson
Ni nadharia iliyopingana na nadharia ya ubadilikaji taratibu tuliyoona hapo juu. Wana ubadilikaji taratibu waliamini kuwa;
Ikiwa ngano mbili kutoka katika jamii mbili tofauti zimeonyesha kufanana kwa namna fulani za kimuundo au kimaudui ni kwa sababu wanadamu ulimwenguni kote wanamkondo mmoja wa mawazo na kufikiri kwao ni kwa namna moja, na kwamba ngano hiyo inasawiri hatua sawa za maendeleo ya kiutamaduni katika jamii husika.
Tofauti na wanaubadilikaji, wanamsambao wangeamini kuwa;
Pale ambapo kufanana kwa namna hiyo kutatokea, sababu ya msingi ya kuwapo kwa mfanano huo ni kuwa katika kipindi fulani hapo zamani sana jamii hizo mbili ziliwahi kukutana kwa namna fulani, makutano baina ya jamii hizo yalisababisha hali ya kuazimana kwa baadhi ya mila na tamaduni (mawazo) mojawapo ya jamii husika.
Watafiti hawa waliangalia mila na desturi za jamii zilivyokuwa zikikua na kusema kuwa zilikua kutokana na msukumo wa asili na lugha za Ulaya. Walikubaliana kwa sehemu kubwa kuwa asili ya mila, desturi na aina nyingine za utamaduni zinapatikana India, na walitaka kutafiti ni kwa kiasi gani utamaduni huu wa Indo-European ulikuwa umesambaa duniani.
Wana msambao nao walitumia mbinu ya ulinganishi kama walivyofanya wanaubadilikaji taratibu. Kazi ya utafiti ilihimizwa na wajerumani ambao ni Jacob na Wilhelm Grimm ambao walikusanya ngano nyingi kutoka India na kutoka katika nchi yao.
Jacob na Wilhelm Grimm: Walitafiti ngano kutoka India na Afrika, na walihitimisha kwamba, kuna kufanana kwa ngano za India na Ulaya. Wakatoa maamuzi ya kwamba, hadithi za Kiafrika ni chimbuko kutoka kwa wazazi wenye asili na utamaduni wa India na Ulaya. Hivyo, dhana yao hiyo waliifikia kutokana na kuifanyia kazi dhana potofu, kwani kila bara lina utamaduni, mila na desturi zake. Aidha waliliona bara la Afrika kama bara ambalo halijastaarabika.
Stith Thompson:  Yeye aliwaunga mkono akina Jacob na Wilhelm. Katika kitabu chake cha The Folktale (1946:438)anapendekeza kuwa panapotokea kufanana kati ya ngano/hadithi za Ulaya na za Afrika, zinaweza kuelezewa kuwa huenda hadithi/ngano hizo zililetwa na Wazungu wakati wa utumwa.
Mawazo yao kwa ujumla ni kuwa;
Ø  Utamaduni unaweza kusambaa tu kutoka katika jamii imara na maarufu tena yenye nguvu kuelekea kwenye utamaduni wa jamii iliyo kinyume chake “from superior to an inferior people)
Ø  Ikiwa kulikuwa na kufanana kwa namna yoyote katika ngano zilizopatikana Afrika na Ulaya kwa mfano, lazima moja kati ya jamii hizo ni dhaifu kuliko nyingine,  na jamii dhaifu….Afrika, ilihali jamii imara… ulaya
Ø  Yote haya yangeweza kuelezwa tu kwa misingi ya ukweli kuwa jamii za Ulaya zilileta mambo hayo Afrika kutokea Ulaya kipindi cha biashara ya Watumwa (Thompson 1946:438)
Tafiti ziliendelea kufanyika baada ya Jacob, Grimm na Thompson ambapo bara la Afrika lilionekana kuwa bara lenye giza na hivyo kukaonekana haja ya kuanzisha dini ya Kikristo na teknolojia ya Ulaya barani Afrika ili Afrika iondokane na giza hilo.
Kwahiyo tunaweza kuona namna kila kitu cha Afrika ikiwemo fasihi simulizi yake vilivyodidimizwa na watawala hawa wa kikoloni.
