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NI UPOTOSHAJI KUDAI KUWA KISWAHILI NI KIARABU

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NI UPOTOSHAJI KUDAI KUWA KISWAHILI NI KIARABU
#1
Kwa Muhtasari
Mjadala kuhusu asili ya Kiswahili umezamiwa na wataalamu mbalimbali na wametumia vigezo mbalimbali kuthibitisha madai yao.
Wapo wanaisimu wanaodai kuwa Kiswahili ni Kiarabu na wanaoshadidia dai hili.
Kigezo kimojawapo wanchokitumia ni cha msamiati, kwamba Kiswahili kina msamiati mwingi wa Kiarabu na kwa hiyo basi chimbuko na asili yake ni Kiarabu.
Kwa kweli dai hili halina mashiko.
Kabla sijaanza kufafanua msimamo wangu, ni vyema tukaangalia fasili ya dhana muhimu kama zinavyojitokeza katika swali la mjadala.
Dhana hizo ni kama zifuatazo:
Istilahi ‘asili’ kwa mujibu wa Massamba na wenzake (1999:3) ni jinsi kitu au jambo lilivyotokea au lilivyoanza.
Fasili hii ni nzuri na inajitosheleza kwa maana kwamba jambo au kitu kinaweza kutokea kibahati nasibu kama ilivyo katika lugha au linaweza kuanzishwa.
Kwa mujibu wa TUKI (2004) ‘msamiati’ ni jumla ya maneno katika lugha.
Fasili hii iko wazi kwamba jumla ya maneno yote katika lugha ndiyo huunda msamiati wa lugha yoyote iwayo.
Wataalamu wanaodai kuwa Kiswahili ni Kiarabu kwa kutumia kigezo cha msamiati, hoja zao ni kama zifuatazo:
Khalid (2005) anasema kuwa neno lenyewe ‘Kiswahili’ limetokana na neno la Kiarabu “Sahil” katika umoja ambalo wingi wake ni “Sawahili” likiwa na maana ya ‘pwani’ au ‘upwa’.
Hivyo kutokana na jina la lugha hii ya Kiswahili kuwa na asili ya neno la Kiarabu “Sahil” hivyo hudai kuwa Kiswahili ni Kiarabu.
Khalid anaendelea kusema kuwa Kiswahili kina msamiati mwingi wenye asili ya Kiarabu.
Hapa ni baadhi ya mifano ya msamiati wa Kiswahili wenye asili ya Kiarabu kama alivyobainisha Khalid:
Maneno yanayoashiria muda
Asubuhi
Dakika
Wakati
Alfajiri
Karne
Alasiri
Magharibi
Saa
Maneno yanayoonesha nambari au tarakimu
Nusu
Robo
Sita
Saba
Tisa
Ishirini
Thelathini
Arobaini
Hamsini
Sitini
Sabini
Themanini
Tisini
Mia
Elfu
Mtandao wa ‘jamiiforum’ pia umeonesha mifano ya msamiati wa Kiswahili wenye asili ya Kiarabu kama ifuatavyo:
Dirisha – Drisha
Karatasi – Kartasi
Debe – Dabba
Samaki – Samak
Mustakabali – Mustakabal
Madarasa – Madrasa.
Lodh (2000:97) naye anasema kiasi kikubwa cha nomino za Kiswahili zimetokana na mizizi ya maneno ya Kiarabu. Mifano ya maneno hayo ni kama yafuatayo:
Hesabu/hisabu mahisabu/hisabati
Harka – Harakati
Safir – Safiri
Safar – Msafara
Fikiri – Fikara/Fikra.
Udhaifu wa kigezo hiki
Hata hivyo kigezo hiki cha msamiati kina udhaifu.
Massamba (2002) ameonyesha udhaifu wa kigezo hiki kuwa ni pamoja na kwamba hakuna ushahidi wowote wa kitakwimu ambao unaonyesha idadi ya maneno ya Kiarabu yaliyopo katika lugha ya Kiswahili yanayoweza kuhitimisha kuwa Kiswahili ni Kiarabu.
Kigezo cha msamiati pekee yake hakijitoshelezi kuelezea kuwa Kiswahili ni Kiarabu.
Wanaisimu walipaswa waangalie vigezo vingine kama vile kigezo cha kihistoria kwa kuchunguza masimulizi mbalimbali ya kale na kigezo cha kiisimu.
Katika kigezo hiki walipaswa kuchunguza fonolojia, mofolojia na sintaksia ya Kiswahili kwa kulinganisha na Kiarabu na ndipo wangepata hitimisho sahihi ya madai yao.
Vilevile kigezo hiki cha msamiati hakina mashiko kwa sababu lugha ina tabia ya kuathiriana.
Lugha huathiriana na lugha nyingine endapo kutakuwa na mwingiliano baina ya wanajamii lugha hizo.
Kwa mfano Kiswahili kimetokea kuathiriana na Kiarabu kutokana na uhusiano uliokuwepo hapo zamani katika biashara kati ya Waarabu na watu wa upwa wa Afrika Mashariki na hii ikapelekea msamiati wa Kiarabu kuingia katika lugha ya Kiswahili.
Kiswahili si Kiarabu
Hivyo kwa hoja hii hatuwezi kusema Kiswahili ni Kiarabu kwa sababu msamiati wa Kiarabu unaonekana katika lugha ya Kiswahili.
Hata hivyo si lugha ya Kiarabu tu ambayo msamiati wake unaonekana katika Kiswahili.
Vilevile kuna msamiati wa lugha nyingine za kigeni katika Kiswahili, kwa mfano, maneno yenye asili ya Kireno katika Kiswahili ni kama vile ‘meza’, ‘gereza’ na ‘leso’.
Pia yapo maneno yenye asili ya Kijerumani kwa mfano ‘hela’ na ‘shule’ na mengine mengi yenye asili ya Kiingereza kama vile ‘mashine’, ‘televisheni’, ‘sekondari’, ‘redio’, ‘kompyuta’ nk.
Basi ingekuwa kwamba kipimo cha kuhusisha Kiswahili na Kiarabu ni kiwango cha msamiati wa kigeni kuonekana kwenye lugha fulani ya kigeni, basi tungesema pia Kiswahili ni Kiingereza kwa sababu msamiati mwingi tu wa Kiingereza unonekana katika Kiswahili.
Pia kigezo hiki kinaonekana kuwa ni dhaifu kwa sababu hawakufanya utafiti katika nyanja zote za matumizi ya lugha kwa mfano msamiati unaotumika katika nyanja za elimu, afya, teknolojia, utamaduni na kadhalika.
Kwa hiyo madai haya yanaonekana kutokuwa na mashiko kwa ufinyu wa utafiti wayo.
Kutokana na kigezo hiki cha msamiati kutokuwa na mashiko kuhitimisha kuwa Kiswahili ni Kiarabu, basi hatuna budi kusema kuwa Kiswahili si Kiarabu!
Mwl Maeda
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NI UPOTOSHAJI KUDAI KUWA KISWAHILI NI KIARABU - by MwlMaeda - 09-03-2021, 03:12 PM

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