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VUTA N’KUVUTE YA SHAFI ADAM SHAFI

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VUTA N’KUVUTE YA SHAFI ADAM SHAFI
#1
Vuta N’Kuvute ya Shafi Adam Shafi
Kwa miongo mingi sasa, wahakiki wa kazi za fasihi wamezisifu kazi za waandishi wa Kizanzibari kwa sifa tele. Kwa mfano, akirejea riwaya za Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed, Said Ahmed Mohamed na Shafi Adam Shafi, M. M. Mulokozi aliandika mwaka 1985: “Maendeleo muhimu kabisa, na pengine ya kufurahisha sana, katika kazi za fasihi za Kiswahili katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980, ni kuibuka kwa Zanzibar kama mtoaji bora kabisa wa kazi za Kiswahili kuwahi kutokea hadi sasa, na kiongozi wa wazi wa riwaya za Kiswahili katika siku zijazo.”
Hisia kama hizi zinaelezewa pia na R. Ohly ambaye, baada ya kukumbana na riwaya zilizoandikwa na waandishi wa Kizanzibari na wale wa Kitanzania na Kikenya baina ya mwaka 1975 na 1981, amezielezea riwaya za Kizanzibari kama changamoto kubwa kwa uwezo wa kisanaa kwa waandishi wengine wa Kiswahili.
Ingawa mnasaba uliotumiwa na Ohly unaweza kujadilika kwa kujikita kwake na kazi zilizotolewa Bara hasa hadithi fupi fupi na kuwaacha waandishi wenye vipaji kama vile Euphrase Kezilahabi au Claude Mung’ong’o, uhakiki wake bado umezungumzia sifa kuu za riwaya za Kizanzibari, yaani kujikita sana kwenye masuala ya kihistoria na kijamii, pamoja na utajiri wa lugha mwanana na kutokufanya mzaha kwenye masuala ya fani.
Sifa hizi za fani zinashabihiana sana na riwaya ya ‘Vuta N’kuvute’ iliyoandikwa na Shafi Adam Shafi na kuchapishwa mwaka 1999, ambayo ndiyo shughuliko la uhakiki huu.
Waandishi wa Kizanzibari mara kadhaa wameandika riwaya za kihistoria, wakizikita simulizi zao katika zama za ukoloni ama za kabla ya Mapinduzi visiwani humo. Kufuatia hali hiyo, matukio kwenye ‘Vuta N’kuvute’ nayo yanazungumzia siku za mwisho mwisho za ukoloni visiwani Zanzibar.
Mandhari ya riwaya hii ni changamano sana, maisha ya dhiki ya wahusika wakuu yanachorwa kupitia matukio kadhaa, wahusika wadogo, matendo ya kuchangamsha, yote yanaunganishwa na mapenzi ya uhuru na kujitawala katika viwango tafauti vya maisha ya kibinafsi, kijamii na kisiasa, na hivyo kuusafirisha ule moyo wa Ujamaa katika muonekano wa kilimwengu zaidi.
Hadithi yenyewe inaanza kwa kumtambulisha msomaji kwa msichana wa Kihindi, Yasmin, ambaye kutokana na mila ya ndoa za kupangwa na wazazi, anakwenda Mombasa na mume wake, mfanyabiashara mzee, Bwana Raza. Lakini Yasmin anaoneshwa kuwa mtu asiye na furaha na mpweke na hatimaye anaasi na kurudi nyumbani, Zanzibar.
Kutabiri matokeo ya makuzi mabaya ni jambo maarufu kwenye riwaya za Kiswahili, ambapo kawaida waandishi huchora mashaka yale yale yanayoathiri maisha ya vijana, hasa wa kike, ama kushindwa hadi kufikia mauti yao au mateso ya kiakili na kimwili kama vile Rosa Mistika au Asumini, au kukimbia mazingira kandamizi kama vile Maimuna na Yasmin, ambapo mote hupelekea maisha mapya kabisa.
Mara tu baada ya kurudi Zanzibar, Yasmin anakataliwa na mjomba wake na anaomba msaada wa shoga yake wa pekee, Mwajumba, msichana wa Kiswahili anayeishi kwenye mitaa ya masikini ya Ng’ambo, ambaye anampokea kwa moyo wote.
Licha ya ukarimu wa Mwajuma, mama yake Yasmin anakataa kumsamehe bintiye sio tu kwa kuiabisha familia kwa kumuasi mumewe, bali pia kwa kujichanganya na Waswahili na hivyo kuvunja khulka ya jamii yake na tafauti za kijamii na kitamaduni zilizojikita sana kwenye unyanyapaa wa sera za kikoloni linapohusika suala la mahusiano kati ya makabila yanayounda jamii kubwa ya Kizanzibari.
Baada ya kukandamizwa kwenye misuguano na ubaguzi wa kijamii huko alikokulia, Yasmin anapata ladha ya maisha mapya wakati akiishi kwa Mwajuma, ambako anagundua maisha yenye wasaa zaidi, mukiwemo ulevi, klabu za usiku na, zaidi ya yote, anapendana na kijana aitwaye Denge.