Mapungufu
Tunaweza kusema kwamba, ingawa walijitahidi kuipa hadhi fasihi simulizi kwa kusisitiza upekee wa muktadha, hawakuchunguza kwa undani sifa za kisanaa za fasihi simulizi. Pia walijishughulisha na muhtasari tu wa simulizi walizochunguza, na hivyo ni dhahiri kwamba kuna vipengele vingine muhimu vya Fasihi Simulizi ya Kiafrika ambavyo havikutiliwa maanani..
Hitimisho
Ø  Bado tafiti za namna hii hapa Afrika zinaendelea lkn mkabala na malengo ni tofauti
Ø  Ule upendeleo uliokuwepo hapo zamani sasa umeondoka
Ø  Sasa wanajihusisha na kutafiti msambao wa ngano na vipengele (units) vyake ndani ya tamaduni mbalimbali, katika bara la Afrika.  Kama vile asili ya ngano za Kiafrika zinazosimuliwa katika Marekani ya Kusini na Kaskazini
Nadhari ya Sosholojia ‘Sociological Theory’
Mihimili ya Nadharia hii
(a) Umahsusi na sio umajumui
·  Ilikuwa mahususi zaidi kuliko nadharia zilizotangulia: badala ya kujikita katika taaluma ya sanaa jadi kwa ujumla (maumbile ya mwanadamu na utamaduni wa mwanadamu) kama walivyofanya wanadharia wa zamani, nadharia ya usosholojia ilijikita katika jamii peke yake.
·     Hii ilikuwa baada ya kugundua dosari zilizofanywa hapo kabla; dosari za kutoa matamko ya juu juu na ya kijumla zaidi
Ø  Kauli hizo mara nyingi zilitupilia mbali vipengele fulani vya maisha kmv lugha na mienendo mingine….. hakika viliitofautisha jamii moja dhidi ya nyingine
Ø  Kwao, tofauti zilizokuwepo baina ya jamii moja na nyingine zilikuwa na maana zaidi kuliko kufanana kulikokuwepo
·   Kwa hiyo wanasosholojia waliazimia kuchunguza kila jamii kwa wakati na nafasi yake, kwa kurekodi kila kilichopatikana katika jamii husika (sanaa jadi yao).
·      Wataalamu mbalimbali walioongoza jitihada hizi ni pamoja na hawa wafuatao
Ø  Bronislaw Malinowski na A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (Uingereza)
Hawa walichunguza jamii mbalimbali katika Pasifiki, na waliandika mengi kuhusu jamii hizo. Jamii hizo ni pamoja na visiwa vya Trobriand na Andaman mutawalia
Ø  Franz Boas (Marekani)
Huyu alichunguza jamii za wenyeji wa Marekani
·  Wapo pia wataalamu wengi waliofanya utafiti wao, na kuandikia kuhusu jamii za Kiafrika ambao ni pamoja na hawa wafuatao
i. E.E. Evans-Pritchard………Nuer (Sudani)
ii. Geoffrey Lienhardt……..Dinka (Sudani)
iii. William Boscom…….Yoruba (Nigeria)
iv. S.F. Nadel………..Nupe (Nigeria)
v. Marcel Griaule……….Dogon (Burkina Faso)
Ingawa hata kabla ya wataalamu hawa, kulikwishakuwepo wataalamu wengine waliotafiti na kuandika kuhusu FS ya kiafrika lakini wataalamu hao waliongozwa na mawazo ya kiubadilikaji taratibu zaidi
(b) Mkazo katika Utendaji
-Tofauti na ilivyokuwa kwa wananadharia wa nadharia zilizotangulia ambao hawaku…. “They were not interested in studying the performers of oral tradition” wanasosholojia waliweka msisitizo katika kuchunguza PERFORMERS/watendaji wa fani mbalimbali za FS. Kutokana na msisitizo wao huu imebainika kuwa
*Fanani wa FSwanaujuzi na ustadi wa kiutendaji katika sanaa husika (ubunifu wao ni mkubwa sana).Jambo hili… limetusogeza mbele kidogo ktk kuielewa FS
*Wanasosholojia walidiriki na kuthubutu kudokeza kuhusu sifa za ndani za kimtindo katika FS ya kiafrika
© Msisitizo juu ya dhima ya Fasihi Simulizi katika jamii
Ø  Tofauti na ilivyokuwa imedhaniwa hapo mwanzo kuwa FS ni mabaki tu ya zamani na kwamba hayakuwa na umuhimu wowote katika maisha ya jamii katika zama za kisasa, wanasosholojia waliamini kuwa uamilifu wa FS uko hai na haufi na kwamba unabadilika kulingana na maendeleo ya jamii husika. Dhima hizo ni pamoja na “DHIMA ZA KIJAMII ZA FS…KWA MUJIBU WA WANASOSHOLOJIA”
