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Kiswahili kina wenyewe, kienee lakini kisitokomee

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Kiswahili kina wenyewe, kienee lakini kisitokomee
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[Image: kiswahili.jpg]
Utangulizi
Kama zilivyo lugha nyingi zilizopata bahati ya kuwa kiunganisho baina ya wazungumzaji kutoka makabila na mataifa mengine, Kiswahili nacho kina wenyewe wenye asili nacho na kina watumiaji wa kawaida.
Wenyewe ni watu wa mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki na baadhi ya visiwa vyake ambao, hata kama wana ndimi nyingi, wanakusanywa kwenye tawi moja la lugha hii. Watumiaji wa kawaida wa Kiswahili wametapakaa kote Afrika Mashariki na Kati na hata nje ya bara la Afrika, ambao kwa idadi wao ni wengi zaidi kuliko watu wenyewe wa mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki.
[Image: ghassassni.jpg?w=259&h=259]
Na Mohammed Ghassani
Nalo hilo si jambo la ajabu kwa lugha iliyopata bahati kama ya Kiswahili. Ni kama ilivyo kwa Kiingereza ambacho idadi ya wanaokitumia kwenye shughuli mbalimbali za maisha zilizo na zisizo rasmi inapindukia ya Waingereza wenyewe.
Kwa hivyo, pamoja na kufurahia kuwa Kiswahili kinazidi kuenea kimatumizi kwenye taasisi rasmi ndani na nje ya Afrika Mashariki, huko kusiifanye lugha hii isiyo na mwenyewe. Watumiaji wa lugha hii, ambao si wenye lugha, wasijipe mamlaka ya kuitawala na kuiamulia vipi iwe, itamkwe ama iandikwe kwa kuwa kwao tu kwenye vyombo vya maamuzi.
Kiswahili kina wenyewe, lakini sio kila mtumiaji wa Kiswahili ni Mswahili, kama vile ambavyo si kila mtumiaji wa Kiingereza ni Mwingereza. Nguvu na mamlaka ya lugha vyapaswa kuwa mikononi mwa wenye lugha yao ili wakati ikienea, isiwe inatokomea na kuangamia.
Uwenyewe wa Lugha: Baina ya Umiliki na Uweledi
Hoja yangu hasa ya msingi ni kwamba, kwanza, wako watu wanaojitambua kuwa ni Waswahili kwa kuwa Kiswahili ndiyo lugha yao ya kuzaliwa (na wakati mwengine ya pekee) na Uswahilini ndipo pao na, pili, wako watu wanaoitwa Waswahili ambao wanakitumia Kiswahili katika shughuli zao mbalimbali za maisha, lakini hawana mizizi ya Uswahilini na hii siyo lugha yao ya kwanza na wala ya pekee.
Wako pia waliozaliwa Uswahilini na Waswahili wenyewe lakini Kiswahili si chao tena maana walihama kimwili au kiakili (au kwa vyote viwili) kutoka pale yalipo mapishi yao, na wako ambao wamezaliwa Uswahilini na wazazi wasiokuwa Waswahili, lakini mapishi yao yote yakawa ya Kiswahili na Uswahili ndio utambulisho wao mkuu.
Haya yote yanahusiana na umiliki wa lugha. Lakini kuna masuala muhimu ya uweledi wa lugha (ambalo mizizi yake imo kwenye taaluma) na la mamlaka ya lugha (ambalo mizizi yake ni siasa).
Kwenye la uweledi, kuna kanuni ya msingi ya Kiisimu kuwa “lugha ya kibinaadamu ni mali ya mwanaadamu!” Maana yake ni kuwa mwanaadamu yeyote anaweza kujifunza lugha yoyote na kuitumia kama yake.
Kanuni hii inazingatia nadharia ya lugha kama chombo cha mawasiliano. Kwamba madhali wanaadamu wote wana mfumo sawa wa sauti na kwa kuwa lugha yenyewe ni tanakali za sauti tu, basi mfumo huo wa sauti unaweza kuzipokea na kujizowesha tanakali zozote na za kibinaadamu. Ndio maana kuna watu wanazungumza lugha zaidi ya moja kwa ufasaha na usanifu wa hali ya juu hata kama hawakuzaliwa nazo.