Denge ni kijana msomi aliyerejea nyumbani akitokea Ulaya akiwa hana chochote zaidi ya digrii yake ya Kirusi na dhamira madhubuti ya kuikomboa nchi yake kutoka kwenye Himaya ya Mwingereza. Yeye na marafiki zake wanaandamwa na polisi kwa kufanya propaganda ya kisiasa na kuingiza kwenye nchi vitabu na magazeti yaliyopigwa marufuku na wakoloni.
Yasmin anajikuta akihusika moja kwa moja katika mapambano kati ya kundi la Denge na polisi, ambao wanajaribu kumlazimisha amsaliti mpenzi wake “mkomunisti” na “kafiri”, lakini anaamua kuwasaidia wanaharakati hao, akiamini wanaandamwa kwa sababu tu wanapigania uhuru.
Kama inavyoelezwa na Denge katika ukurasa wa 68 wa riwaya hii, serikali ya Kiingereza ilijaribu kuwatenganisha wapigania uhuru na wafuasi wao kwa kutumia sera ya wagawe uwatawale:
“Sikiliza Sista, hawa wakoloni na vijibwa vyao ni watu wapumbavu kabisa, kwao kila mtu ni koministi Ukidai haki yako wewe koministi Ukisema kweli wewe koministi Ukipinga kutawaliwa wewe koministi. Kila anayedai haki kwao ni koministi, na sumu yao kubwa wanayoitumia ya kutaka kutenganisha watu kama hao na wananchi wenziwao ni kusema kwamba watu hao wanaowaita makoministl hawaamini Mungu.”
Mapambano ya daima kati ya maafisa wa kikoloni na wapigania uhuru yanaipeleka riwaya hii kwenye upeo wa hadithi ya kusisimua, kurusha roho na hekaya za kijasusi, mtindo ambao uliletwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye riwaya za Kiswahili na Mohamed Said Abdulla (Bwana MSA), ingawa kwenye riwaya hii polisi wamekuwa wahusika wabaya, wanaotumikia maslahi ya kikoloni kibubusa.
Kama inavyoelezewa na Pazi katika ukurasa wa 113, katika mapambano ya kuwania uhuru, ni muhimu kutumia hata njia zisizo za halali kisheria:
“Wakati tunapambana na adui lazima tutumie mbinu zote tunazoweza kuzitumia. Pale inapoyumkinika kutumia mbinu za dhahiri basi tuzitumie kwa kadiri ya uwezo wetu.. Pale ambapo hapana budi ila kutumia njia ya siri kwani mapambano yetu ni ya vuta n’kuvute. Wao wanavutia kule na sisi tunavutia huku na katika mvutano huo hapana suluhisho linaloweza kupatikana isipokuwa kuwa huru. Uhuru ndiyo suluhisho, kwa hivyo lazima tutumie mbinu mbalimbali katika kutafuta suluhisho hilo.”
Jambo la kufurahisha ni kuwa upinzani na mapambano kwenye riwaya hii hayajumuishi vitendo vya kutumia nguvu dhidi ya binaadamu wengine, bali maandamano na mashambulizi dhidi ya alama ya nguvu za kikoloni (kama vile mikahawa iliyotengewa watu wa matabaka fulani tu), kusambaza kazi ambazo zinachukuliwa na serikali kuwa ni haramu na uanzishaji wa gazeti liitwalo Kimbunga.
Mambo yote haya yanaelezewa kwenye Vuta n’kuvute kama kipimo cha majaribu ya mapambano ya kusaka uhuru.
Hapa pia, kama ilivyo kwenye kazi nyingi za Kizanzibari, tunaona uhusiano wa wazi baina ya jina na maudhi, ambao ishara yake inajidhihirisha wazi  kwenye mtiririko wa visa unaomsaidia msomaji kuitafsiri riwaya katika muktadha wa kihistoria.
Katika Vuta n’kuvute, uhuru wa mawazo na kujieleza ni sehemu muhimu ya mapambano ya jumla, lakini baadhi ya wakati pande hizo mbili hukinzana. Kwa mfano, wakati mwengine mtu kusimamia haki yake kwenye mapenzi ni jambo la anasa linapolinganishwa na suala la ulinzi wa nchi, kama anavyoungama Denge katika ukurasa wa 145:
“Yasmin mimi najua kama unanipenda, na mimi nakupenda vile vile, lakini kuna kitu kimoja napenda uelewe. Kuna mapenzi na wajibu wa mtu katika jamii. Kila mtu ana wajibu fulani katika jamii na mimi wajibu wangu mkubwa ni kufanya kila niwezalo kwa kushirikiana na wenzangu ambao wengine unawajua na wengine huwajui ili kuona kwamba nchi hii inakuwa huru. Hii ni kazi ngumu, ina matatizo mengi na inahitaji kujitolea muhanga na mimi ni miongoni mwa hao waliojitolea muhanga kufa, kupona, potelea mbali. Tupo wengi tuliojitolea namna hiyo, tena wengi sana, maelfu.”
