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UHUSIANO ULIOPO KATI YA LUGHA NA UTAMADUNI

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UHUSIANO ULIOPO KATI YA LUGHA NA UTAMADUNI
#1
UHUSIANO ULIOPO KATI YA LUGHA NA UTAMADUNI
UTAMADUNI  wa  wanajamii  fulani  huelekeza  kwa  kiasi  kikubwa  jinsi  lugha  inavyotumiwa  na  jamii  husika.
Waama,  lugha  na  utamaduni  wa  watu  ni  vitu  viwili  changamano  mno ambavyo  haviwezi  kutenganishwa  kwa  urahisi.  Uvurugaji  wa  utamaduni  wa  watu  utamaanisha  uvurugaji  wa  lugha  yao  vilevile.  Utamaduni  hutuwezesha  kufahamuni kwa kiasi gani kaida, maadili na  kanuni  zinavyoelekeza  namna  lugha inavyopaswa  kutumiwa  na  kusarifiwa   katika  jamii  ili  kudhihirisha  umilisi  wkimawasiliano.
Tasfida
Utamaduni  huo  unaweza  kuwaasa  wanajamii  wasiyatumie  maneno  au  msamiati  ambao  unachukuliwa  kuwa  mwiko  katika  jamii.  Mathalani,  katika  takriban  jamii  zote  za  Kiafrika,  kunao  msemo  wa  adabu  unaopaswa  kutumiwa  kuonyesha  kitendo  cha  mama  mjamzito  kujikopoa  mwana.  Kitendo hicho  hutofautiana  na  kile cha mnyama  kuzaa. Waswahili  husema  kwamba  fulani  amejifungua   wala  si   kuwa  fulani  amezaa   ilhali  jamii  ya  Wakamba  husema,  ‘Nimusyai’  wakiwa  na  maana  kuwa  mwafulani  amekuwa   mzazi.   Jamii  ya  Wakikuyu  hutumia  msemo, ‘Nu1FD9arateithu1FD9kire’  ambao  una  tafsiri  ya ‘amesaidika’.   Katika  jamii  ya  Abagusii,   msemo  unaoafiki   maana  ya  ‘amejifungua’  ni   ‘Ogonkirie’  nayo  fasiri  ya  kitenzi,  ‘gonkia’  ni   kunyonyesha.  Jamii  ya  Waluo  hutumia  msemo,  ‘Okonyore’  ukiwa na  maana  ileile  ya  ‘amejifungua’.
Kuisarifu   lugha kwa namna  hii  kutoka  jamii  moja  hadi  nyingine  ndiko  kunakojulikana  katika  lugha  ya  Kiswahili  kama  matumizi  ya  tasfida.  Lugha  inapotumia   tasfida  husemekana  kuonyesha  hadhi  na  heshima  kwa  anayerejelewa  au  kinachorejelewa  katika   mazingira   mahususi.   Vinginevyo,  tasfida  inapopuuzwa,  husemekana  kwamba  lugha  imekiuka   kaida  na  kanuni  muhimu  zinazotakikana  kuwepo  ili  kufikia  umilisi   wa  kimawasiliano (communicative  competence).
Hivyo   basi,  katika  muktadha   huo,  lugha  husemekana  kuchukiza  au  ‘kuchafua  roho’.  Matumizi   ya  msamiati  mwingine  huenda  yasilenge   kuondoa  udhia  au  chukizo  kwa  kinachorejelewa  lakini   hudhamiriwa   tu  kuonyesha  huruma   au  ugeuzi-nafsi (empathy)  kwa  warejelewa. Hebu  tuchukue  mfano  wa   msamiati  ‘marehemu’.  Katika  lugha  ya  Kiswahili,  msamiati  huu  hutangulizwa   katika  usemi  pale  ambapo  mzungumzaji  anamwomba   Mungu  amwonee  huruma  yeyote  aliyeaga  dunia  kabla  ya  kulitaja  jina  lake.  Vivyo  hivyo,  jamii  tofauti  huwa  na  msamiati  tofauti   wa  kuwarejelea   wote   wanaohitaji  kuhurumiwa  au  kuonewa  huruma  na   jamii  husika.  Kwa   mfano,   jamii  ya   Abagusii  hutumia  maneno, ‘Chintakana’  na   ‘Ababoraka’   kuwarejelea  mayatima   na  wajane  katika  mtawalia  huo.  Maneno  hayo  yanapotumika   katika  hali  hiyo,  huvutia  hisia  za  huruma  na  hata  wakati  mwingine  huwanasihi    watu  kuwa  radhi  kuwafaa.
Utamaduni huelekeza matumizi ya lugha
Utamaduni  huelekeza  namna  jinsia  au rika  fulani  linavyotarajiwa  kuitumia  lugha  na  kwa kiasi  fulani  ishara  ambazo  rika  hilo  au  jinsia  hiyo  inapaswa  kuziambatanisha  na  ujumbe  unaowasilishwa.  Kwa  mfano,  katika  jamii  fulani,  inatarajiwa  kuwa  msichana   anapoongea  na  mwanamume, anapaswa  kuonyesha  haya  usoni,  kutazamatazama chini  na  kuchora  ardhini  kwa  vidole   vya  miguu  au  kuyapura  majani  ya  mmea  ama  kuumauma  kucha  za  vyanda  vyake  vya  mikono. Kwa  upande   mwingine,  watoto  hawapaswi  kuwakata  kalima  watu  wazima  wanapoongea  au   hata  kuwajibiza  moja kwa moja.  Mwanamke   naye  hana  uhuru  wa  kusema  mbele  ya  mume  wake  hadi  pale  atakapopewa  idhini   na  mumewe  kufanya  hivyo.  Vivyo  hivyo,  katika jamii  nyingi  za  Kiafrika,  anayetarajiwa  kumshawishi  mwanamke  au  msichana,  ni  mwanamume  au  mvulana  na  wala  si  kinyume  chake.
Udhaifu
Katika  jamii  hizo,  huchukuliwa  kama  kitendo  cha  udhaifu  mwanamke  au  msichana  anapokuwa  wa  kwanza  kumshawishi   mvulana  au  mwanamume.
Utamaduni   huonyesha  jinsi  mahusiano   baina  ya  watu  yanavyoweza  kuelekeza   lugha  wanayopaswa  kuitumia  katika  miktadha  maalum.   Mathalani,  wakazawana   wanatarajiwa  kujichukulia  kwa  namna  fulani  wanapozungumza  na  wakwe   zao.  Kwa   upande  mwingine,  watani  huwa  na  uhuru  mwingi  wa  kuitumia  lugha  kwa  namna  wapendavyo.   Baadhi  ya  msamiati   na   misemo   ambayo  haitumiki  aghalabu  au   imepigwa  marufuku  kwa  sababu   ya  kuchukuliwa  kama  mwiko,  huja   wakati   ikatokomea  kabisa   kutoka  katika  jamii  husika.  Lugha  na  utamaduni   wa  watu  ni   kama  kinu   na  mchi.
Mwl Maeda
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UHUSIANO ULIOPO KATI YA LUGHA NA UTAMADUNI - by MwlMaeda - 09-06-2021, 10:46 AM

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