Mfano ni Abdulrazak Gurnah, Mswahili mzawa wa Zanzibar, ambaye mbali ya kuwa bingwa wa riwaya za Kiingereza, pia ni profesa wa Kiingereza na mkurugenzi kwenye idara ya Kiingereza ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kent cha Uingereza. Yaani ni kama mzawa wa Ireland akawa mwandishi bingwa wa riwaya za Kiswahili na akawa mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Kiswahili nchini Zanzibar!
Wako wengine kama vile Wole Soyinka na Chinua Achebe wa Nigeria, Ali Mazrui na Ngugi wa Thiong’o wa Kenya, Nuruddin Farah wa Somalia na au Diop Boubacar wa Senegal, ambao nao walijifunza na kuzimudu lugha za kigeni na kuzitumia kwenye kiwango cha juu cha uweledi hadi wenye lugha wenyewe wakawatunuku nishani. Lakini vipi kuhusu mamlaka ya lugha? Je, wao walikuwa na wanazo nguvu kwenye lugha hizo?
Uwenyewe wa Lugha: Baina ya Umiliki na Madaraka
Kama ilivyosemwa hapo juu, suala la uweledi wa lugha linahukumiwa kitaaluma. Lakini inakuwaje pale ambapo pana mfumo ambao taaluma yenyewe inahukumiwa kisiasa? Siasa hapa inamaanisha uwezo wa kufanya maamuzi na nguvu za kuyasimamia maamuzi hayo.
Tunapolijadili suala la mamlaka ya lugha, tukitumia nadharia ya lugha kama alama ya nguvu za kisiasa, tunakikuta Kiswahili kikiwa na bahati mbaya ya kutwaliwa mamlaka yake na wasiokuwa wazaliwa wa lugha hii kwa guo la uweledi wa lugha. Tangu Waswahili walipopoteza mamlaka na nguvu zao za kisiasa katika mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki, wamejikuta wakipoteza pia na mamlaka ya lugha yao.
Mwaka huu nilihudhuria Kongamano la Kiswahili la Bayreuth kusini mwa Ujerumani, ambalo waandaaji waliliita jina la “Pwani na Bara” na miongoni mwa yaliyojitokeza ni mifano ya wanafunzi wa skuli za mwambao kushindwa kwenye mitihani ya somo la Kiswahili, huku wanafunzi wa Bara wakifaulu. Kwa nini iwe hivyo? Miongoni mwa majibu yamo kwenye mamlaka inayoutayarisha mtihani huo na mfumo mzima kwa ujumla. Si mfumo wa Uswahili wala wa Waswahili.
Hapana shaka, sehemu nyengine ya jawabu ni uzembe wa wenyewe wanafunzi wa Mwambao ambao wanalidharau somo la Kiswahili kwa kujiona kuwa tayari ni lugha yao na hivyo hawana haja ya kupoteza muda mwingi kuisoma. Wenzao wanaisoma kama kitu kipya na kuimeza kama wanavyomeza kanuni za Fizikia na Kemia. Kisha wanaitema hivyo hivyo kwenye karatasi ya mtihani.
Sijafanya utafiti wa kina, lakini uzoefu wangu unanipa matokeo kuwa asilimia kubwa ya waliokisomea Kiswahili, ambao hatimaye huwa ndio walimu au viongozi wa taasisi zinazoisimamia lugha hii ndani na nje ya Afrika Mashariki, si Waswahili kutoka Mwambao. Si wale ambao lugha hii ndiyo ya kuzaliwa nao. Si wale ambao wanayajuwa mapishi ya Kiswahili na Uswahili. Hakika wako ambao hata wanawaangalia Waswahili na Uswahili kwa jicho la dharau. Lakini wao ndio waamuzi wa msamiati upi, muundo upi na herufi ipi ni sahihi kwenye Kiswahili.