Maisha ya Denge yametolewa muhanga kwa kile akiaminicho, ikiwemo kutengwa au kuishi uhamishoni, na Yasmin anapaswa kukubali majaaliwa yake ya upweke, na kushika njia akaenda zake.
Kwa mara nyengine, Yasmin anakabiliwa na upotoshaji wa kikabila. Makutano yake na Bukheti, aliyewahi kuwa jirani yake Mombasa, yanapingwa na familia zote mbili, zikionesha khofu na dharau zao kwake kama mkando.
Anadhalilishwa kwa kila aina ya maneno machafu, kama anavyoibuka na kutoa kauli kwenye ukurasa wa 254:
“Iko wapi heshima ya binadamu, ikiwa Muhindi anamwita Mswahili golo na Mswahili naye anamwita Muhindi ponjoro?”
Upatanishi uliofanywa na marafiki wa zamani wa kifamilia na ambao ni watu wenye mwamko, unasaidia kuzitenga kando dharau hizo; na riwaya hiyo inamalizia kwenye muunganiko wa furaha, unaofunikwa na ghamu ya Yasmin.
Tukio la mwisho lenye kumuacha msomaji na athari kubwa kutoka riwaya hiyo linaelezewa kwa nyimbo ya Kihindi ambayo Yasmin aliisikiliza Mombasa, na kudimka peke yake kutuliza roho yake na pia kuiimba kwenye kundi la taarab kisiwani Unguja.
Daima Yasmin anauchukulia muziki kama kimbilio binafsi na beti za nyimbo hizo zinamkumbusha utamu na ukali wa uhuru.
Fani
Sasa natuangalie baadhi ya vipengele vya usimulizi wa riwaya hii ya Vuta n’kuvute, tukichunguza zaidi muundo wa hadithi yenyewe, mitindo na matumizi ya lugha.
Kama zilivyo kazi nyingi za Kizanzibari, kazi hii ina kiwango kikubwa cha kisanii, ikiwa imejengwa kwa sura fupifupi kumi na nane, zinazokwendana na mjengeko wa matukio, mikasa, na mapigo yanayomfanya msomaji azidi kupata hamu ya kuisoma.
Kipengele cha wakati kwenye riwaya hii kwa jumla kimetumika vyema – ni nadra kukuta matukio yanayoelezewa kwa kurudi nyuma, kama lile la maisha ya Denge barani Ulaya.
Mtiririko wa visa unasimulia hadithi mbalimbali za maisha ya wahusika wakuu, wakati mwengine zinazopishana na wakati mwengine kuoana. Matukio mengi ni muhimu sana kwa mjengeko mzima wa riwaya.
Ufundi huu wa uandishi unaipa riwaya sifa ya kuwa “riwaya ya masimulizi” bila ya kuondosha mantiki ya matukio kama lile la mazingira ya Roger na Salum kumtembelea Mwajuma na ugomvi uliozuka baina ya wanaume hao wawili.
Mwandishi amefanikiwa kwa ustadi mkubwa kuweka mizani baina ya mbinu za kuonesha (ambapo matukio huwa yanasimuliwa na wahusika) na ile ya kuelezea (ambapo matukio yanasimuliwa na msimulizi, yaani mwandishi mwenyewe).
Uwasilishaji wa msimulizi aliye wazi na aliyejificha ni miongoni mwa vipengele vya ubora kwenye kazi za fasihi, na katika riwaya hii tangu awali kabisa msimulizi huyo huonekana kwa sura zote mbili na katika viwango tafauti.
Kwa mfano, riwaya hii imejengwa kwa majibizano – ambapo msimulizi anakuwa haonekani kabisa – sio tu kwenye mazungumzo mafupi mafupi, lakini zaidi kwenye mistari mirefu ya kujenga hoja, lakini wakati mwengine majibizano haya huchukua nafasi muhimu sana katika kutoa taarifa kuhusu wahusika na au ujumbe muhimu, ambao mwandishi anauwasilisha kwa hadhira yake, kama dondoo za Denge na Pazi zilizotajwa hapo juu.
Ndani ya riwaya hii, msomaji anagundua pia matumizi ya kauli zisizo za moja kwa moja, ambako maneno au mawazo yanasimuliwa na msimulizi lakini yakinasibishwa kwa ukaribu sana na mhusika, kama vile kwenye ukurasa wa 49 pale mwandishi anapoelezea namna Yasmin alivyomuona Denge kwa mara ya kwanza:
“Kwa Yasmin huyo alikuwa n’do Mwafrika wa kwanza kuambiwa ametoka Ulaya. Shilingi mbili za kununua ukanda wa kufungia suruali yake zinamshinda, na ile suruali isiyokuwa na pasi aliyovaa imezuiliwa kiunoni kwa tai labda aliyorudi nayo kutoka huko Ulaya, na hivyo viatu alivyovaa, karibu vidole vingine vinataka kuchungulia nje.”
Mwl Maeda
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VUTA N’KUVUTE YA SHAFI ADAM SHAFI - by MwlMaeda - 08-28-2021, 07:58 AM

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