–          FS ni kama Encyclopedia ya hekima za jamii husika
Hii ni kwa mujibu wa Bascom 1959 ambaye alifanya utafiti katika Poetry of Divination katika jamii za Wayoruba wa Nigeria
–          FS ni nyenzo muafaka ya kurekodia hatua mbalimbali za maendeleo ya jamii husika. Aylward Shorter 1969…..the tales of origin katika jamii ya Wakimbu Tanzania
–          FS inasaidia na imeendelea kusaidia kuimarisha ‘authority of statement or a custom in situation kama vile katika mahakama au contests for Chieftaincy. J.C. Massenger…..Anang of Nigeria 1958, J.B. Christenseu……Fante of Ghana 1958. Hawa walichunguza Methali katika jamii zilizotajwa
·         CHANGAMOTO ZAKE…….Pamoja na uzuri uliotajwa bado kuna changamoto kadhaa
Ø  Given far less time to illuminating and analyzing the artistic properties of African OL
Ø  They have published tale, in flat, unimpressive prose,  eliminating features of oral style (repetition and exclamation)
Ø  They have done few carefully analyses of techniques of the original language that appealed to the audience of the tale in the first place
Ø  The circumstances surrounding the performance of the tale (ushiriki wa hadhira, matumizi ya ala za muziki, nk) not reported
Ø  Hata pale ambapo wamejaribu kuuleza vyema muktadha huu, umuhimu na nafasi yake katika kufanikisha au kukwamisha ngano husika haujaelezwa
Ø  Ilikuwa vigumu sana kwa kutumia mbinu zao kuona ni kwa vipi ngano kwa mfano inaweza kuwa fasihi
Ø  Pia kutokana na mbinu yao ya kusisitiza umuhimu wa FOLKLORE katika utamaduni wa watu, wataalamu kmv BOSCOM NA BEN-AMOS walisisitiza kuwa “Any judgement of a folk text must be based on the views of the society from which the text come”Wazo hili ni zuri sana lkn, ikiwa kazi za fs ya kiafrika zitaeleza mawazo ya wageni na si ya wenyeji, kmv boscom na amos, ni kwa sababu sanaa hizo zina sifa fulani fulani ambazo zinaenda na kueleza mambo fulani yaliyo mbali na dhana ya uzuri kwa waafrika. Mazingira km haya yakitokea, ni jukumu la mwandishi, ikiwa kweli wanaelewa vyema lugha husika, kufafanua sanaa husika na sifa za sanaa hiyo ilimuradi wageni waikubali sanaa husika na waipokee. Kwa hiyo mkabala wa MUKTADHA WA KIJAMII waliokuwa nao wanasosholijia ulikuwa FINYU SANA….. changamoto ya kiuhakiki ktk kazi za kifasihi
·         HITIMISHO………..Hata kabla ya wataalamu hawa kufanya uchunguzi wa kisosholojia, walishakuwepo wataalamu wa mwanzo kama vile…………………….. ambao walifanya uchunguzi wa kisosholojia.
Ø  Tofauti kubwa ni kuwa wale wa mwanzo waliongozwa na mawazo ya kiuibukaji
Ø  Waliongozwa na kuhamasishwa na ….kizazi cha Franzer.
Ø  Hawa wa baadaye walijihusisha na kuhamasika zaidi na “ HISTORIES OF THE CULTURES THEY STUDIED
Ø  PIA waliongozwa na kuhamasishwa na mawazo ya Malinowski
Ø  Pia hawa wa baadaye walitilia mkazo matumizi na uamilifu wa sanaa jadi za kiafrika katika jamii “SOCIETAL FUNCTIONS OF OL
Ø  Hata hivyo, bado wataalamu hawa hawakufanikiwa au hitimisho lao halikuendana na tathimini ya karibu na kina kuhusu material walizozikusanya. Hii ni kwa sababu hawakuwa na ujuzi wa kutosha katika lugha za jamii za kiafrika
Mwl Maeda
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HISTORIA YA NADHARIA YA FASIHI SIMULIZI - by MwlMaeda - 10-26-2021, 02:09 PM

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