Hoja ya Ubantu wa Kiswahili imekuwa ikitumiwa vibaya kumaanisha kuwa kila Mbantu ni Mswahili na hivyo ana uweledi, umiliki na mamlaka ya Kiswahili. Huu ni upotoshaji wa hali ya juu lakini unasimamiwa na wenye madaraka ya kisiasa (nguvu na uamuzi).
Nilipiga mfano wa uweledi wa lugha kwa baadhi ya waandishi wa Kiafrika waliozisoma na kuzimudu lugha za kigeni na hata wakapata nishani kwa kuzitumia lugha hizo, lakini umbali wowote waliofika kamwe hawawezi kuziundia lugha hizo misamiati, kanuni wala miongozo ya matumizi yake. Hayo ni mambo yaliyomo mikononi mwa wenye lugha yao.
Hitimisho
Nihitimishe hoja yangu ya uweledi, umiliki na mamlaka ya lugha kwa msisitizo kwamba lugha ni chombo cha kisiasa. Fasili ya siasa inayotumiwa kwenye uchambuzi huu ni ile isemayo kuwa siasa ni uwezo wa kuamua na nguvu za kuyasimamia maamuzi hayo.
Wakoloni, kama vile Wareno, Waingereza, Wafaransa na Wahispania, walitumia lugha zao kutawala na hata baada ya kuondoka kwao kimwili, lugha hizo zilibakia kuendeleza ukoloni mamboleo kwenye makoloni yao makongwe. Upwa wa Bahari ya Hindi mashariki mwa Afrika ulitawaliwa na wengi, wakiwemo hao Wareno na Waingereza, lakini hakuna mtawala aliyefanikiwa kuwalazimisha kuzungumza lugha za wakoloni na badala yake Kiswahili ndicho kikawalazimisha wao kukitumia kwa shughuli zao.
Kwa hivyo, kimsingi Kiswahili ni alama ya dhamira ya kisiasa ya Waswahili wenyewe. Ndio maana mimi ni miongoni mwa wanaojenga hoja kwamba, kama zilivyo lugha nyengine zote kuu ulimwenguni, Kiswahili nacho kilipaswa kuwa na dola lake. Dola linaloamini kwenye Uswahili, Waswahili na Kiswahili.
Ingelikuwa haikupoteza mamlaka yake, labda Zanzibar ingeliendeleza madaraka yake kwenye lugha, si kwa kuwa Kiswahili cha Zanzibar ndicho Kiswahili pekee au kilicho bora zaidi kuliko Viswahili vyengine vinavyozungumzwa na wenyeji wa mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki. La hasha! Ni kwa kuwa Zanzibar ndiyo nchi pekee ambayo asilimia 100 ni Uswahilini.
Lakini Zanzibar ya leo haina uwezo wa kufanya maamuzi kwenye lugha ya Kiswahili na hata inapoyafanya, haina nguvu za kuyasimamia. Inazo taasisi za lugha hiyo kama vile Baraza la Kiswahili na Taasisi ya Kiswahili, lakini kiwango cha nishati, wakati, na rasilimali kinachoekezwa kwenye taasisi hizo hakilingani kabisa na uzito wa lugha hii kuu. Kama ilivyopoteza mamlaka yake kwenye mengine, Zanzibar imepoteza pia kwenye lugha.
Je, hoja yangu hii inapingana na haja ya Kiswahili kutanuka na kusambaa nje ya eneo lake la asili? Hapana. Mimi naona fahari sana kwamba lugha iliyochimbukia udongo mmoja na mimi ndicho sasa chombo cha kuwaunganisha mamilioni ya Waafrika na walimwengu wengine. Moyoni mwangu najisikia faraja sana, mathalan, ninapomsikia Rais Filipe Jacinto Nyusi wa Msumbiji anazungumza Kiswahili. Husema naye huyu amenyonya ziwa moja nami.
Bali kauli yangu kwenye hili ni hii:
Kienee
Kisambae
Kizagae
Kitandawae
Lakini katu…
Kisiyoyomee
Kisitokomee
Kisipotee!
CHANZO >>>>
Mwl Maeda
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